...the world's second-largest country by land and the largest country by population. Knowing this, healthcare must be one of the most important issues in China. As China becomes more populated, there is becoming a greater need for health care professionals, quality health care facilities, technological improvements, and most importantly a proper amount of funding to support a successful health care system. However, recently, China has been struggling in regards to health care. There has been a widening gap in health status between urban and rural residents, correlated with increasing gaps in income and health care utilization. There have also been drastic changes in health care financing, including a dramatic reduction of insurance cover for the rural population. In 1949, the Chinese government took complete control of the healthcare system. Under the Chinese government, the country’s officials, rather than local governments largely determined access to health care. Referring to an article, “Equity in Health and Health Care: The Chinese Experience”, written in the Social Science and Medicine Journal, Yuanli Liu, William Hsiao, and Karen Eggleston exaggerate that the rural areas were in the biggest need for a healthcare reform during the late 1940s era. The authors explain (1999) “The Rural Cooperative Medical System (RCMS) was established as a three-tier system for rural healthcare access. The RCMS functioned on a pre-payment plan that consisted of individual income contribution...
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...upgraded facilities after which it was renamed to the Peking Union Medical College (The Rockefeller Foundation). Both John D. Rockefeller, Sr and his son considered China to be of significant interest, especially after Frederick Gates, their advisor, propelled them to give more attention to that region. The 1914 China Medical Commission, dispatched by the Rockefeller Foundation, carried out a medical education survey which found awfully low standards in medicine education and healthcare throughout the nation. The report concluded that the need for external assistance was great due to scarce resources within the nation (Ninkovich). Thus the China Medical Board, one of the first operating divisions of the Rockefeller Foundation, was...
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...HealthCare System in CHINA HADM 5032 Amrutha Kurakula 03/29/2015 UHCL HONESTY CODE “I will be honest in all my academic activities and will not tolerate dishonesty.” Submission of this exam/assignment certifies my compliance with the UHCL Honesty Code that I signed at the start of the semester. I pledge on my honor that I have complied with this policy, inclusive of not acquiring unauthorized information or assistance, not providing others with unauthorized information or assistance, avoiding...
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...beliefs, and so forth, in the US. To be in the healthcare profession, it is vital and necessary to be culturally aware and competent to provide culturally appropriate, holistic care. One of the ways to learn about a person’s heritage is by using the Heritage Assessment (HA). The HA tool has 29 questions and is a reliable method used to collect data on the patients’ traditional heritage. This paper will discuss the usefulness of the Heritage Assessment (HA) tool, this student’s summary of personal learning, this student’s cultural heritage common health traditions, in addition to the differences in health traditions from three different cultures in relation to health maintenance, protection, and restoration. We have to understand our own cultural beliefs, values, attitudes, and practices that are relevant to health and illness before we can understand others (Jarvis, 2012). People have different views on health and illness which is influenced by their cultural beliefs. According to Jarvis (2012), to be culturally competent, one must have knowledge of one’s own personal heritage, the heritage of the patient, nursing profession, and health care system. The Heritage Assessment is a useful tool to build cultural competency by collecting relevant data to assist the healthcare providers to provide better care. The tool assists healthcare providers to bridge the gap to better understand the patients’ belief system resulting in a better healthcare experience for all participants involved....
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...advantage in performing. This study resulted in two findings. Firstly, there is a lack of hospitals with JCI accreditation which we found out was due to a lack of motivation from public hospitals to do so, and also a lack of transparency in the management of the Chinese hospitals. Secondly, we found that the three medical procedures with the biggest potential to spearhead the success of medical tourism in China are Heart Bypass Surgery, Hip Replacement Surgery and Traditional Chinese Medicine. Keywords: Medical Tourism China JCI Contents Page Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What is Medical Tourism 1 1.2 Reasons for the popularity of Medical Tourism 2 1.3 Why do patients seek care at medical tourism destinations? 4 1.3.1 Low Cost 4 1.3.2 Avoid Waiting lists 6 1.3.3 Procedure not available in home country 6 1.3.4 Procedures unavailable or restricted by society and/or legal system 7 1.3.5 Tourism and vacations 7 1.3.6 Privacy and Confidentiality 7 Chapter 2 Global Market overview of Medical Tourism Industry 8 2.1 Rise of Asian Medical Tourism demand 9 2.2 Medical Tourism Facilitator / Agents 10 2.3 International Medical Procedures Costing 10 2.4 International Healthcare Arbitrage 12 2.5 Problems pertaining to Medical Tourism 13 Chapter 3 Medical Tourism Decision Model 14 3.1 Choice of International Country Location 15 3.1.1 Economic Conditions 15 3.1.2 Political Climate...
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...D. Legal System 1. Organization of the judiciary system There are three basic hierarchical courts in China, each of them takes care of specific groups or regions, the courts are: The Supreme Court, whose judges are appointed by the Nationals People’s Congress, Local People’s Courts, which comprises higher, intermediate, and basic courts, and the Special People’s Courts, which take care of maritime, military, railway transportation and forestry courts. China’s organization of the judiciary system differs a lot from the United States one. The fact that the country does not have an independent legal system outside of the influence of the communist party makes it hard for citizens and people responsible to act effectively when attending legal manners. Another issue that affects China’s legal system is the lack of neutrality, since the CCP (Chinese Communist Party) is the entity in charge of approving all court appointments, meaning that if a case does not benefit the party, it won’t go through, in addition the judges main concern is to act on behalf of the party not the people. The CCP even has the power to interfere in deliberations and can overturn and override verdicts. Finally, the country does not have enough legal force (lawyers), since there is one lawyer per 10,000 people. An interesting characteristic of China’s legal system that benefits businesses is the fact that lawyers and judges are trained to protect foreign investment, to create a safe environment for international...
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...pharmaceutical market has squeezed profits and margins, raising a red flag to global Big Pharma that the days of easy growth in the country may be over. A Reuters' analysis of more than 60 listed Chinese healthcare firms shows average profit margins declined to around 10 percent last year from 15 percent in 2012. Average net profits fell 2.1 percent, down from close to 20 percent growth in previous years. China has been a magnet for the big global pharmaceutical companies and other healthcare firms as growth slows in Europe and the United States. It is the largest emerging drugs market and is set to be the global number two overall within three years, according to consultancy IMS Health. While global drugmakers withhold their China profit figures, the analysis suggests profit growth is harder to come by - a concern as many global firms look to China as a future growth driver. "Most companies, local and foreign, have enjoyed an easy growth phase for 5-6 years as money was thrown at the healthcare system to improve access," said Alexander Ng, Hong Kong-based associate principal at McKinsey & Co. "Now China is more into cost containment mode... and the squeeze on pricing and margins is a lot more apparent." Over the past year, China has cracked down on high prices and corruption in the healthcare sector. Authorities probed drugmakers over pricing in July, while a high-profile investigation into British drugmaker GlaxoSmithKline Plc led to executives at the company being charged...
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...demand functions for health care. It applies the demand functions to explain the rapid increase in health care demand and the resulting rapid increase in price when supply failed to increase. The failure in increase in supply was traced to the system of public supply of healthcare in China. The reform experience of Suqian city in the privatization of healthcare is reported to demonstrate the positive effect of privatization on supply. The government’s health care program for the urban and rural population is described and an evaluation of it is provided. Outline 1. Introduction 2. Changes in Health Care Institutions 3. Demand Functions for Health Care 4 Supply for Health Care: Public or Private? 5. Government’s Program for Health Care 6. Evaluation of the Current Health Care System 7. Conclusion 1. Introduction With a population of over 1.3 billion China has received much attention, including its spectacular economic development since 1978 and the accompanied deterioration of health care for a substantial segment of its large rural population. Section 2 of this paper recounts the success of the PRC in improving the health conditions of its population from 1949 to 1980 and describes the changes of the public heath care system after 1980. In section 3, statistical demand equations for health care are estimated. Using only annual time-series data from 1995 to 2003 I have estimated an income elasticity of somewhat above unity and a price elasticity of...
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...RUNNING HEAD: CHINESE MEDICAL CULTURE Chinese Medical Culture April 13, 2012 Carrington College Chinese Medical Culture Culture is defined as the thoughts, communications, actions, customs, beliefs, values, and institutions of racial, ethnic, religious or social groups. There are millions of different cultures in the world, which are socially transmitted knowledge, behavioral patterns, values, beliefs, norms, and lifestyles of a particular group that guides their view of the world and decision-making (Fundamentals of Nursing ch.9). Just about every culture has their own way of assessing pain, giving medications, and treating procedures that may not be the same as the health care system in the United States but still is the same goal; which is to better the patient. The Chinese medical culture has there own specific and unique values, beliefs, and practices. Within the Chinese culture, values are strongly influenced by the Yin/Yang which are general opposing forces. Yin is said to be a female with cold negative energy and Yang is said to be a male with hot positive energy. Imbalance from these two forces is said to result in sickness. It is also said that hot and cold food resemble the Yin/Yang, are a necessity to maintain a proper balance of health. The Chinese also highly value the five elements wood, fire, earth, metal, and water. Their belief is that the all of the five elements are in relation with each other and if one element is out of balance then...
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...The Healthcare Systems of China (In Comparison to the United States) Tiara C. Robinson HSM 310- Professor Jennifer Pryor April 4 2011 China, whose population estimate for 2010 was 1,330,141,295, has a growth rate of 0.5%, a birth rate: 12.1/1000, an infant mortality rate of 16.5/1000, with an average life expectancy of 74.5 years. Prior to my research, I had some knowledge of the problem of overpopulation in China. Even the elders of China were exceeding the normal range. One source states, “As a result [of the overpopulation] China’s 60+ populations will increase dramatically – from 200 million in 2015 to over 300 million by 2030.” (<http://www.china-mike.com/chinese-culture/society/china-population-growth-crisis/>) To better understand the population of China, in comparison to the whole world, (http://www.prb.org...) states that China now has a life expectancy at birth “increasing by two-thirds from 40.8 to 71.5 between 1955 and 2005.” Adding on, “The country already has about 102 million elderly (those ages 65 and over), or over one-fifth of the world's elderly population and the percentage of elderly in China is projected to triple from 8 percent to 24 percent between 2006 and 2050, to a total number of 322 million. Before vigorous research which will include availability and access to healthcare, technological influences, political and cultural economic issues and providers available, I sought it necessary to complete background information on the country…just...
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...but some are not. Before join in a market marketers should research the consumer’s self-image and have a great understanding of how and why the product and brand match the consumer’s self-image. As the worlds’ largest developing country, China becomes the most attractive country for the foreign competitors. At present, more and more multinational companies have established their corporation and relationship in China. (Warren S, 2007) Our topic is focus on the difference of consumer behaviors between Australia and China. We will analyze the topic on the basis of segmentation, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, and self-images. According to the analysis we will give some opportunities for the Australia exporting company who want to join in the Chinese market. Self-image Self-image plays a pivotal role in the distinction between China and Australia. Even though each of us has the dissimilar disposition and the social role, we hoped oneself acts other dissimilar role in other human eye. Although our each...
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...Introduction Yunnan Baiyo Group (YB) develops traditional Chinese medicine. In 1902, Baiyo (originally Qu Huanzhang Panacea) was formulated by Qu Haunzhang (respected practitioner of Chinese Medicine) from an assortment of natural herbs in Yunnan Province. During the years, Yunnan Baiyao gained a great reputation in China for its ability to treat open wounds, muscular sprains, bruising and arthritis, and the ability to invigorate the blood circulation. This was effective in treating soldiers during warfare and it became a part of the first aid kid of the Chinese armed forces. Growth In 1996 Yunnan Baiyao Limited Co. and three other producers were integrated into Yunnan Baiyao Group Co. through joint shareholding. China became member of the WTO, which increased the competition landscape. In 2002 , Baiyao Da Yao Fang Ltd (a drugstore chain) was established and Wuding Planting Base was established to carry out the forward vertical integration. Industry players are adjusting to open market and multinationals were coming into play. Many of YB products had reached maturity and growth potential was limited in current state. To respond to current challenges YB established a series of strategies “one core and four growth areas”. The “one core” would focus on the YB headquarters and the three companies it had acquired, as well as the sales network. Symptoms In order to depict the problem for YB there were three issues. Firstly, it is evident YB has a growth issue...
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...(NCBTMB) Massage and healing touch have been practiced for thousands of years in all regions of the globe. Massage is very instinctive. It is a natural response to rub our aches and pains, whether or not we are familiar with the medical knowledge behind the instinct to rub our bodies hoping to find relief. In modern healthcare, massage has taken an important role. It is beneficial in several aspects such as to reduce stress, enhance blood circulation, decreased pain, promote sleep, reduce swelling, enhance relaxation, and increase oxygen capacity of the blood. (Santiago) Massage has been also recognized as a nondrug treatment for cancer and post-operative pain. (ABMP) Within my research, I will be looking at the ancient world of massage and how it evolved. The benefits of massage performed on clients which is the major topic of this research and the future of massage therapy. In the ancient East, a concern with illness has been documented in China for several millennia, and records have revealed that the practice of massage goes back as early as 3000 BC. (Salvo) However, in the period between the second century BC (200 to 101 BC), and the first century AD (AD 1 to 100), Chinese medicine began to take on its basic shape. Manuscripts found in China, dating from the second century BC, Discuss “massages as one of the various methods of treatment for illnesses.”...
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...Understanding Cultural Competency in Healthcare Settings Define culture It is very difficult to define culture from just one perspective. Culture can never be generalized and categorized into specific groups and subgroups (Bryan, 2014). We can’t say there is one African American culture, or “the Asian American culture”. We have to be careful when categorizing a group of people as being this way or that way due to their culture as that would be stereotyping (Bonder, Martin, Miracle, (2001). However, each group has some general cultural similarities and practices that are common amongst themselves (Bryan, (2014). Definitions of culture therefore depend on the views of the definer (Bryan, 2014). Some say culture is a “common view” of a people and a way of life by others (Campinha-Bacote, (2003). Others claim culture is a “common experience” that shapes similar attitudes, behaviors, and values (AIR, (2002). These values and attitudes are reinforced over time and carried forward from one...
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...BCRC document: China - Healthcare Providers. Business & Company Resource Center ________________________________ Datamonitor Industry Market Research , Feb 13, 2012 pNA China - Healthcare Providers. Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2012 Datamonitor MarketDefinition The healthcare providers sector is valued as total expenditure on healthcare in each country. This includes final consumption spending on healthcare goods and services. Goods and services in this sector include inpatient, outpatient, long-term medical care, medical goods including pharmaceuticals and supplies, and collective services such as administration requirements. Public spending (e.g. by national and local governments, social security schemes) and private spending (e.g. payments made by private-sector health insurers and individual out-of-pocket expenditures) are both included. Any currency conversions used in the creation of this report have been calculated using constant 2010 annual average exchange rates. For the purposes of this report, Asia-Pacific comprises Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, New Zealand, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, and Thailand. ResearchHighlights *The Chinese healthcare providers sector is expected to generate total revenue of $303.9 billion in 2011, representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 15.9% between 2007 and 2011. *The outpatient care segment is expected to be the sectors most lucrative in 2011, with total revenue of $106.4 billion...
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