...reports and papers. Also I will cover the development from the 19th, 20th century to the end of the 21st century. 19th Century: Work of John Snow: Snow was a British physician who was considered as one of the founder of epidemiology for the work he did and identifying the source of cholera outbreak in the 1854. John Snow was born in a labourer family on 15th March 1813 in York and at the age of 14 he was apprenticed to a surgeon. In 1936 John Snow moved to London to start his formal medical education. He became a member...
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...there are many different areas to epidemiology, the underlying goal is to predict and prevent disease within a defined population. From Ebola to influenza, large scale infections are an ever-present threat, and epidemiology is the cornerstone of keeping everything under control. Still, not many people, even scientists, truly understand what epidemiology is all about. For those itching to learn a little more about a fascinating subject, read on! John Snow Is Kind of a Big Deal No, not Jon Snow…JOHN Snow. Many consider him to be the father of epidemiology because of his effort to trace the source of a cholera outbreak in the Soho neighborhood of London in 1854 (1). Until that time, most people believed that diseases were caused by pollution or “bad air”, otherwise known as the miasma theory. I know, I know, but at this point nobody knew how disease was...
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...advent of computers there has been a greater development of how this data on disease outbreaks are tracked and handled. The use of information technology in healthcare has created faster tracking and monitoring systems used to study emerging disease outbreaks such as SARS, influenza, HIV and even bioterroism attacks. In a way public health informatics has been around since before the creation of computers. Individuals such as Dr. John Snow and Florence Nightingale recognized patterns that pointed towards causes of disease outbreaks and the need to correct such situations to improve health outcomes. In 2005 Vachon said, Historically, Dr. John Snow can be disignated the “father” of public health informatics (PHI). In 1854, he plotted information about cholera deaths and was able to determine that the deaths were clustered around the same water pump in London…when the pump handle was removed, cholera disappeared. It was Dr. Snow’s focus on the cholera population rather than on a single patient that led to his discovery of the source of the cholera outbreak. (Mastrian & McGonigle, 2012, p. 368) Dossy (2000) said, “Florence Nightingale should also be recognized as an early public health informaticist. Her recommendation about medical reform and the need for improved sanitary conditions…led to a total reorganization of how and what healthcare statistics should be collected.” (Mastrian & McGonigle, 2012, p. 368) With the development of computer surveillance systems...
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...Cholera in Nineteenth Century England: A Social Evolution I. Introduction When asked about Victorian London in 1899, the Chinese ambassador accurately said ‘too dirty.’ London was incredibly dirty, as evidenced by its smell. Foul streets, dirty homes, and disgusting river water plagued all of 19th century England, not only creating an unpleasant environment, but also promoting the spread of disease. Between a lack of knowledge regarding cholera, corrupt water companies, and a sewage infested river, it is no wonder that cholera spread easily throughout England’s population, particularly when it first arrived in 1831. In England, conditions before and during the arrival of cholera in 1831, such as foul drinking water, roads, and homes, allowed for cholera to spread. Although poor sanitary conditions initially allowed for cholera to spread, as the nineteenth century progressed and knowledge increased, reactions to cholera dramatically changed, bringing increased vigilance and new perspective....
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...Unit 12: Public Health Contents No. | Title | Page no. | 1 | P1: Describe key aspects of public health | 3 | 2 | P2: Describe the origins of public health policy in the UK from the 19th century to the present day | 4-5 | 3 | P3: Describe current patterns of ill health and how they are monitored | 6 | 4 | P4: Explain the main factors affecting current patterns of health in the UK | 7-8 | 5 | P5: Explain health promotion and protection | 9 | 6 | P6: Explain appropriate methods of prevention/control for a named communicable and a named non-communicable disease | 10 | | Bibliography | 11 | P1: Describe key aspects of public health These are the key aspects of public health: 1) Monitoring health status – They do this by tracking changes in the health of the population and alerting people to potential problems, like the rising levels of obesity within the population....
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...Unit 12 – Historical Perspectives of the Health System P1: Describe key aspects of public health strategies P2: Describe the origins of public health policy in the UK from the 19th century to the present day Public Health is about helping everyone to stay healthy rather than focusing specifically on the individual, with the aim to promote health, protecting individuals from threats to their health and preventing ill-health. Public health policies have made a significant impact in increasing a person's overall life expectancy and improving health. (Public Health) PUBLIC HEALTH STRATEGIES: Public health strategies are devised in order to prevent the spread of diseases, prolong life and promote health. This can be done through the use of monitoring, identifying, developing programmes etc. Monitoring the health status of the community – Is a key aspect of health strategies that are in place within the UK. This health strategy helps to monitor any changes that occur in the health of the population, along with alerting individuals to any potential problems. Health throughout the UK is monitored by quality of life, infant mortality rates and life expectancy (Baker L, 2008, BTEC National Health and Social Care Book 2, page 2) The monitoring of health throughout the country allows for advanced planning of local services within the community that may be at risk of certain health problems. The monitoring of health at a local level allows for information to be recorded...
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...THE EARLY YEARS OF MICROBIOLOGY Anton van Leewenhoek first to observe live microorganisms through the magnifying lenses of more than 400 microscopes he constructed Is spontaneous generation (abiogenesis) of microbial life possible? Francesco Redi set out in 1668 to demonstrate that maggots did not arise spontaneously from decaying meat. Proved flies had to lay eggs for larvae to appear (2 experiments) John Needham found that even after he heated nutrient fluids (chicken broth and corn broth) before pouring them into covered flasks, the cooled solutions were soon teeming with microorganisms. Claimed that microbes developed spontaneously from fluids. Lazzaro Spallanzani suggested that microorganisms from the air probably had entered Needham’s solution after they were boiled. Showed that nutrient fluids heated after being sealed in a flask did not develop microbial growth Rudolf Virchow challenged the case of spontaneous generation with the concept of biogenesis, the claim that living cells can arise only from preexisting living cells. Louis Pasteur showed that microorganisms can be present in nonliving matter- on solid, in liquids, and in the air. (proved that spontaneous generation was false) He demonstrated conclusively that microbial life can be destroyed by heat and that methods can be devised to block the access of airborne microorganisms to nutrient environments (aseptic techniques – techniques that prevent contamination by unwanted microorganisms...
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...Information Poor law 1834 The poor law act, is about people who have no money and nowhere to live so this is when they will have been recruited in to a working house. This is where they will work for money but during this they will have poor accommodation to live, while they work there and poor food that they may not be able to have. They will have to work hard for a living to get money. In the working house they will not be seeing their families at all while the work they will be split up from each other. When you are working in the workhouse they will catch disease that may make someone ill and have a course to death, they also will not have the health are that other people will have. They will be also working in horrible conditions. Edwin Chadwick 1842 The report of Edwin Chadwick says that he is reinforcing to the poor law, in the year of 1842 he wrote” a sanitary Report of the labouring population” this is promoting the safeness and the disposal of human waste and the rubbish that they may have. This is a mass evident linking the environment and ill health. Edwin Chadwick has recommended support by the medical and the engineering specialist and to be responsible of all the sentry matters. The facts a figures that are the population in Glasgow is 37% and the housing growth is 18.5%. In Manchester and this time was the population of 47% and the housing growth was 15% and last but not least Bradford the population there was 78% and the housing growth rate was 12%...
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...The most important aspect of public health is focusing on the health of the general population, rather than an individual patient. Most people are unaware of what public health educators do for their job. The goals of public health is to help prevent illnesses, deaths, disease, and injuries at a population level (Jacbosen, 2014). What public health means to me is that it is the start of everything. They are the ones who find out about the disease and research on how to cure or prevent it. Public health also helps to promote health behaviors, identifiying hazardous parts of a community, and providing health education to those who do not have access to health services. The history of public health in the United States started with the work of...
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...developments in Epidemiology 2 Definition, scope and use of epidemiology 4 Distribution 5 Determinants 5 Health- related states or events 6 Specified populations 6 Application 7 Scope 7 Epidemiology versus Public Health 7 Causation of diseases 8 Achievements in Epidemiology 9 Small pox 9 Methyl Mercury Poisoning 10 Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease 11 Iodine Deficiency Disease 11 Tobacco use, Asbestos and Lung Cancer 12 Hip Fractures 12 HIV/AIDS 13 Global AIDS epidemic 1990–2003 13 SARS 14 Conclusion 15 Bibliography 16 Introduction This essay provides a brief summary of what epidemiology is, what it is used for and discusses the major successes epidemiologist have contributed towards control and eradication of major epidemics. The discussion will also touch on the historical context and development of the emergency of epidemiology as a science and art, and give example of some of the people that greatly contributed to the achievement scored in epidemiology studies and applications. The Historical Context Epidemiology originated from the Hippocrates` observation more than 200 years ago who identified environmental factors to have an influence on the occurrence of diseases. It was until the nineteenth century when the distribution of the disease specific in human population group was measured to a large extent as beginnings of epidemiology and road to the most spectacular achievement. The other aspect practice that became...
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...Public health is ‘The science and art of promoting and protecting health and well-being, preventing ill-health and prolonging life through the organized efforts of society’. Public health as we know it today has moved on from what is considered the origins in the 19th century. However the core principles to which it was set up and developed still remain the same. It has always been population based and it has always ensured people stay healthy and avoid getting ill. To understand public health you must look at the developments from the 19th century to modern day, the social reformers who made changes to law and the way people live there lives. Also understand the key factors and strategies used to help evolve it to accommodate modern Brittan. The term public health has been used in Britain since the Victorian period. It was a time of radical change and a period when improving the health of the public was high on the agenda of governments. During this period there were many aspects that resulted in reform to public health. There was an alarming number of mortality statistics for this time. ‘Half of all children in Manchester in the 1830’s died before they reached the age of five’. (Walsh M Stephens 2005 p256) In Liverpool the statistics at this time were no better, labourers were lucky to live past their 15th birthday. Industrialisation had far reaching social effects. It transformed cities from an agrarian society to an industrial one. Combined with industrialisation you...
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...type of environment allows faculty and students to develop the knowledge to fully appreciate the complexities of biosocial system to understand, modify, and use this information to maximum potential. The focus of this paper will be on immigrant/migrants as a vulnerable population with emphasis on infectious disease a major health concern. The paper will define epidemiology and identify steps and methods of the type of epidemiology and examines relationships of illnesses and education related to infectious diseases. Epidemiology defined Stanhope & Lancaster (2008) defines epidemiology as “the study of the distribution and determination of health- related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control health problems.” Epidemiology originated from the Greek words (epi) meaning upon, (demos) meaning people and (logos) meaning thought. Epidemiology was the study of infectious diseases visited upon mankind. Descriptive epidemiology surveys a population to see what segments e.g., occupation, ethnic group,...
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...Current Event Article 3: Heroin Abuse Day Throughout history Chicago is a great example of public health efforts. From John Snow solving the case of cholera and establishing environmental sanitation policies, to instituting tuberculosis centers, and maternal and child care programs to name a few; the city of Chicago has done great things. In their public health efforts to help create a healthier community Chicago, Illinois recently held its first Heroin Abuse Awareness Day. According to the news article provided by Yahoo, November 4 is now “Heroin Abuse Day,” which efforts are to raise awareness amongst Chicago residents, in particular the parents (Dickson, 2015). Illinois State Representative, Patti Bullock, was in complete shocked when she received the statistics from the Center Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The CDC’s data revealed that Chicago is among the regions most affected by drug related deaths. Since 2010, heroin related deaths have tripled. In relation to the classroom and readings this new act encompasses many topics we have covered. For example, at the epidemiological level, data revealed the tremendous impact that...
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...Epidemiology Study Guide Introduction to Epidemiology History * John Graunt * Published Bills of Mortality in 1622 * Analysis of weekly reports of births and deaths in London by sex, age, and time. * Discovered that births and deaths of men occurred in excess; high death rates of infants; and seasonal pattern with highest mortality in winter. * John Snow * Conducted one of the first observational studies in the neighborhoods of 19th century London and discovered that contaminated drinking water was the cause of cholera. * Carefully documented what he called a “natural experiment” in which neighbors received water provided by different companies and had differing rates of disease. * Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill * Conducted groundbreaking studies on cigarette smoking and lung cancer in the 1950s. * James Lind * Conducted one of the earliest experimental studies, which was the treatment of scurvy among sailors. * Using sound experimental principles, he found that the consumption of oranges and lemons were the most effective remedies for scurvy in this population. * William Farr * Compiled the Statistical Abstracts in Great Britain from 1839 through 1880. * He pioneered many activities encompassed by modern epidemiology, including the calculation of mortality rates using census data for denominators. Definitions * Epidemiology – the study of the distribution and determinants...
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...Section A: Basic Microbiology 1 SCOPE AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN MICROBIOLOGY “Science contributes to our culture in many ways, as a creative intellectual activity in its own right, as a light which has served to illuminate man’s place in the uni-verse, and as the source of understanding of man’s own nature” —John F. Kennedy (1917–63) The President of America The bacterium Escherichia coli INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE MICROBIOLOGY is a specialized area of biology (Gr. bios-life+ logos-to study) that concerns with the study of microbes ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification. Microorganisms are microscopic (Gr. mikros-small+ scopein-to see) and independently living cells that, like humans, live in communities. Microorganisms include a large and diverse group of microscopic organisms that exist as single cell or cell clusters (e.g., bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, protozoa and helminths) and the viruses, which are microscopic but not cellular. While bacteria and archaea are classed as prokaryotes (Gr. pro-before+ karyon-nucleus) the fungi, algae, protozoa and helminths are eukaryotes (Gr. eu-true or good+ karyon-nucleus). Microorganisms are present everywhere on earth, which includes humans, animals, plants and other living creatures, soil,water and atmosphere. Microorganisms are relevant to all of our lives in a multitude of ways. Sometimes, the influence of microorganisms on human life is beneficial, whereas at other times, it is detrimental. For example...
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