...Proposal For: John Snow and His Influence on Public Health Monica Rodgers PU120 Section 1 Professor Nicole Heim Unit 2 Assignment Thesis: John Snow formulated a theory on the transmission of cholera, improved the mode of administration of anesthetics, and made advancements in resuscitation. He is considered a father of epidemiology, even though many of his concepts were not accepted until years after his death. Among those who have left their mark on the development of public health is John Snow, a man who is considered a father of modern epidemiology. However, many of his concepts were not accepted until after his death. John Snow worked hard and published many great works. In this paper, I will briefly discuss John Snows background, his works, and the outcome of those works. John Snow was the son of a humble laborer in York, England. Snow’s father eventually became a farmer and landlord after acquiring a sufficient amount of property. Snow on the other hand took a different path in society, becoming an apprentice to William Hardcastle. After obtaining an education from several schools, Snow became a licensed apothecary, surgeon, and physician. John Snow first encountered cholera in 1831-32 in Newcastle. It was in the London epidemic of 1848-49 that Snow proposed that cholera entered the body through the mouth. In 1849, Snow wrote “On the mode of communication of cholera”. It was dismissed for lack of data. In 1841, Snow published his first work, entitled...
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...John Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology, because of his determination to find the source of the cholera outbreak in the SOHO District. What made Snow’s work different from others was that he established the methods to epidemiologic reasoning. This reasoning included suspicion (factors that may influence occurrence of disease), formulation of specific hypothesis, conducting studies, assess validity of association and make judgements as to whether a cause- effect relation between factor and condition exists. One of the main reasons why Snow will continue to receive recognition is because these steps of reasoning he took and “the so-called no- miracle argument in philosophy of science, according to which the success of science would be a miracle,...
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...The Broad Street cholera outbreak was a severe outbreak of cholera that occurred near Broad Street in the Soho district of London, England in 1854. This outbreak is best known for the physician John Snow's study of the outbreak and his discovery that contaminated water, not air, spread cholera. This discovery came to influence public health and the construction of improved sanitation facilities beginning in the 19th century. Later, the term "focus of infection" would be used to describe places like the Broad Street pump in which conditions are good for transmission of an infection. In the mid-19th century, the Soho district of London had a serious problem with filth due to the large influx of people and a lack of proper sanitary services: the London sewer system had not reached Soho. Many cellars (basements) had cesspools underneath their floorboards. Since the cesspools were overrunning, the London government decided to dump the waste into the River Thames. That specific action contaminated the water supply, leading to a cholera outbreak. On 31 August 1854, after several other outbreaks had occurred elsewhere in the city, a major outbreak of cholera reached Soho. John Snow, the physician who eventually linked the outbreak to contaminated water, later called it "the most terrible outbreak of cholera which ever occurred in this kingdom."[1] Over the next three days, 127 people on or near Broad Street died. In the next week, three quarters of the residents had fled the area....
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...reports and papers. Also I will cover the development from the 19th, 20th century to the end of the 21st century. 19th Century: Work of John Snow: Snow was a British physician who was considered as one of the founder of epidemiology for the work he did and identifying the source of cholera outbreak in the 1854. John Snow was born in a labourer family on 15th March 1813 in York and at the age of 14 he was apprenticed to a surgeon. In 1936 John Snow moved to London to start his formal medical education. He became a member...
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...Snow was also able and willing to work with those who did not initially agree with him and to use data and evidence of his claims as a way to sway others’ opinions in his favor. Whitehead’s knowledge of and comfort in the Soho community proved invaluable to Snow’s investigation (Johnson, 154). If Snow had behaved as Semmelweis did when faced with disagreement, he would have lacked the understanding of the workings of the Soho community to track the spread of the disease. Without this understanding, he would likely have not been able to formulate a convincing argument for removing the Broad Street...
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...Essential Components for Great Ideas Strategies for the Technical Professional Module 3 Lab 1 Mark Hicks Some of the world’s greatest ideas and accomplishments did not just appear from thin air; rather most were cultivated through years of collaboration and through multiple modifications of the original hunch or hypothesis. Group collaboration and environments that support a creative atmosphere, essential components to the process of great ideas, is seemingly the idea Steven Johnson is trying to drive home in his video, “Where Good Ideas Come From”. Steven Johnson was trying to express or convey the message that great ideas come from a particular place setting or environment of specific stimuli that allow two or more people, with similar interests, to come together and further collaborate on one or more ideas and expand on an idea or hunch. His given example of said environment was the beginning of coffee shops. Coffee shops started springing into existence in the 1650’s after people were trying to figure out what else they could drink besides alcohol due to water typically being tainted. The population was used to consuming a depressant, alcohol, all day and then coffee shops started popping up and the population started drinking a stimulant, coffee, all day. In response to the change Steve Johnson accredits coffee shops with the beginning of great ideas. In essence people would gather at the coffee shops and drink and socialize all day so many great ideas got...
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...Regardless of how it came to pass, John Snow became one of the heroes of medical science by discovering how cholera was transmitted. It was a tough journey for him. Being a farmer’s son proved it difficult for him to convince a disbelieving medical establishment that his findings were valid. He trekked all the way to the metropolis. Little did he know that he will be the savior of this great city. His story is legendary. To date, he remains a towering figure in many fields. Psychologists have a few lessons that they can learn from him. He was born in York. A son of Yorkshire labourer who became a relative good farmer. At the age of fourteen, the youth was connected to an enlightened surgeon who was his mentor. His first encounter with cholera was when it swept through the nearby town during the 1831-1832 epidemic. It broke again in 1846, but this time round, Snow was in London. By this time, he had completed medical training. He was a well know investigator and researcher by the late 1840s since he had already published several groundbreaking studies that included research into anesthesia. From the onset, snow was a high-minded young man. As he advanced in age, he maintained his integrity. As a bachelor, he was glued to his work and in a great manner dedicated his life to scientific and humanitarian pursuits. The basis of investigations into cholera began when he started researching on Anesthesia. He had a good understanding of the operation of gases and from there, he found...
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...SOLOMON SMART KALUBA ID: UB28902SPU37458 PUBLIC HEALTH ASSIGNMENT: DEFINATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, ITS USE AND EXAMPLES OF SUCCESS DATE OF SUBMISSION: 5/02/2014. ANTLANTIC INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY HONOLULU, HAWAII Contents Introduction 2 The Historical Context 2 Recent developments in Epidemiology 2 Definition, scope and use of epidemiology 4 Distribution 5 Determinants 5 Health- related states or events 6 Specified populations 6 Application 7 Scope 7 Epidemiology versus Public Health 7 Causation of diseases 8 Achievements in Epidemiology 9 Small pox 9 Methyl Mercury Poisoning 10 Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease 11 Iodine Deficiency Disease 11 Tobacco use, Asbestos and Lung Cancer 12 Hip Fractures 12 HIV/AIDS 13 Global AIDS epidemic 1990–2003 13 SARS 14 Conclusion 15 Bibliography 16 Introduction This essay provides a brief summary of what epidemiology is, what it is used for and discusses the major successes epidemiologist have contributed towards control and eradication of major epidemics. The discussion will also touch on the historical context and development of the emergency of epidemiology as a science and art, and give example of some of the people that greatly contributed to the achievement scored in epidemiology studies and applications. The Historical Context Epidemiology originated from the Hippocrates` observation more than 200 years ago who identified environmental factors to have an influence...
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...agent * Pandemics of the disease * Impact f the disease on society * Origin and Spread * Endemic to the Indian subcontinent, with the Ganges River likely serving as a containment reservoir * Disease spread by trade routes (land and sea) to Russia, then to Western Europe, and from Europe to North America * Causes of Cholera * Mortality rate of 50% * The Miasma Theory * Strongly advocated by Max von Petterkofer * Mapped the 1850 epidemic and concluded cases were clustered in low-lying marshlands * Was the impetus behind Florence Nightingale effort to clean, improve, and establish higher standards in nursing * The Poison Theory * Advocated by John Snow * While attending to Cholera patients he didn’t get the disease, therefore it is not airborne miasma * Affect the gut first * Mapped the 1850 outbreak and found clusters of victims around the Broad Street Pump * Proposed cholera is due to toxin in patient feces and transmitted by water * The Contagion/Germ Theory * Circulated after establishing the Germ Theory of Disease by Louis Pateur * Strongly advocated by Robert Koch * During the 1883 pandemic, he travelled to Bombay and Genoa and reported that the soil there do no meet von Petterkofer citeria for Miasma Theory * During the 5th pandemic Pasteur was successful in isolating the causative...
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...Epidemiology Study Guide Introduction to Epidemiology History * John Graunt * Published Bills of Mortality in 1622 * Analysis of weekly reports of births and deaths in London by sex, age, and time. * Discovered that births and deaths of men occurred in excess; high death rates of infants; and seasonal pattern with highest mortality in winter. * John Snow * Conducted one of the first observational studies in the neighborhoods of 19th century London and discovered that contaminated drinking water was the cause of cholera. * Carefully documented what he called a “natural experiment” in which neighbors received water provided by different companies and had differing rates of disease. * Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill * Conducted groundbreaking studies on cigarette smoking and lung cancer in the 1950s. * James Lind * Conducted one of the earliest experimental studies, which was the treatment of scurvy among sailors. * Using sound experimental principles, he found that the consumption of oranges and lemons were the most effective remedies for scurvy in this population. * William Farr * Compiled the Statistical Abstracts in Great Britain from 1839 through 1880. * He pioneered many activities encompassed by modern epidemiology, including the calculation of mortality rates using census data for denominators. Definitions * Epidemiology – the study of the distribution and determinants...
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...Epidemiology Paper Epidemiology has become the method of choice for public health research. The patterns and trends and cause and effects of health affecting phenomena identified by epidemiology are instrumental in predicting risk factors e.g.; development of treatment strategies to prevent or contain diseases. Epidemiology estimates have changed over time related to changes in the definition and diagnosis of diseases. Epidemiology is practiced as a broad scientific discipline that addresses occurrences of diseases and distribution of health status of populations. Integration of casual concepts at the clinical, social and environmental levels will allow faculty to work to maintain an intellectual environment that will facilitate the integration of biological, social and, analytical approaches of epidemiology. This type of environment allows faculty and students to develop the knowledge to fully appreciate the complexities of biosocial system to understand, modify, and use this information to maximum potential. The focus of this paper will be on immigrant/migrants as a vulnerable population with emphasis on infectious disease a major health concern. The paper will define epidemiology and identify steps and methods of the type of epidemiology and examines relationships of illnesses and education related to infectious diseases. Epidemiology defined Stanhope & Lancaster (2008) defines epidemiology as “the study of the distribution and determination of health- related states...
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...P2 Considerably public health has developed over many years and changes occurred over time reflecting concerns on the health of the nation during each period. This changes have produced the public health system that is in place till this present time. The early reformers of social and economic conditions played a huge impact in balancing the health status of the nation in a way that, every individual will benefit from it. Health professionals increase their medical knowledge greatly relative to how diseases where spread and also various progress where made in helping to decrease the incidence of the contagious disease which killed several people. As part of P1 assignment I discussed the key aspects of the public health strategies in the UK. Several changes which took place within the Public Health System are as a result of awareness promotions and awareness which is highlighted in general by individuals and groups across the nation. The government take into considerations the health needs of the people and acts on the findings demonstrated through national statistics. The government act on these findings by passing laws that are considered to power the overall health and well-being of the nation. In the 19th century, scientist discovered that microorganisms are responsible for the killer diseases like cholera and tuberculosis, and the public health was officially lunched in an effort to provide clean water supplies and waste disposal systems. Poor law system (1834) which...
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...Public health is ‘The science and art of promoting and protecting health and well-being, preventing ill-health and prolonging life through the organized efforts of society’. Public health as we know it today has moved on from what is considered the origins in the 19th century. However the core principles to which it was set up and developed still remain the same. It has always been population based and it has always ensured people stay healthy and avoid getting ill. To understand public health you must look at the developments from the 19th century to modern day, the social reformers who made changes to law and the way people live there lives. Also understand the key factors and strategies used to help evolve it to accommodate modern Brittan. The term public health has been used in Britain since the Victorian period. It was a time of radical change and a period when improving the health of the public was high on the agenda of governments. During this period there were many aspects that resulted in reform to public health. There was an alarming number of mortality statistics for this time. ‘Half of all children in Manchester in the 1830’s died before they reached the age of five’. (Walsh M Stephens 2005 p256) In Liverpool the statistics at this time were no better, labourers were lucky to live past their 15th birthday. Industrialisation had far reaching social effects. It transformed cities from an agrarian society to an industrial one. Combined with industrialisation you...
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...The normal occurrence of a disease or condition common to persons within a localized area is known as a(n) ____.Answer | Selected Answer: | endemic | Correct Answer: | endemic | | Question 2 5 out of 5 points | | | The biological cause of a problem or disease is known as ____.Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | etiology | Correct Answer: | etiology | | | | | Question 3 5 out of 5 points | | | Reproductive health studies ____.Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | normal reproductive processes and problems that can occur including infertility, birth defects, and low birth weight | Correct Answer: | normal reproductive processes and problems that can occur including infertility, birth defects, and low birth weight | | | | | Question 4 5 out of 5 points | | | HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is currently a ____.Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | pandemic | Correct Answer: | pandemic | | | | | Question 5 5 out of 5 points | | | The course of a disease, if left untreated, is referred to as ____.Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: | natural history | Correct Answer: | natural history | | | | | Question 6 5 out of 5 points | | | A disease or condition that affects a greater than expected (normal) number of individuals within a population, community, or region at the same time is referred to as an ____.Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:...
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...with distinct adhesive and antigenic properties. Journal of infectious diseases, 180(2), pp.464-472. Beeson, J.G., Rogerson, S.J., Cooke, B.M., Reeder, J.C., Chai, W., Lawson, A.M., Molyneux, M.E. and Brown, G.V., 2000. Adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to hyaluronic acid in placental malaria. Nature medicine, 6(1), pp.86-90. Bengtsson, A., Joergensen, L., Rask, T.S., Olsen, R.W., Andersen, M.A., Turner, L., Theander, T.G., Hviid, L., Higgins, M.K., Craig, A. and Brown, A., 2013. A novel domain cassette identifies Plasmodium falciparum PfEMP1 proteins binding ICAM-1 and is a target of cross-reactive, adhesion-inhibitory antibodies. The Journal of Immunology, 190(1), pp.240-249. Bousema, T. and Drakeley, C., 2011. Epidemiology and infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax gametocytes in relation to malaria control and elimination. Clinical microbiology reviews, 24(2), pp.377-410. Bull, P.C. and Abdi, A.I., 2016. The role of PfEMP1 as targets of naturally acquired immunity to childhood malaria: prospects for a vaccine. Parasitology, 143(02), pp.171-186. Chakravorty, S.J. and Craig, A., 2005. The role of ICAM-1 in Plasmodium falciparum cytoadherence. European journal of cell biology, 84(1), pp.15-27. Craig, A. and Scherf, A., 2001. Molecules on the surface of the Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocyte and their role in malaria pathogenesis and immune evasion. Molecular and...
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