...Smoking and diabetes are absolute risk factors for periodontal disease. The majority of gum diseases can be calmly prevented by daily thorough plaque removal. However, irregularities about the teeth such as overhanging edges on fillings, poorly contoured fillings, and some types of partial denture designs accomplish tooth cleaning difficult and encourage the accumulation of plaque. For the majority of the population, however, periodontal health can be finer maintained by proper oral hygiene practices as well as avoidance of behavioral and environmental risk factors. Because periodontal disease is affiliated to an added susceptibility to systemic disease (e.g., cardiovascular disease, infective endocarditis, bacterial pneumonia, low birth weight, diabetes), it is important not alone for oral health but as well for general health to control periodontal...
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...Gum disease (periodontal disease) is associated with the elevated risk of the cardiovascular disease in addition to the cerebrovascular disease as well as death in various studies. Some of the pathogens provide an association between gum disease and Alzheimer Disease. Thus, the inflammation that is caused by the gum disease is highly associated with Alzheimer Disease thus proving the assumption that there is an association between gum disease and the individuals who may be susceptible to developing Alzheimer disease. Introduction Studies have confirmed a relationship between gum disease and increased rate of cognitive decline in individuals who are in the early stages of the Alzheimer Disease (AD). Gum disease also referred to as periodontitis is a disease that is prevalent in the older adults and is increasingly becoming common in AD as a result of the reduced ability to take care of the dental hygiene following the progression of the disease. Increased levels of antibodies in line with periodontal bacteria are highly affiliated with increased inflammatory molecules levels in the other parts of the body consequently linked to elevated rates in the...
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...but not many know that gum inflammation can also be a factor in preterm labor. Just being pregnant increases the probability of having periodontal inflammation because of hormonal imbalance. Women who take good care of their teeth and gums protect the health of their unborn babies not only by lowering risk of preterm labor, but also by lowering the risk of giving birth to a low weight baby (Conoway). Babies born preterm or at a low weight often have varying health problems including lung disorders, heart conditions, and learning disabilities. Pregnant women should make sure to prevent periodontal disease by making a point to visit their dentist and hygienist and by brushing, flossing, and rinsing daily. The mouth not only affects physical, bodily health, but also the mental self. A good, strong mouth can create confidence in people of every age, gender, and race. Good oral care has also been shown to increase memory and decrease risk for mental diseases such as Alzheimer’s...
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...Individuals who have been diagnosed with periodontal disease need to see a dentist regularly to prevent tooth loss and other complications associated with this disease. Periodontal maintenance treatment is designed to thoroughly clean the gums and teeth to halt progression of the disease, one that many individuals develop during their lifetime. In fact, it is estimated that 75 percent of individuals will suffer from periodontal disease at some point in their life. Periodontal disease occurs when plaque builds up on the teeth. Bacteria from this plaque develop above or below the gum line, leading to irritation and inflammation, as the bacteria produces toxins harmful to the body. As a result, a chronic inflammatory response is observed in the...
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...reason for seeking medical care, and it has been estimated that approximately 80% of physician office visits involve a pain component. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most widely used class of drugs for the management of acute and chronic pain in dentistry. NSAIDs minimize edema, but they are associated with many adverse effects, like gastric irritability, as dyspepsia and gastric bleeding which lead to a number of contraindications. Diclofenac is a powerful anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug that is well suited for local use in the oral cavity....
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...Background Patient A has authorised consent to the writer of this case study to share the detail of their condition. It has been ensured the information provided does not allow the recognition and follow up of this individual. The patient chosen for this portion of assignment is a 47 year old male who lives with his wife and two kids. He works part-time as a customer service manager and attends the practice every six months for a regular check-up, however due to his recent knee surgery; he has been unable to do so. This patient struggles with his weight and suffers from high blood pressure. This condition damages the blood vessels, forcing the heart to work faster which would eventually lead to heart failure (Gregson 2001). To treat his condition, this patient takes ACE inhibitors every day. He also suffers from arthritis and takes Azathioprine as a source of medication. He has no allergies, smokes 10 cigarettes a day and consumes 25 units of alcohol a week. Patient A consumes fizzy beverages during and after his meals and snacks on sweets in between. Due to his poor oral hygiene and high consumption of sugar in his diet, he has developed caries in his lower left 6. It is evident that sugar consumption mostly in sticky form between meals increases the risk of caries (Felton 2009). His poor oral hygiene is reflected on the number of restorations present within his mouth, mostly in his pre-molars and molars. He also has a porcelain bonded crown present on the lower right 5...
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...poor clinical outcome. In the 1920s, approximately one third of patients with lung abscess died; Dr David Smith postulated that aspiration of oral bacteria was the mechanism of infection. He observed that the bacteria found in the walls of the lung abscesses at autopsy resembled the bacteria noted in the gingival crevice. A typical lung abscess could be reproduced in animal models via an intratracheal inoculum containing, not 1, but 4 microbes, thought to be Fusobacterium nucleatum, Peptostreptococcus species, a fastidious gram-negative anaerobe, and, possibly, Prevotella melaninogenicus. Lung abscess was a devastating disease in the preantibiotic era, when one third of the patients died, another one third recovered, and the remainder developed debilitating illnesses such as recurrent abscesses, chronic empyema, bronchiectasis, or other consequences of chronic pyogenic infections. In the early postantibiotic period, sulfonamides did not improve the outcome of patients with lung abscess until the penicillins and tetracyclines were available. Although resectional surgery was often considered a treatment option in the past, the role of surgery has greatly diminished over time because most patients with uncomplicated lung abscess eventually respond to prolonged antibiotic therapy. Lung abscesses can be classified based on the duration and the likely etiology. Acute abscesses are less than 4-6 weeks old, whereas...
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...Diabetes Case Study NUR/427 January 13, 2011 Diabetes Case Study Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that affects millions of people across the nation. According to LeMone and Burke (2008), “Approximately 1.3 million new cases of DM are diagnosed each year in the United States” (pg 563). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that 23.6 million people in the United States have DM. Collectively 17.9 million people were diagnosed and 5.7 million people were undiagnosed with DM in the year 2007. Of all the documented cases 90-95 percent have type II DM and the remaining 5-10 percent have type I DM (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008). In the United States DM is the sixth most leading cause of death by a disease. Deaths are commonly caused by the cardiovascular effects associated with DM that result in coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, and stroke. People diagnosed with DM are two to four times more likely to have heart disease or have a stroke than people who are not diabetic. DM is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the United States. DM is also the most common cause of nontraumatic amputations and newly diagnosed blindness (LeMone & Burke, 2008). Signs and Symptoms Before someone is diagnosed with DM he or she usually experiences common signs and symptoms of the disease that leads him or her to see a physician. In type I DM the signs and symptoms that commonly present are the result of hyperglycemia. According...
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...IMPLANT DENTISTRY / VOLUME 20, NUMBER 5 2011 331 Identification and Treatment of Bisphosphonate-Associated Actinomycotic Osteonecrosis of the Jaws Cameron Y. S. Lee, DMD, MD, PHD,* Francis D. Pien, MD, MPH,† and Jon B. Suzuki, DDS, PHD, MBA‡ isphosphonates (BPs) are a pharmacologic class of synthetic analogs of inorganic pyrophosphate that has an affinity for calcium.1 They are used in the treatment of various malignant and benign metabolic conditions, such as hypercalcemia of malignancy; Paget’s disease of bone; multiple myeloma; and metastases from distant sites such as breast, thyroid, prostate glands, and lung. The oral form of BPs is indicated in the management of osteoporosis, fibrous dysplasia, and most recently, osteogenesis imperfecta in the pediatric population.2,3 Currently, there are 5 bisphosphonates in clinical use: alendronate (Fosamax; Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ), risedronate (Actonel; Proctor & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, Cincinnati, OH), ibandronate (Boniva; Roche Pharmaceuticals, Nutley, NY), zoledronate (Zometa; Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ), and pamidronate (Aredia; Novartis Pharmaceuticals). All 5 medications differ in their binding affinity to bone, potency, and duration.2–5 B Osteonecrosis of the jaws (ONJ) is a condition characterized by necrotic exposed bone in the jaws of patients receiving intravenous or oral bisphosphonate therapy. A review of the medical and dental literature reveals that the pathoetiology of ONJ remains...
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...recommendations may be associated with better health outcomes. However, optimal serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] have not been defined. This review summarizes evidence from studies that evaluated thresholds for serum 25(OH)D concentrations in relation to bone mineral density (BMD), lowerextremity function, dental health, and risk of falls, fractures, and colorectal cancer. For all endpoints, the most advantageous serum concentrations of 25(OH)D begin at 75 nmol/L (30 ng/mL), and the best are between 90 and 100 nmol/L (36 – 40 ng/mL). In most persons, these concentrations could not be reached with the currently recommended intakes of 200 and 600 IU vitamin D/d for younger and older adults, respectively. A comparison of vitamin D intakes with achieved serum concentrations of 25(OH)D for the purpose of estimating optimal intakes led us to suggest that, for bone health in younger adults and all studied outcomes in older adults, an increase in the currently recommended intake of vitamin D is warranted. An intake for all adults of 1000 IU (40 g) vitamin D (cholecalciferol)/d is needed to bring vitamin D concentrations in no less than 50% of the population up to 75 nmol/L. The implications of higher doses for the entire adult population should be addressed in future studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84:18 –28. KEY WORDS 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, vitamin D intake, bone density, lower-extremity strength, colorectal cancer INTRODUCTION suppression of PTH or optimal calcium...
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...Fruits and Vegetables Throughout my adolescence I have been told that fruits and vegetables are essential to a quality health. “An apple a day keeps the doctor away” or “It is important to eat your veggies to grow big and strong.” Although these foods contribute to a good health, they also differ in many ways. There are distinct requirements that allow a fruit to be a fruit, and a vegetable to be a vegetable, and the tastes and usage of these foods often bear no resemblance with each other. Before I proceed, I feel it is necessary to clarify any common misconception about fruits and vegetables that were brought up throughout my research. The tomato, thought to be a vegetable by many, as well as myself, is actually not, it is a fruit. The pumpkin and avocado also fall into the category of a fruit ("Did you know fruit facts".) These false impressions result in the mistaken identity in countless fruits and vegetables. A fruit is the ripened ovary of a flowering plant, often sweet and fleshy ("Fruits vs Vegetables"). On most accounts, fruits are foods that are consumed for dessert or as a snack. For example: apple pie, a banana split, or a strawberry shortcake, all of which are desserts with ingredients that require the use of fruit (MarthaStewart.com). The majority of fruits taste rather sweet due to a simple sugar called fructose. However, fructose is not the only element found in fruits. For a fruit to truly be a fruit, it must contain seeds. Some examples of fruits...
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...United States for a longer period of time, the occurrence of dental extractions and tooth loss has certainly risen exponentially. Unfortunately, tooth loss, whether it is through dental extractions or other means, has long term clinical sequelae associated with it. Osteonecrosis of the jaw, bacteremia, orbital cellulitis, and other psychological and physiological clinical sequelae that impact the well-being of the patient will be discussed. Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is defined as the presence of exposed bone in the mouth that fails to heal after appropriate intervention over a period of 6 to 8 weeks (Reid), and results in chronic osteomyelitis with areas of bone necrosis. Most commonly affecting the mandible (Bagan), patients with ONJ experience symptoms that range from painless exposed bone to severe jaw pain (Sambrook). The majority of cases of ONJ have been found to be initiated and associated with tooth extraction procedures as a result of the introduction of oral flora to the exposed jaw bone that prevents healing and becomes infected (Ruggiero). In addition to tooth extractions being a precipitating event to ONJ, it has been found that ONJ occurs in patients who have previously undergone chemotherapy treatment for cancer and take bisphosphonate medications to counteract the effects of osteoporosis. Bisphosphonates are used for cancer treatment and osteoporosis because of its anti-angiogenic properties and ability to inhibit osteoclast action, respectively. This...
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...rate mortality in Georgia is extremely high and is an indicator of the overall poor status of health among women and children in this state. Between 1990 and 2000, it is reported that Georgia was among the states with the highest rate of infant deaths. In 1990 the infant morality rate in Georgia was at 12.4 deaths for each 1,000 live births and decreasing to 8.5 per 1,000 in 1998. The infant death rate among the white population is 6.1 per 1,000 while the African American population was stated at a much greater rate of 13.5 per 1,000, which is over twice as high as infant death rates among the white population in the state of Georgia. (Georgia Department of Human Resources: Infant Mortality Fact Sheet, 2000) PURPOSE OF STUDY The purpose of this study is to investigate Infant mortality in African American women in Georgia for the years 2000-2005 in five public health districts with the highest rates of infant mortality and five public health districts with the lowest infant mortality rates (so we are looking at 10 public health districts total that can be found on the OASIS website) in the state of Georgia). LITERATURE REVIEW It is stated by the Georgia Department of Human Resources in the work entitled: “Infant Mortality: Fact Sheet” that the primary cause of infant deaths in the state of Georgia has been found to be low birthweight, or babies who are born weighing 5.5 pounds or less. The second primary cause of infant mortality in the state of Georgia is premature...
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...performance Warren A. Brill, DMD, MS(HYG) Dr. Brill is in private practice and a clinical associate professor of pediatric dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Md. Correspond with Dr. Brill at wbrill@erols.com Abstract The chairside-fabricated distal shoe appliance, with a stainless steel crown as the retainer, is an efficacious and cost-effective appliance for guiding the unerupted permanent first molar into position after premature loss or extraction of the second primary molar. The fabrication technique is illustrated in this case report and data is presented on the success rate of the appliance. (Pediatr Dent. 2002;24:561-565) KEYWORDS: DISTAL SHOE, SPACE MAINTAINER, SPACE MANAGEMENT Received February 26, 2002 he distal shoe space maintainer, as introduced by Gerber1 and extended by Croll,2,3 is a valuable part of the pediatric dentist’s armamentarium, because in those cases where the second primary molar is lost prematurely, it helps guide the first permanent molar into place. In 1973, Hicks outlined in detail the indications and contraindications for the distal shoe appliance, as well as the diagnostic and systemic considerations.4 The indications and contraindications as outlined by Hicks are listed in Table 1. Hicks preferred fabrication of a cast gold appliance, although appliances with attachments soldered to stainless steel crowns or bands were clinically acceptable.4 Twenty years later, Gegenhiemer and Donly described...
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...1 ) Rabies Rabies is a viral disease causing inflammation of the brain ( encephalitis ). The virus is a member of the family Rhaboviridae. Worldwide, several variants of the virus have been identified, each associated with a single wild animal host that acts as a reservoir of infection for a particular geographic area. Although all warm -blooded vertebrates are susceptible, only mammals are important in the spread of rabies. In British Columbia, bats are the only reservoir of rabies. Records of bats submitted for rabies testing suggest that relatively few are infected, even among those submitted because they are behaving abnormally. Bats are valuable components of the natural ecosystem and many species are at risk in British Columbia. Other potential hosts of British Columbia include domestic dogs/cats, foxes, raccoons, skunks, wolves and coyotes. " Spill over " of rabies to terrestial mammals from bats has occurred in British Columbia, but rabies has never been maintained in wild populations of terrestrial mammals. Rabies should be suspected in any wild animal exhibiting any behavior considered " abnormal" including ; loss of fear or unusual friendliness, excitation or aggression, depression, incoordination, paralysis, convulsions or seizures, abnormal vocalizations, appearance of nocturnal creatures during the day, signs of choking or inability to drink or swallow food, drooling of saliva or frothing at the mouth. In Carnivores, evidence of having...
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