...The Meiji period (1868 to 1912) saw a major shift in childrearing practices. The Meiji Restoration in 1868 caused a surge of industrialization and modernization, directing the Meiji government to construct a nation-state, which cultivated nationalism and brought on the deification of the emperor. These changes led to the formation of a family model--the ie system. Within this system, since men were expected to “carry out orders” and die for the nation-state, motherhood began to be emphasized and respected as having the primary role of childcare, overshadowing fathers in the sphere of childrearing. Part of Japan’s transition to a modern society was the enactment of its first School Law in 1872 which established state-sponsored compulsory education, thereby replacing the role of fathers in giving their children a preliminary...
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...d) First of all, over four in every ten children are now born outside marriage. This is five times more than in 1971. However, nearly all these births were registered by both parents. In most cases, the parents are cohabitating. One reason for this increase in births outside marriage may be the decline in stigma and increase in cohabitation. For example, only one-third of 18-24 year olds now think marriage should come before parenthood. Secondly, women now have fewer children than in the 1970s. For example, in 2001 the average number of children per women fell to a record low of 1.63. This change in pattern is due to women having children at a later age for reasons such as wanting a career before starting a family. Because of the change in the position of women even over the last 40 years, women now have many more options than just motherhood. They are more independent, and aren’t seen as simply ‘homemakers’ anymore. This is also the reason why many women remain completely childless. Its predicted that a quarter of those born in 1973 will be childless when they reach the age of 45, and this change in pattern is mostly due to woman seeking to establish themselves in a career. Another change in pattern is the number of lone-parent families. Lone-parent families now make up 24% of all families, so one in four children live in this family type. The number of lone-parent families has increased due to the increase in divorce and separation, and more recently, the increase in the...
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...SAYING NOTHING IN 250 WORDS Tomi Newman English 121 Miranda Saake April 26, 2015 The purpose of this paper that was written was how to topic write about nothing in 500 words, and the topic was college football, which the writer has no knowledge about. He clearly is writing to just fill in the required 500 words. And do I ever feel his pain. This is a hard topic, I to know nothing about college football. Now if it was on basket ball, I at least relay some input. But I too have nothing on football. I believe he is using the literary element, Point of view The essay seems to be objective and unbiased in thought. Even though he doesn’t know anything about college football. He is making a great effort to complete this assignment, when he has no knowledge of football. The writer uses the point of view element well, as I read the essay. It’s clear that he is not comfortable writing this about this topic. I too would not be comfortable about football. But it’s clear he is trying to complete his assignment. You’ve got to give him credit for trying. He is just using an objective thoughts. Trying to fill his...
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...Since the 1970s, many of the traditional idea on how children should be made and brought up have changed or evolved into new concepts that might have been a taboos or stigmatise in the 70s. The reason for and the result of these pattern range widely. One of the greatest changed in childbearing is the growing rate of children born outside of marriage. over four in ten children are now born outside of marriage and that is five time more than it was in 1970, the reason being the fact that we Are now leaving in a seculisation society – so people are less religious and don`t regard marriage as something holy, therefore it is not a sin to have children outside marriage and this today has become part of the norm of society as people don`t look down on it anymore. Another new trend tied to childbearing is that women are having children later in life or even not at all. Between 1971 and 2005 , women average age at the birth of their first child rose by more than three years to 27.3 years, It is predicted that a quarter of women born in 1973 will be childless when they reach the age of 45. The reason being that now women are more concentrate on making a life for themselves, whether be that they want to finished university first and concentrate on getting on their career path or working till they en=sure that they are financially stable, also one of the reason that women put their career first before the role of motherhood is that they don`t want to rely on men. Even that idea may lead...
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...Examine changes in the patterns of childbearing and childrearing in the UK since the 1970s Since the 1970s, there has been less of a need to have as many children because many things have changed since the war. The 1970s rise in lone motherhood was largely a consequence of increasing divorce rates. Many of the traditional ideas on how children should be made and brought up have changed or evolved into new concepts that might have been a taboos or stigmatised in the 70s. The reason for and the result of these patterns range widely. Infant mortality rate lowered a lot of births in the UK because more births were successful and more children were surviving to childhood and adulthood. This caused more parents to have less children so they can focus their love and attention on the children they have. When the IMR was high in the UK, the parent would have many children for work purpose and they would not care if the one child died because they could just replace that one. Children were used for mostly work and to get money, but since the act that stopped children working under a age, children were then becoming the child centre of the home, the parents would see their child more and the child would then need the mother or father to help the when they are at home, this lead to lower IMR. Childbearing is having children and one of the greatest changes is the growing rate of children being born outside of marriage. Over four in ten children are now born outside of marriage...
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...going to compare the practices of childrearing among two cultural groups Cuban Americans and Latin Americans. The childrearing practices of Americans have been extensively documented. The picture which comes to light in this paper is that of a permissive and affectionate parent. Who relies more on psychological techniques of discipline that, on direct methods such as corporal punishment. There are several comparisons of childrearing practices of American parents and those of parents from other cultural groups. Childrearing patterns of Hispanic and Latin American groups haven’t been extensively studied. The few studies that do exist generally portray the Hispanic family as one where warmth and affection are readily dispensed to the child, obedience is emphasized at the expense of self-reliance, and physical punishment is overtly threatened but inconsistently used. And perhaps because they constitute conveniently accessible populations, most existing cross-cultural childrearing studies have Compared Mexican-Americans and Mexicans. The absence of studies involving other Hispanic American groups make it difficult to estimate the extent to which the obtained results are descriptive of Hispanics in general or Mexicans and Mexican-Americans in particular. Second, most cross-cultural research has focused on the mother, child, and dad. Finally, there have been few efforts to systematize the use of instruments Cross-cultural studies on childrearing practices provide a basis from which...
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...interview with the lawyer’s bitterness did come with the career change or becoming a housewife with no help from her husband. The two women’s bitterness came to a point of resentment and annoyance towards their husbands. Hekker enjoyed her married life as a housewife in spite of criticism from family and friends while Bennetts’ lawyer became bitter when she had to become a housewife. Hekker never complained about her housewife career and never mentioned in her article whether or not her husband helped in the childrearing. But Bennetts’ interview with the commercial litigator lawyer reveals the very opposite when it came to taking full responsibility as a housewife. Bennetts explains how the lawyer had “disdain” (contempt) for housewives until she had children and demanding hours, had to give up her career because her husband felt that it was her problem to raise the children (woman’s work). The husband refused to take the time and help with the childrearing duties and we wonder why women are bitter. Women want men to take on the role as the other responsible party in rearing children and change the family laws. In my opinion, Hekker’s feeling of bitterness is the correct towards her husband of 40 years as he decided to divorce her for a younger woman. Bitterness for her took over when she was left without a career or a plan....
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...It would be gross injustice to categorize all children and youths as lacking in manners and morals, but the general trend would certainly suggest there has been a major decline among many of them. Family values have changed dramatically in the past few decades, producing a crop of undisciplined teenagers and children who lack morals and manners as a result of poor training. Good manners were once the norm with young people very much aware the older generation. Saying "please" and "thank you", giving up a seat on the bus and holding open doors were all considered normal mannerly behavior. Times have changed and we now live in a predominantly me-first society which is reflected in many young people. If good manners are taught at an early age, they will generally continue to be part of the personality of the young child all the way into adulthood. The lack of good manners observed in society in general is no doubt a reflection of the situation found within the home. Without parental example and training the area of manners, it is likely the children will sadly lack in displaying them. The same can be said of the lack of morals we find in many of today's youth. A large proportion of children have grown up with little or no respect for authority, for property, for family or even themselves. Living a life of immorality is considered normal behavior today and has produced a bumper crop of young people with venereal disease, unwanted pregnancies and a feeling of emptiness in their...
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...A. How Children should be raised. Nowadays, the whole theme concerning childrearing has been thoroughly discussed in almost all societies around the world. Are parents trying too hard to make the perfect kid? Parents always want what is best for their child and the different methods used by parents to achieve “what is best” has sparked the discussion about the upbringing of children. The three texts presented in this task each have a different opinion regarding childrearing. 1. The first text “Why I love my strict Chinese mother” is a comment from an 18-year-old girl who has been raised under strict parenting. Her mother has been intensely criticized for her way of bringing up her children. However the daughter, who also wrote the comment, does not express unhappiness with the way she was raised. She actually praises it. The girl named Sophia was together with her younger sister raised under strict circumstances where the parents set up rules that the children must follow. These rules included, never to attend a sleepover or play date, watch TV or play computer games, must be the No. 1 student etc. Rules that for some may seem inhumane but rules that Sophia thinks made her the independent woman she is. As she mentions in her comment: “I think your strict parenting forced me to be more independent”. Whenever her parents knew she did her best, she was acknowledged. With the strict parenting she comments on how that has made her never take the easy way out and fully make...
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...with cultural conflicts. Hong and Hong (1991) examined the Chinese, Hispanic, and White American university students’ perceptions of child abuse and neglect. The study found that Chinese American students seemed to be less critical of the use of physical punishment, and have greater latitude to parents in making decisions on how to raise their children. The Present Study The previous studies have provided an overview of child maltreatment among Asian Americans and some specific subgroups. The majority of the studies also have pointed out that the childrearing practices affect the pattern of child maltreatment. However, the previous studies have some limitations: (1) they did not examine the differences of childrearing practices, including parenting style, the beliefs in physical punishment, and expectations of children between the families who are involved with CPS or not; (2) they did not examine the relationship between childrearing practices and child maltreatment occurrence; and (3) fewer studies focus on the whole Asian American population. This study therefore aims to further explore the child maltreatment among Asian Americans, and to provide more specific guidance to child welfare practice for Asian Americans. ...
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...relative risks of poverty? Finally, and perhaps most importantly, what are the effects of poverty, particularly for those who grow up poor? Citation 2: Murphy, F. (2011). Archives of Sorrow. An exploration of Australia's stolen generations and their journey into the past. History and Anthropology, 22 (4). 481-495. Retrieved from EBSCOhost database Thesis: This article examines the role of the archive in the lives of Australia's Stolen Generations (Aboriginal Australians who were removed from their families and institutionalized from 1910 until the mid-19470s), and argues that returning to the archive is both an attempt to confront and negotiate past traumas and one's relationship to unknown worlds. Citation 3: Buriel, R. (1993). Childrearing orientations in Mexican American families: The influence of generation and sociocultural factors. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 55(4), 987-987. Retrieved from the ProQuest database Thesis: The relationship of family sociocultural variables to parents' child-rearing practices also varied by...
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...which carry out the vital functions of the family and thirdly what is the link between the nuclear family structure and industrial society, did the nuclear family break away from this extended family system as a result of industrialization? The relationship between family structure and industrialisation remains a popular question, as it is linking the family with social change. Functionalists such as Parsons and Murdock would argue that the Family, more precisely the Nuclear Family is beneficial and key for Industrialisation. Murdock sees the family as to having 4 main functions which are sexual, expressing sexuality in a socially accepted manner not incest or adultery; reproductive, providing some sort of stability for reproduction and childrearing. Socialisation, the family is an important unit of primary socialisation where children learn the norms, values and cultural history of their society and finally financial; providing food and shelter for family members. Pre Industrialisation refers back to the society before industrialisation, it was largely agricultural and work was centred at the home, people were given ascribed occupational roles this was known as the domestic industry. Family during the time was extended commonly and played a major role in looking after dependent children and had main responsibility for health and welfare of the young, and those of old age who couldn’t work. Before the compulsory education act in 1880, the family would have performed the acts of...
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...A compound word is made when two words are joined to form a new word. Definition In English, words, particularly adjectives and nouns, are combined into compound structures in a variety of ways. And once they are formed, they sometimes metamorphose over time. A common pattern is that two words — fire fly, say — will be joined by a hyphen for a time — fire-fly — and then be joined into one word — firefly. In this respect, a language like German, in which words are happily and immediately linked one to the other, might seem to have an advantage. There is only one sure way to know how to spell compounds in English: use an authoritative dictionary. There are three forms of compound words: the closed form, in which the words are melded together, such as firefly, secondhand, softball, childlike, crosstown, redhead, keyboard, makeup, notebook; the hyphenated form, such as daughter-in-law, master-at-arms, over-the-counter, six-pack, six-year-old, mass-produced; and the open form, such as post office, real estate, middle class, full moon, half sister, attorney general. How a word modified by an adjective — "a little school," "the yellow butter" — is different from a compound word — " a high school," "thepeanut butter" — is a nice and philosophical question. It clearly has something to do with the degree to which the preceding word changes the essential character of the noun, the degree to which the modifier and the noun are inseparable. If you were diagramming a sentence with a...
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...that spearheaded this decline in fertility were permanent contraceptives, but the highest education-related effect on fertility were sending children to school (Axinn, 2001). Before mass education was introduced, unlimited childbearing was the norm in the rural Nepalese areas. Although sending children to school is the main factor to fertility, parents with an education, whether the father or the mother, had a much lower fertility rate vice parents that did not have an education. In contrast, a family with an educated father up to the ninth grade doubled the possibility of using permanent contraceptives. One of the largest contributors into limiting fertility when sending children to school, is that it alters the cost and benefits of childrearing....
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...Essays: Examine changes in the patterns of childbearing and childrearing in the United Kingdom since the 1970s Since 1970 there have been many changes in the way families bear and rear children, many changes happened slowly thought out the years and in this essay I will examine them. Before 1970 there was a need for many children, even though the child protection act had lowered the amount of children a couple would have, this is because after the first and second world war, there was a lot of deaths across the country and to replace them, children were to be born. When the soldiers got back from war they came home to their wives and then in the long term that caused a lot of births in the UK. This was before 1970, after 1970 there was less needs to have as many children because many things had changes came from the war. Women now had the vote, the same as men, they had the opportunities to get further education, more women were paid for employment, there was a change of attitude to the role of the women in the house because more families were single parent because of the death of a husband in the war, it was easier to get a divorce out of a relationships that wasn't working and women after 1967 had the choice to have a child or to abort the child. This gave women much more freedom and rights to do what they wanted to in life, and for many women a family was not at the top of the list, many women wanted to work and do what they wanted to do, then settle down to have a family...
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