...Cholera What is Cholera? • Cholera is a serious bacterial disease that is caused by the bacterium Vibrio Cholerae. • When the bacterium Vibrio Cholerae is in the mucosal epithelium, it produces cholera toxin, which causes massive diarrhea. How is Cholera caused? • Cholera is primarily caused by contaminated water supplies, but it can also be caused by consuming raw shellfish, uncooked fruits and vegetables, and other foods that can harbor the Vibrio Cholerae Bacterium. • Vibrio Cholerae is found naturally in costal waters, and they attach to crustaceans called copepods, and spread to other places. • The bacteria can get into a human, who may not get sick from it, but they can pass it off to another person through their stool, through a method called the fecal-oral route, which occurs when the stool contaminates food and water supplies. The Symptoms • Severe, watery diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, dehydration, and hypovolemic shock are all symptoms of Cholera. Risk-Factors • People with malnutrition and a compromised immune system are most vulnerable to this disease. Treatment • Treatment should be gotten immediately, because extreme dehydration can become serious and lead to death very fast. • Oral Dehydration Salts, or ORS, is a re-hydration solution issued by the World Health Organization to re-hydrate patients of Cholera. • Also an antibiotic, called azithromycin can cut the symptoms of Cholera in half. Prevention • Cholera can be prevented by: ...
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...time, I was faced with acutely ill cholera patients requiring immediate life-saving treatment. The deadly outbreak erupted in October, and by the evening of my arrival at J/P Haitian Relief Organization housing in Port-au-Prince, more than 21,000 people were infected, with 1,250 deaths. Early the next morning, J/P HRO co-founder Sean Penn received a call from Paul Farmer, MD, PhD, of Partners in Health, who said, “If you don’t send us any of your doctors and nurses you have available, people will die.” So our team of seven (four nurses, two translators and our driver/security guard) set off on the three-hour drive along broken roads through the beautiful, rugged mountains and countryside to Hopital Ste. Therese in Hinche. I believe we were all shocked by the world we entered. Triage and short-term oral rehydration tents were staffed by Cuban and Mexican physicians and nurses, and three additional tents (men’s, women’s, children’s) and an old church served critical patients requiring IV rehydration. Each facility held up to 24 patients. The cholera treatment center was fenced off, and an attendant sprayed our shoes with a bleach solution upon entering or exiting. The church was downwind from the pit where medical waste, patients’ clothing and trash were burned. The heavy canvas tents had tarp floors that were wet from the nonstop mopping of human waste. Tree roots and old foundations underneath presented trip hazards. Cots and cholera beds were crowded inside. Our...
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...One of Shakespeare's longest, most perplexing, and, for a lot of people, most frustrating play, Hamlet stays one of his most convincing and the most read play and it lives up to expectations, too. Hamlet can be better seen by analyzing Hamlet's soliloquies. The majority of Hamlet's monologues demonstrate Hamlet's self-loathing and even a readiness to bite the dust. The soliloquy "To be, or not to be: that is the question" shows up in Act 3 Scene 1. It is, maybe, one of the best-known soliloquies by Hamlet in the play, which produces significant scholarly investment even today. Hamlet is feeling profound agony and distress in light of his father's passing. It appears that he is not able to acknowledge this partition. He would like to live. Considering suicide, he doubts himself rationally in the event that it is legitimized to live with so much agony and anguish or if finishing his own particular life is the best conceivable choice. "To be, or not to be: that is the question" Hamlet makes this a stride further and works on the supposition that everybody would rather be dead than living, and is alive simply because he has a trepidation of slaughtering himself. Hamlet is no more addressing whether he needs to die, yet just whether or he finds himself able to slaughter himself, on the grounds that murdering himself clashes with his religion. Hamlet’s sadness over his father's demise and his mother's snappy marriage made him wish for death even before he discovered that his uncle...
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...Infectious Disease What is the stake of the American People and the Government by International Agencies to control Infectious Disease in Developing Countries? More people are at risk of infectious diseases than at any other time on history. Infectious diseases are worldwide problem requiring worldwide attention. Infectious diseases can weaken the strength of a nation's resources. In developing nations this poses even a greater threat. Diseases are threatening the economic stability of many developing nations. 50,000 people die everyday from infectious disease. Rift Valley Fever infects both livestock and humans. Rift Valley Fever is most commonly found in regions of eastern and southern Africa. It also exists in Madagascar and sub-Saharan Africa. The Bunyaviridae family includes the Rift Valley Fever disease. It is primarily spread from infected mosquitoes, who then infect animals. Generally they infect domestic animals, such as buffalo, cattle, sheep, camels and goats. Once the livestock are infected, other mosquitoes can spread the disease. It is also possible that the infection can be spread from other biting insects. The Rift Valley Fever outberak of 1997-1998 in eastern Africa killed both humans and livestock. It economically hurt trase in animals and the dairy indusrty.. the economy was crushed by trade imbargoes. Humans can get Rift Valley Fever in numerous ways. Humans can be infected from the mosquitoes or the bodily fluids of the infected animal...
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...Peter McGovern British Literature Miriam Kroeker March 19, 2010 Soho Paper Soho has changed much throughout time from the Victorian time to modern days. It has had its problems such a cholera or racial issues, as well as social reform in the founding of its police force and the founding for China Town in 1985 by the Duke of Gloucester. It has also maintained a rich tradition in dining and drinking which has acquired its own rich history along the way. During the reign of Queen Victoria the population of England doubled due to Industrial Revolution witch also put new pressures on her society. This caused the crime rate to increase. Seeing the need to reform the police force of England, the Home Secretary Robert Pell developed what was a crude but partially effective police force. He formed ‘The Metropolitan Police Force’, and two men he put in charge of the force of 1000 men, were Charles Rown and Richard Mayne. All London’s police were the responsibility of one authority, under the direction of the Home Secretary, with headquarters at Scotland Yard. At the time their duty was not only crime prevention but inherited many of the watchmen’s duties, consisting of lighting lamps, calling out time, watching for fires, and providing other public services. “Bobbies or Peelers were not immediately popular. Most citizens viewed constables as an infringement on English social and political life, and people often jeered the police”(McDonnell). In much of...
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...Cholera Outbreak in Haiti On January 12, 2010, a 7.0 magnitude earthquake struck one of the most underdeveloped countries in the Western Hemisphere, Haiti. By January 24th, 52 aftershock quakes measuring 4.5 in magnitude, or greater, shook the area (Pan American). As the area literally calmed down, the Haitian government had estimated 315,000 people died, 300,000 were injured and 1 million were homeless (Pan American). As this country tries to recover from the devastation, people find themselves in poor living conditions. Most of them, even a year later, are living in tents provided by the Pan American Health Organization (the western hemisphere version of the World Health Organization) or in make shift shelters that they have been able to assemble themselves. Living conditions are harsh. Seventy one percent of families, living in these conditions, have at least one family member go without food for one day in the previous week (IJDH). Twenty one percent have no access to drinking water (IJDH). While living under these conditions, sanitation, including adequate bathroom facilities, have not been considered or given proper priority or proper thought this is more than understandable, when one is unsure where the next meal, or drink of water is coming from, an adequate bathroom facility is not of concern. Unfortunately, the area has now come to realize the need for proper sanitation and proper facilities. Cholera is caused by a gram negative bacterium called Vibrio...
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...New York’s Cholera Outbreaks of the 19th Century The nineteenth century in the United States is known for the massive amounts of immigrants coming over to start their new life. In their attempt to pursue the American dream they headed to the cities to seek work. With dense populations in the cities and poor sanitization it was common for bacterial diseases to spread throughout the city. One of the most popular and most deadly was cholera. According to WebMD.com cholera is common in places with poor sanitation, crowding, war, and famine. Cholera is spread mostly through food and water that has been contaminated with feces from a person that has been infected. Once infected a person can experience watery diarrhea accompanied with vomiting. With New York being one of the most populated areas at the time and the constant stream of immigrants coming over from Europe cholera was constantly devastating the city. The largest cholera outbreak in New York started in 1832. By July the city was in a panic; people were evacuation the city by any means necessary. Asher B. Durand said “our once bustling city now wears a most gloomy and desolate aspect one may take a walk up and down broadway and scarce meet a soul.” It was also said that if you were a doctor, undertaker of coffin maker...
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...Myers Cholera Cholera is a deadly infection that occurs in the small intestine; which is caused by the bacterium vibrio cholera. The disease is most commonly found in places that are very crowded, war affiliated, extremely low scarcity of food, and especially if a place is poorly sanitized. Africa, South Asia, and Latin America are just some parts of the world that come across this deadly disease. Cholera first originated and made its appearance in India in 1817 at the Ganges River; which then later spread too many other regions due to neglected transported bilge of water. It was not until 1883, that this disease was discovered by German bacteriologist Robert Koch. Koch noticed the epidemic of this unusual rare disease and decided to take a closer look into the situation. He then realized that some sort of bacterium was in the intestines of the dead; but he was shocked to know that he was unable to neither isolate the organisms nor infect other animals with it. Later Koch went to India and made a surprising discovery-the cholera disease was started from damp dirty linen that the bacteria grew in, earth’s misty air, and bunch of bacteria that was in patient’s stools. The most common sources that cause cholera is standing water, type o blood, poor sanitation, eating raw seafood especially shellfish-because it originates from the same locations that have been exposed to cholera, consuming raw vegetables or fruit, and grain such as millet and rice. So nonetheless, Cholera is also...
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...Cholera essay Cholera is a disease caused by a prokaryotic organism called vibrio cholerae, this bacterium has flagellum as it is prokaryotic and contains no unit bound organelles. The bacterium is transmitted through excrement of faeces and if this comes into contact with drinking water, the bacteria can infect people. Bacteria can also spread to food, if people don't wash their hands thoroughly after using the toilet meaning it can be spread from person to person. The symptoms of cholera include; extreme diarrhoea (as much as a litre an hour), vomiting for hours on end, and may also lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance which could then cause death. This is because the cholera bacterium produces a toxin, which affects chloride ion exchange. The toxin causes the chloride ion protein channels in the plasma membranes of the small intestine epithelial cells to open; the chloride ions then move into the lumen of the small intestine, this build up of chloride ions lower the water potential in the lumen. Consequently water moves out of the blood, across the epithelial cells and into the lumen by osmosis, the increase of water secretion in the lumen results in a high amount of water being lost from the body, which is what causes the symptoms. Ways to prevent cholera spreading would be; proper sewage systems, treating water, hygiene such as washing hands after using toilet and preparing food, also covering food which may come into contact the bacterium. The...
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...Essential Components for Great Ideas Strategies for the Technical Professional Module 3 Lab 1 Mark Hicks Some of the world’s greatest ideas and accomplishments did not just appear from thin air; rather most were cultivated through years of collaboration and through multiple modifications of the original hunch or hypothesis. Group collaboration and environments that support a creative atmosphere, essential components to the process of great ideas, is seemingly the idea Steven Johnson is trying to drive home in his video, “Where Good Ideas Come From”. Steven Johnson was trying to express or convey the message that great ideas come from a particular place setting or environment of specific stimuli that allow two or more people, with similar interests, to come together and further collaborate on one or more ideas and expand on an idea or hunch. His given example of said environment was the beginning of coffee shops. Coffee shops started springing into existence in the 1650’s after people were trying to figure out what else they could drink besides alcohol due to water typically being tainted. The population was used to consuming a depressant, alcohol, all day and then coffee shops started popping up and the population started drinking a stimulant, coffee, all day. In response to the change Steve Johnson accredits coffee shops with the beginning of great ideas. In essence people would gather at the coffee shops and drink and socialize all day so many great ideas got...
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...of medical science by discovering how cholera was transmitted. It was a tough journey for him. Being a farmer’s son proved it difficult for him to convince a disbelieving medical establishment that his findings were valid. He trekked all the way to the metropolis. Little did he know that he will be the savior of this great city. His story is legendary. To date, he remains a towering figure in many fields. Psychologists have a few lessons that they can learn from him. He was born in York. A son of Yorkshire labourer who became a relative good farmer. At the age of fourteen, the youth was connected to an enlightened surgeon who was his mentor. His first encounter with cholera was when it swept through the nearby town during the 1831-1832 epidemic. It broke again in 1846, but this time round, Snow was in London. By this time, he had completed medical training. He was a well know investigator and researcher by the late 1840s since he had already published several groundbreaking studies that included research into anesthesia. From the onset, snow was a high-minded young man. As he advanced in age, he maintained his integrity. As a bachelor, he was glued to his work and in a great manner dedicated his life to scientific and humanitarian pursuits. The basis of investigations into cholera began when he started researching on Anesthesia. He had a good understanding of the operation of gases and from there, he found himself treating cases of cholera in his neighbourhood. He prepared himself...
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...Also I will cover the development from the 19th, 20th century to the end of the 21st century. 19th Century: Work of John Snow: Snow was a British physician who was considered as one of the founder of epidemiology for the work he did and identifying the source of cholera outbreak in the 1854. John Snow was born in a labourer family on 15th March 1813 in York and at the age of 14 he was apprenticed to a surgeon. In 1936 John Snow moved to London to start his formal medical education. He became a member...
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...Character Monologue It destroys me that they all come running up to me when they need someone to listen to them whine. They just carelessly suspect that I'm immune to sadness and depression. What they don't know is that I'm just like them. To them, I'm this person filled with joy and God knows nothing can drag me down. They assume I don’t have any troubles in my daily life, nope, all just rainbows and sunshine. They don't stop to consider that maybe all this depression surrounding me gets me down once in a while. No, how selfish of me, they've got their own problems to deal with first. They want to hear me say that everything will be okay, and that things really aren't as bad as they seem to be. You know, generic bullshit that’s on every page of social media. I’m having to listen to them ramble on about their crushes not liking them and their boyfriends not spending every minute of every hour of every fucking day with them. Maybe, it's my fault. I put on this front like I'm always so happy and cheery, so they naturally gravitate to the happiest person they can find within a mile radius. Maybe they're hoping a little bit of what’s left of my happiness will be passed onto them. Maybe they think that they'll be happier if they're like me. Oh, God. Stop me. I'm going on an ego trip again. But they wouldn't want this happiness spared onto them, it’s not happiness, quite the opposite. I can barely handle it anymore. People say that I'd make a good psychologist, and maybe they're right...
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...Monologue 7/19.15 Monologue He was a man, cold like his steal knife. I could still feel it on the tip of my skin…so sharp…so lifeless. The blood dripping down my flesh, tears streaming down my face. He could have got me? Oh no…he could have. But did he? She was the first one to go. Who’s she you ask? Hmph…That does not matter anymore. I could hear her screaming as she called for help she grew limp, her voice cracking as he dragged her away. Do you think I am crazy? Doctor. Do you? The blood, the lives. Oh no but she came back, she came back but I knew it wasn’t her. The skin was there, but it was being worn by someone else, someone whom wanted to be her. I knew he wanted to smile, but her skin wouldn’t let him. He wore it, he wore what was hers. I stayed silent as he played dress up. The mirror he stared at was covered in dust, and each day I stared with him. He must have forgot about me? Though he enjoyed her skin a lot more than the others. He continued to wear it as if he knew I was watching, dolling her up as if she was his own. As he was her. This man wasn’t the prettiest, the lights dimming down on his harsh features, even with someone else’s face he couldn’t achieve beauty for he was a monster. How long did it take me to leave you ask? You tell me Doc am I really here or are you the one who’s...
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...MONOLOGUE Ten seconds left. I can barely hear anything. I feel the vomit creeping up in my throat as the milliseconds go by. Everything is getting very blurry. Tension is rising. Who would have thought that we would be down by one point and I would be the one trusted to hold this basketball? Why did my coach want me to shoot the last shot in the first place? What do I bring on this court that is any different from what my teammates would bring? Every face on my bench is almost frozen, their eyes locked on to me and the ball. There are hundreds of people in the stands watching my every move. Deep breath. Every little thing has to be on point. Nine seconds. I just want to pass the ball away over to my teammate, get rid of it. Why not? Who cares what my coach says? He’s the one who put me in this situation anyways. Eight seconds left. Its just too embarrassing to miss THE final shot in THE final game of the season. I have earned every second I stepped foot on this court and worked too hard for this shot to be a miss. All the time spent practicing and all the injuries, I just cant let myself and everyone down. Seven seconds. I see everyone in the stands jumping up and down but can barely hear them. What do they want from me? i’m 18 years old for crying out loud! It’s not like I’m in the NBA here! I want to see them try and step foot in my shoes right now... Nonsense, focus. My defender looks really intimidating. His muscles contract as his thumbs rub against his fingertips...
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