...determined to be decubitus ulcers, due to constant contact with the mattress on his bed. The skin of the scrotum and penis when examined showed that papular lesions covered 2/3 of the organs. The caregivers at the convalescence home had attempted to treat Mr. Butler with antifungal medication, with little results. Patches of Keratosis were found on the soles of the feet and palms of the hands. A physician at another hospital had made an attempt at keratolytics, and had achieved good results, at removing the keratosis that was in the second stage of healing. There were dime sized wheals on Mr. Butler’s upper back and shoulders, where they appeared for a time then disappeared. A large abscess was found para the left ear. Mr. Butler was taken to OR where the abscess was drained a by an incision and a bx...
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...Perirectal/Anorectal Abscess Introduction A perirectal abscess is the acute appearance of a collection of purulent fluid that forms from glandular pockets in the anus or rectum. The prevalence of anorectal accesses is higher than what is actually seen in formal care facilities because a large portion of people with anorectal symptoms do not seek treatment. There are approximately 100,000 cases per year in the United States, and the average age for appearance of anal abscess and fistula disease is age 40. Males are twice as likely to develop an abscess compared with women (Breen, 2014). The following paper will explore the causes of anorectal abscess, diagnostic tools, common signs and symptoms, and treatment options. Causes of Perirectal Abscess Anorectal abscesses are somewhat common and can cause substantial pain. The majority of abscesses are related to an acute infection in the inner glands of the anus. The actual abscess can become clogged by bacteria, fecal matter, or foreign material. If the abscess becomes clogged it can potentially tunnel to tissue surrounding the anal or rectal area. This material accumulates in a pocket and is called an abscess (Buckmire, 2012). The abscess begins as perirectal cellulitis caused by infection of an anal gland, which causes inflammation. The inflammatory process takes over and eventually extends to tissue surrounding the rectum. The specific bacteria that are responsible for the clogged abscess include: E. coli, staphylococci...
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...An Inquiry into the Effects of Tobacco Smoke on the Lungs Using a Hooka To begin with, the experiment that was conducted in the laboratory was on the effect of cigarette smoke on mollusc gill cilia. The cigarette smoke is composed of toxins, and oxidative chemicals that poses a major stress on the airway epithelium. “Each puff of cigarette smoke contains >1014 oxidant molecules and >1000 xenobiotics , and exposure to cigarette smoke evokes significant biologic changes in the airway epithelium, even though many smokers are phenotypically normal” (Leopald, 2009). Smokers are subjected to about 4,000 toxic chemicals in cigarette smoke, including arsenic, methane, and carbon monoxide. The continuation of smoke exposure on the lungs effect the cilia because the dirt, environmental pollutants, and toxins from cigarette smoke accumulate in the cilia causing the toxins to remain in the lungs. Furthermore, these toxins migrate from the lungs by the means of blood transportation to other organs. The smoke from all cigarettes is not necessarily equivalent, with the amounts of toxic substances varying from one brand to another. It is possible to specify the amount of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide that is delivered by a cigarette under experimental conditions, which is what we will be observing in this experiment. The source of the tobacco, the length of the cigarette, the type of paper and filter used, how densely the tobacco is packed, the temperature at which it burns, and...
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...bleeding LE11 and LE12 - irregular menstruation, abnormal uterine bleeding, dysmenorrhoea, nocturia, wet dreams LE13 - strengthens the spleen, improves liver function, benefits the kidneys, amenorrhoea, irregular menstruation, urine incontinence LE15 - arthritis in the lower extremities HI - migraine, psychosis, facial paralysis, blurred vision, eye pressure, trigeminal neuralgia F3 - sinusitis, rhinitis, vertigo, headaches, dizziness, nasal polyps, clears toxins from nose & eyes F2 F2 - tinnitus, deafness, otitis media, toothache, temero mandibular, stiffness, arthritis, sore yes. F4 - sinusitis, blocked nose, nasal polyps, trigeminal neuralgia, facial paralysis N3 - salivary glands problems, dry mouth, tonsillitis, mumps. TH1 - regulates lung function, clears throat and voice, regulates the thyroid...
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...What are some adverse effects of over-the-counter medications used to treat pulmonary disorders? Taking over the counter medications for any condition can be dangerous, but particularly so for pulmonary disorders. Three problems that stand out and must be addressed are, overdose, side effects and adverse reactions to other medication or treatments one may be taking. Some are minor in nature and others are extremely serious and dangerous and may in extreme cases result in death. Overdose may be the most serious. The phenomenon that many think spurs this. Serious overdoses and abuse of medications occur as a result. Medications for temporary relief of coughs caused by bronchitis, and other breathing illnesses works by thinning and loosening mucus in the airways, clearing congestion, and making breathing easier. Some side effects and adverse reactions to over the counter pulmonary medications are addressed here. For example, Musinex D is used to treat bronchitis but may cause GI problems such as upset stomach, nausea and diarrhea. Another is Guafenesin, used to thin mucus may result in drowsiness, headaches, and anxiety attacks which may increase heart rate, caused breathing difficulty and dizziness insomnia. Naturally one must be careful and aware of such adverse effects before using any over the counter medications. Because as mentioned earlier there are definite dangers. Some impair work performance, driving and equipment operation. These conditions may...
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...Chronic Bronchitis or emphysema. According to health experts there may be another 12 million people out there who have not been diagnosed. Generally people find out they have these diseases in their middle ages or when they are considered to be elders. It’s very important to know your potential risks and symptoms of Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema because these diseases are irreversible and they slowly progress over time, and there is no cure for it. Chronic Bronchitis and emphysema can be referred to the term known as COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder). In order to understand how chronic bronchitis or emphysema works you must have a thorough understanding of how the lungs work. When you inhale the air enters your windpipe and goes through your bronchial tubes, which enter the lungs. Your airways look like branches on a tree and at the end of each branch there are tiny sacs called alveoli. Your airways and alveoli are very flexible and they inflate and deflate the air that comes into your body. Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema cause a person not to get as much air throughout the body. This decrease in air throughout the body is caused by the airways and alveoli becoming elastic, swelling up, and being destroyed. When this happens to your...
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...and cigarettes Tobacco was first brought to Europe by Columbus. The same one as the one who discovered America. He found some of the people smoking and wanted to try it himself, so he brought the cigars to Europe. First when he arrived in Spain everyone thought that they returned from hell, because they were all smoking. Later they discovered that Columbus had discovered a new continent with new plants and people. In the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century People thought that smoking was very healthy for you. They thought it opened the airways to let more air in for quicker recover. Of course nowadays we know that it isn’t it puts tar into your lungs, making it easier for disease to settle, giving you a higher chance for lung diseases and granting you a shorter life. Asthma Asthma is one of the best known lung diseases out there. It’s one of those diseases that will always leave a trace. You can’t get asthma any other way then to be born with it. It’s thought that the level of asthma you have depends on the environment you live in. It’s based on patterns. E.g. ones in 2 months you really feel a lot of it. Asthma makes it hard for you to breath and sometimes you can’t get any air so you have to go the hospital. It may cause chest thickness and causes you to couch every now and then. Asthma makes your air pipes extremely thick...
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...Describe the process that Cari’s respiratory system is using to clear her lungs by coughing. The cough reflex is used to clear sputum and irritants that are in the nasal passages and pharynx. There are cilia in her trachea that is moving mucus up from the lungs. When the mucus becomes or abundant it triggers the cough reflex C. Which structures found in the terminal bronchioles and alveoli normally would protect Cari’s lungs from infectious pathogens and particular matter? There are macrophages found in the terminal bronchioles and alveoli that normally would protect Cari’s lungs from infectious pathogens and particulate matter. D. How would the resistance of Cari’s airways be affected by excess mucus and fluid in her lung? The excess mucus and fluid in the lungs would raise the resistance of Cari’s airways because of the small diameter the buildup would cause. The fluid would have some of alveoli under water where they could not function properly and there would also be more friction from the buildup. E. How would Cari’s lung compliance (the effort required to explain the lungs) be altered as her alveoli fill with fluid due to pneumonia? Cari’s lung compliance would increase from trying to force gases into and out of the alveoli. Those are filled with fluid due to the pneumonia. F. How would fluid in Cari’s lungs affect her total lung capacity? The fluid in Cari’s lungs would lower her total lung capacity by not allowing the space that is taken up by the fluid to be...
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...affect a respiratory illness in a patient that is suffering from bronchitis or asthma. This condition usually targets athletic young males who often have good health. Basically, spontaneous pneumothorax is a small tear that causes air to leak out of the lung. Usually if the tear is small the patients lung will collapse a little, however, if it is a significant tear then the entire lung may collapse. For a small tear there is really no treatment involved because the tear should heal over a couple of days. The doctor may prescribe medicine for pain and order an x-ray in a week or two to see if tear has closed. However, a significant tear could cause air to be trapped inside the chest wall. Unfortunately, this air would have to be removed using large syringe, three-way stopcock, and a thin tube that is inserted through the chest wall. The syringe sucks out some air through the tube and the three-way stopcock is turned closing off the tube. The air inside the syringe is then released outside of the body. The doctor may have to perform this a few times to get rid of all the air. Sometimes a larger tube is inserted through the chest wall and is left place for a few days to allow the torn lung tissue to heal. Thankfully, this scary acute lung condition can be quickly treated using these techniques and providing effective results Reference: Kenny, D. T., & Tidy, D. C. Pneumothorax. www.patient.co.uk. Retrieved September 22, 2014, from...
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...spread to her sinus because all three are connected by ducts in the throat so; infection easily travels via mucus from one to the other. B. Cough reflex is a long-drawn and deep inhalation followed by a complete closure of the glottis, which causes a strong exhalation that pushes the glottis open and sends a blast of air through the upper respiratory passages. This process is clearing her lungs by forcing foreign bodies out of the larynx, trachea, and epiglottis. C. Macrophages would normally clear the alveolar space in Cari’s lungs from foreign particles that could cause infections. D. Excess mucus and fluid in the lungs would raise the resistance of Cari’s airways because the buildup would cause the diameter to become smaller. The fluid would cover some of alveoli and prevent them from functioning properly and there would be more friction from the buildup. E. Cari’s alveoli being filled with fluid due to pneumonia lung would cause her lung compliance to increase from trying to force gases into and out of the alveoli. F. Fluid in Cari’s lungs would decrease her total lung capacity by preventing the space that is occupied by fluid to be filled with air. G. Elevation in Cari’s respiratory rate would alter her minute ventilation by raising it. H. The clinical finding of 90% oxygen saturation level and a Po2 of 54 mmHg would show that the arteries have too much oxygen, since a normal Po2 of a resting person is 40 mmHg and exercises lower Po2 levels. A normal...
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...P3, M2 1. Pulse Rate It’s the rate per minutes at which your heart beat. It can be felt wherever an artery crosses a bone such as the wrist, the neck or either side of the windpipe, temple and the upper surface of the foot. It can be measured by pressing lightly against the artery wall with 2 or 3 fingers, apart from the thumb as this has a pulse of its own. Count the number of beats in a set of period and multiply the correct multiple to make up 60s or count for 30s and multiply by 2. In order to get an accurate reading, individuals must sit in a proper position, with the back on the chair, feet flat on the floor, relaxed and still. The pulse rate is usually 60-80 beats per minute. However, it may increase or decrease with exercise or illness. The normal pulse for healthy adults ranges from 60 to 100 beats per minute. If the readings is below the normal range indicates the individual might have a fever or infection. As for higher pulse rate, indicates problem in the cardiovascular system. 2. Blood Pressure Blood pressure refers to the force which the blood it’s pumped around the body by the heart, giving the energy and oxygen needed. The only way to know what your blood pressure is, is to have it measured by a blood pressure monitor. There are things to consider before having the blood pressure measured. For example: * Wait 30 minutes to measure if have drunken caffeine or smoking; * Make sure you do not need to use the toilet; * Make sure to not eat big...
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...Infections are caused by an invasion of unwanted organisms that attack ones body. With that being said, pneumonia is an acute infection of the lung parenchyma (Anatomical Chart Company, 2010, p. 100). Pneumonia, like any other infection, has a pathophysiology that describes how the infection affects the body. It also has different causes, several signs and symptoms, a variety of different treatments, and even a long list of possible complications. Pneumonia is always handled with delicate attention, but for individuals who have normal, healthy lungs and a strong immune system the final outcome is almost always a good one. Serious attention needs to be focused on those who are at a greater risk such as the elderly, children, and the immunocomprimised (Anatomical Chart Company, 2010, p. 100). According to the Atlas of Pathophysiology, there are three different basic types of pneumonia: bacterial, viral, and aspiration. The primary cause of pneumonia is an inhalation or aspiration of a pathogen. The secondary cause is related to an existing infection or disease. Each of these are caused by different irritants that result in the same disruption of normal perfusion. The attacks on the lung lead to alveolar inflammation and edema that causes low ventilation and blood and fluid to be pushed into the capillaries. This leads to a stasis in the lung’s gas perfusion and creates a pressure that makes it harder for the individual to breath (Anatomical Chart Company, 2010, p. 100). The...
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... B.) What is the cough reflex? Describe the process that Cari’s respiratory system is using to clear her lungs by coughing. A Cough reflex is a long-drawn in and deep inhalation followed by a complete closure of the glottis, which results in a strong exhalation that suddenly pushes the glottis open and sends a blast of air through the upper respiratory passages. This process is clearing her lungs by forcing foreign bodies out of the larynx, trachea and epiglottis. C.) Which structures found in the terminal bronchioles and alveoli normally would protect Cari’s lungs from infectious pathogens and particulate matter? There are macrophages presents (wandering phagocytes) that remove dust particles and other debris from the alveolar spaces D.) How would the resistance of Cari’s airway be affected by excess mucus and fluid in her lungs? The lung capacity is decreased because the air space is already filled with mucus and fluids therefore she can’t take in enough oxygen. The extra mucus and fluids put extra pressure on the lungs. E.) How would Cari’s lung compliance (the effort required to expand the lungs) be altered as her alveoli fill with fluid due to pneumonia? The fluid makes it harder to expand the lungs because the fluid makes the alveoli sticky and unable to open/expand. F.) How would fluid in Cari’s lungs affect her total lung capacity? Her lung capacity would go down because the air space is already being taken up by fluid. G.) How does the elevation...
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...Case Study Three 1. What is the definition of ARDS? Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) occurs when fluid builds up in the tiny, elastic air sacs (alveoli) in your lungs. More fluid in your lungs means less oxygen can reach your bloodstream. This deprives your organs of the oxygen they need to function. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is also known as shock lung, wet lung, post perfusion lung and a variety of other names related to specific causes. What are the associated clinical indicators? The first signs and symptoms of ARDS are feeling like you can't get enough air into your lungs, rapid breathing, and a low blood oxygen level. Other signs and symptoms depend on the cause of the ARDS. They may occur before ARDS develops. Sometimes, people who have ARDS develop signs and symptoms such as low blood pressure, confusion, and extreme tiredness. This may mean that the body's organs, such as the kidneys and heart, aren't getting enough oxygen-rich blood. 2. What conditions did this patient experience that are common risk factors ssociated with ARDS? Brain present with near drowniess syndrome that lead to his diagnosis of ARDS. 3. Describe the major pathophysiological alterations in ARDS. Increased capillary permeability is the hallmark of ARDS. Damage of the capillary endothelium and alveolar epithelium in correlation to impaired fluid remove from the alveolar space result in accumulation of protein-rich fluid inside the...
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...Chronic Bronchitis HCS/245 02/01/15 Cheryl Meaux Chronic Bronchitis Chronic bronchitis is an inflammation, or irritation, of the airways in the lungs. Airways are the tubes in your lungs that air passes through. They are also called bronchial tubes. When the airways are irritated, thick mucus forms in them. The mucus plugs up the airways and makes it hard for you to get air into your lungs. Symptoms of chronic bronchitis include a cough that produces mucus or sputum, trouble breathing and the feeling of tightness in your chest (FamilyDoctor.org, 2014). This form of bronchitis is considered chronic because it can last for a long time. Cigarette smoking is most likely the reason for you getting chronic bronchitis also if you have been exposed for a long time to other things that irritate their lungs, such as chemical fumes, dust and other substances, can also develop chronic bronchitis (FamilyDoctor.org, 2014). If chronic bronchitis does not get the treatment needed it can turn into emphysema and the two diseases form together to be called Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or COPD. It is common that the signs of Chronic Bronchitis can be ignored and most likely recognized when it worsens. The longer you wait to get treatment, the worse your lungs are get. After doing research, I found that Chronic Bronchitis alone is neither primary, secondary, nor tertiary but is actually described in each form. Primary prevention is accomplished by elimination of exposures that...
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