...Circumcision Brianna Restrepo COMM/215 ESSENTIALS OF COLLEGE WRITING July 1, 2013 Professor Karen Lawler Circumcision To cut or not to cut? Will this procedure harm my child? What does my child gain from this procedure? These are questions all parents of little boys may be faced with when it comes to the topic of circumcision. There have been many arguments on whether circumcision is a beneficial procedure or just a cosmetic one. Most of the world does not view circumcision beneficial as the child grows, yet rather views it as a harmful procedure that the child cannot consent to depending on his age. It has been said that “there have been efforts in a number of countries to forbid the circumcision of infants and children.” (Isaacs, 2011) Despite the current decrease in circumcisions the most common reasons for this procedure to be done on a child are due to religious traditions, that the child’s father is circumcised, and the health benefits. As a firm believer that there are health benefits to this procedure, this paper will go over some of the benefits of circumcising your male child as well as the risks involved in the procedure. One of the health benefits that a child obtains from being circumcised is the “protection against a horde of sexually transmitted infections.” (New Internationalist) Some of the sexual transmitted infections or diseases that are reduced in circumcised males are human papillomavirus or also known as HPV, genital herpes, and even human immunodeficiency...
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...However, many people have always suffered from the lack of them throughout history. Both foot binding and female circumcision are good examples of violation of the human rights. In the essays “Footbinding” by John King Fairbank and “Female Circumcision: Rite of Passage or Violation of Rights” by Frances A. Althaus, the authors described each tradition as a violation of human rights. In today’s life there still many violations against human rights. Women and children are the ones who suffered the most. In a world where male-dominated society still exist, and discrimination, both men and women nearly have no rights for their better lives because of lower education. Female Circumcision or Genital Mutilation (what it must be called), it has been practiced in most of the countries in Africa. The practice of this “tradition,” according to Frances A. Althaus, “is one element of a rite of passage preparing young girls for womanhood and marriage” (Althaus 242). This practice is a complete form of gender discrimination. To all of the societies in Africa, Genital Mutilation is an integral part in social context. Actually, it gives complete authority and control of the female sexuality to the man. Just like Althaus’ article says, “girls receive little education…” (Althaus 246). That “education” is not enough to make the young girls learn more about what it is the circumcision. In most of the villages, girls are educated in a way to make them believe that if they do not do it, their children...
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...Fatima Said, of Americas Top Model, defiantly put female genital cutting in the minds of Americans and people around the world. She opened up a topic that many people had no idea about, and now are very interested in knowing more about. This essay will give a brief history of Somalia (Fatima’s home country), and then it will go into female genital cutting in Somalia. Somalia is a country in eastern Africa. The countries of Djibouti, Ethiopia, and Kenya surround it. Somalis are thought to have been decedents from Africans and Arab people. The main languages in Somalia are Arabic, Italian and English. Islam is practiced through out the region. The majorities of Somalis are livestock herders and cultivate the land that they have. (www.cia.gov). Somalia became independent and its own country in 1960, when it got independence from England and Italy. Somalia has not had a stable government between 1991 and 2000. However, during 2000 a parliamentary government was formed but later on expired in 2003. In 2004, a new parliament was organized and a president was elected- Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed. Since 1991, Somalia has been overwhelmed with chaos and anarchy. Somalia had gone through a difficult time in 1992 when a drought happened in Africa and was combined with a civil war. Somalia went through an intense famine that killed approximately 300,000 people. (www.cia.gov). There were many efforts done by the United Stated and the United Nations to help Somalia get through the drought and...
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...Over the past 60 years, Female genital mutilation (FGM), the process of altering female genitalia, has been condemned by the Western world for a being an inhuman and oppressive tradition in need of abolishment. At the age of puberty, women living in communities that practice FGM are subject to a forced circumcision procedure that often leads to lifelong physical and psychological implications. As such, anti-FGM discourse universalises the image of the ‘normal” female body by framing female circumcision as a barbaric human rights violation. In doing so, the Western world often fails to acknowledge the practice’s deep rooted cultural significance that have made women “prisoners of ritual”. It will be argued that in order to adequately resolve...
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...CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION Female circumcision is a traditional practice performed on girl children as part of initiation rituals into adulthood. This inquiry seeks to demystify the secretiveness surrounding this practice, seeking to establish the reasons why female circumcision remains a taboo subject. In doing so, the researcher will attempt to establish the local community’s perception of female circumcision and elucidate some of the reasons practitioners cite as benefits of female circumcision. The research focuses on Mabvuku and Tafara suburbs because there are people of different ethnic groups with varying customs and values that shape their behaviour and way of life. Mabvuku and Tafara have an unusually high concentration of people of Malawian, Mozambican and Zambian origin who migrated to seek work mostly before the Zimbabwean independence. Due to this diversity, women and girls who have undergone female circumcision were interviewed. Mabvuku is a high-density suburb some seventeen kilometres east of Harare. It is classified as a suburb or township of Harare, with the Harare City Council constituting local government. This inquiry is exploratory, descriptive and qualitative in nature, based on interviews with women who had undergone the practice in Mabvuku-Tafara. The inquiry can be termed therefore, a qualitative research done through a case study design. This research method is preferred because the researcher is exploring a subjective understanding of social reality...
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...Chasidic Judaism Heather Ramirez University of Phoenix/HUM 130 Abstract Judaism is a Jewish religion. In this essay you will read about Judaism and how Chasidics are the most ‘Joyous’ of the Jewish society. There will also be information in this report about Chasidic Judaism and what it means to be Chasidic. When did the Chasidic Movement start, in relation to Judaism? According to Rabbi Novack, when did Judaism begin? What are the three main Holidays in Judaism? How are Bat Mitzvah and a Bar Mitzvah similar, yet so different? Why do they believe so intensely about circumcision? Are Jewish people, the chosen people of God? Comparing Chasidic Judaism to Christianity? Let us start to explore the world, and find out what Chasidic Judaism is all about. The Start of Judaism Judaism started when Moses went up to the Mount of Sinai after leading God’s people out of Egypt. According to Rabbi Novack (personal communication 2009) ‘this occurs when God gave Moses the Ten Commandments and the Torah for the Jewish people to follow.’ Since Pharaoh would not release God’s people they would endure the seven plagues. The passage in the Torah Mosheh 2: Shemot /שׁמות is the same as in the Christian Bible; Exodus Chapter 12. The list of the Seven Great Plagues as listed on Bibleplus that allowed the Hebrews to leave Egypt is as follows but ten actually occurred: 1. The plague of blood 2. The plague of frogs 3. The plague of gnats 4. The plague of flies (God makes a distinction...
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...Assess the view that women are no longer oppressed by religion There are some aspects that show that women are no longer oppressed by religion as they are given more roles and responsibilities for example The Church of England has allowed women to be become priest since 1992. But in everyday life female followers of world religious leaders are often significantly more limited than males with regards to where they can go with whom they may associate. In this essay I am going to examine both views and examine whether women are no longer oppressed by religion. Everybody focuses to Muslim women worldwide as oppressed, more specifically the Muslim women in Afghanistan. People often fail to distinguish between culture and religion, two things that are completely different, In fact, Islam condemns oppression of any kind where it is towards a women or in general. Sometimes, people see covered Muslim women and they think oppression. This is wrong. Muslim woman are not oppressed, but they are liberated. This is because they are no longer valued for something material such as their good looks or she shape of her body. They compel others to judge her for her intelligence, kindness, honesty and personality. Therefore, people judge her for who she actually is. Women cover their hair to be modest. When they wear loose clothes, they are trying to be modest. In fact, nuns cover their hair out of modesty. Also, when we see the frequent pictures of the Virgin Mary, she is covering her hair...
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...female wife and a male husband. However, within the Nandi society, the existence of woman/woman marriage is apparent. The aim of this essay is to discuss and evaluate whether the female husband in this woman/woman union is a man, with reference to the article, “Is the Female Husband a Man. Woman/Woman Marriage among the Nandi of Kenya, written by Oboler. The factors that will be discussed will be the requirements for inheritance, gender roles and the husband/wife and husband/child relationship. One can suggest that the female husband is not a man due to the pure fact that biologically the female husband is not a male but a female. The first factor that will be discussed is the requirements for inheritance. Within the Nandi society property and livestock is held and managed exclusively by men. (Oboler, R.S.1980:136) Therefore, a son is needed to transfer ownership of land and livestock from one generation to the next. In instances where a woman has born no sons, she marries a younger women in the hope that she may bear a male child in order to provide an heir for her assets. Sons are also needed to continue the family name else the family name will die. In conventional families and households the role of man is breadwinner, protector and provider. Men are responsible for certain aspects of physical labour, they oversee livestock e.g. cattle and hold the position of head on the household. Within the woman/woman marriage the female husband, “adopts the male gender and make every...
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...All three religions believe in one God and follow practices and rituals to praise that God, however, if they were the same they’d be named the same thing. Therefore, they all have contained unique traits that set them apart from one another. In this essay, we will review the similarities and differences between the three and discuss the concept of God. A similarity the three have is different divisions. For Judaism-Hasidic, Conservative and Reform Judaism. Ethnic groupings include Ashkenazi (The majority) and Sephardi Jews. For Christianity- Orthodox, Protestant and Roman Catholic. Lastly, Islam- Sunni and Shia. However, the beliefs are where most differences are found but do have several similarities. Jews believe every Jew can have an individual and personal relationship. They believe that God continues to work in the world, affecting everything that people do. The Jewish relationship with God is a covenant relationship. (Judaism: Jewish Beliefs) Christians believe Christians recognize Jesus as the Son of God who was sent to save mankind from death and sin. Also, they believe in the Trinity - that is, in God as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. And...
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...For years, many philosophers have been concerned with finding a criterion of moral rightness. Indeed, a core issue in moral philosophy involved identifying whether universally moral values existed or not. Accordingly, this essay will demonstrate that, although the relativist stance on the philosophical problem may seem quite compelling, the universalist one ultimately proves itself to be the most applicable and reasonable. In other words, moral universalism will win over cultural relativism inasmuch as the relativist will fail to provide compelling responses to the universalist’s objections, as this essay will further explain. However, to balance out the debate, I will additionally highlight the benefits that the relativist theory brings to...
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...Running head: Heritage Assessment Heritage Assessment Rose Opondo Grand Canyon University Date June 7, 2013 HERITAGE ASSESMENT In this paper, the writer will look at how Personal Heritage assessment evaluates the needs of a person as a whole. By looking at the three identified families heritage assessment tools discussed below, different cultures and different traditional opinions will be brought to light. This includes health maintenance, protection and restoration. Their customs and cultures and how these items affect as a whole. Heritage Assessment Tool can have impact on owns personal awareness when delivering health care. Heritage Cultural beliefs can described as a way in which one’s lifestyle reflects ones tribal culture. Health heritage is the value one possesses both in norms and traditional living. (Spector, 2004) It is important to recognize the cultural background and understand how people came up with remedies of health promotion and maintenance. Heritage can be acquired through birth as a way of life, or passed on down from generation to generation. Through identification and protection, we gain understanding of one’s place in the world (Council of Europe, 2005) America is a home of diverse cultures. (Richer & Anis, 2007)Providing culturally competent care one has to have understanding of the difference in cultures, respecting those differences, and operating within their beliefs. ((El-Amouri, 2011)A Heritage Assessment Tool helps...
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... During the 1990's, the gender issue continued to follow the historical trend by being one of the most popular themes of debates. The Human Development Report, (1995) posits that the number of women is greater than or equal to that of men, in today's society, yet females are still considered as a minority segment of the population. As a measure to redress gender inequalities, approaches by feminist movements, such as Women in Development (WID), were crafted but not much was achieved. Later, it was Women and Development (WAD) and lastly Gender and Development (GAD). It seems deep-rooted gender inequality still exists globally, despite substantial national and international measures that have been taken towards gender equality. This essay deliberates on the assertion that, “Gender equality is debatable: what is undebatable is the attempt to make it universally applicable.” The writer agrees to a greater extent that gender equality is a controversial issue basing on the multiplicity of societies that it is applied to. The fact that there is no universal culture, universal religion or universal ideology makes the whole issue arguable, ence, the need to degenderise gender. Definition of Key Terms Keating, (2004:9) defines gender as, “the social meanings given to being either a man or a woman in a given society and the expectations held as to the character, attitude and likely behaviour of men and women.” "Gender refers to the cultural, socially-constructed differences...
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...Long essay How Christianity affected the empire * Think in term of centuries * Constantine Germans, army, borders * German influence lead to the end of the empire * Battle of Adrianople Germans beat romans * Start taking parts of Rome * Bad emperors in west * Bad economy lets Germans in Short essay The splitting of the empire * Why do they split * Why does the west fall * How are they different in culture, language * West has bad emperors * East pays people no to invade Emergence of absolute autocracy * Augustus * Power of the emperor Who is the most important person in second triumvirate * Augustus * Sets of empire * What world did he create with reforms * Makes it seem like he is going back to old time values Dates Edict of toleration 313 AD Founding of Constantinople 330 AD Fall of western Rome (fall of the roman empire) 476 AD Start of the empire 27 BCE When Germans sacked Rome 410 CE?? Study 11-5 to present Christianity Chronology 64 First persecution of Christians under Emperor Nero 274 Birthdat of Constantine 303 Great Persecution begins and Diocletion issues edict that bans the practice of christianity 312 Constantine embraces christianity after vision 313 Edict of Milan tolerates christians 324 Constantine is sole emperor of Rome 326 Edicts of Constantine against Christian heretics 330 Constantinople "New Rome" 341 Imperial...
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...Edwina Edney-Hopes Instructor: Rev. Dr Joseph Kimatu Life and Writings of Paul REL-327-DL01 December 7, 2014 Word Count : 3185 Word Count w/outline: 3286 Galatians 3:1-29 Abstract The purpose of this writing is to discuss the book of Galatians Chapter 3 verses 1-29. My goal is to give you the when, what, who, where and why. I will also do some examination of each verse in this chapter. I hope to give further insight to myself and others on this chapter in the bible. A thesis statement and stated approach in the Introduction Paul is writing this letter to the people of Galatia to combat the teachings of the Judaizers. After he came to tell them about God after he left the Juadaizers came in and started to teach them that they had to follow the Jewish laws. Paul felt that they had been led astray and he wanted to get them back on track. Now the where, who and Paul’s occasion for writing. The first where is Galatia located? Galatia is located in Northern Asia Minor. It was originally populated by Celts. It was reorganized into a Province by the Romans after the last Galatian King died. It added other districts to it to make the Province these areas are Isauria, parts of Lycaonia, Palphlagonia, Pisidia, Phrygia and Pontus. Who was Paul writing to? This is up to debate for the people that Paul was writing to. There is a Northern Galatia Theory, Southern Galatia theory. People that favor the Northern Galatia Theory contend this for a couple of reasons. One would be his use of “You...
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...ESSAY 3 HEALTH IN THE TROPICS STATE OF THE TROPICS causes of mortality. Improvements in quality of life through improved health are harder to quantify accurately at scale. Life Expectancy Life expectancy is covered in detail elsewhere in the State of the Tropics, and reports that between 1950 and 2010 the gap between life expectancy in the Tropics and the Rest of the World has narrowed. Over this period life expectancy in the Tropics increased by 22.8 years to 64.4 years and infant mortality reduced by 36%. The rate of change of mortality and morbidity has increased over the last two decades influenced by a range of different factors. Underlying life expectancy data are aggregated data, collected by the WHO to document the changing patterns of mortality. Table E3.1 provides the top ten causes of mortality in rank order over the last decade. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) accounted for two-thirds of global deaths in 2011 and infectious diseases for one-third. In 2000 the relative proportions were 60% NCDs and 40% infectious diseases. This rapid shift reflects the massive scale up in recent efforts to prevent and treat a number of major infectious diseases. Although improvements in maternal and child mortality have been made these still remain unacceptably high. In 2011, 6.9 million children under the age of five died, 99% of these in low and middle income countries. Malaria, despite the enormous scale up in control activities still ...
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