* CLASSIFICATION OF LITERATURE ACCORDING TO FORM * POETRY * -one of the three major types of literature * -divided into lines, stanzas, with diverse and unique characteristics and often employ regular rhythmic patterns or meters. * -most poets make use of imagery, figurative language, and special devices * ELEMENTS OF POETRY
1. Persona or the voice- “speaker”, may be a poet or completely different character 1
2. Theme- insight into life revealed by the poem
3. Rhythm and Rhyme-2 (pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry ,3 repetition of sound at the ends of words, * 4. Form/Genre (Lyric, Narrative, Dramatic)4-6 * 5. Diction (Connotative, Denotative) * 6. Literary Devices (Techniques, Figures of Speech) * Miscellaneous elements: * Tone-attitude of the writer 7 * Mood-atmosphere or general feeling * TYPES AND FORMS OF POETRY 1. LYRIC POETRY- meant to be sung to the accompaniment of a lyre -short, simple and easy to understand 8 A. Kinds of Lyric Poetry B. Sonnets- 14 lines with a formal rhyme scheme or pattern 9 C. Elegy- expresses lament or mourning for the dead 10
3. Ode- noble feeling, expressed with dignity and praises * TYPES AND FORMS OF POETRY * 4. Songs- poem w/ or w/o definite number of syllables and stanza and always accompanied by musical instrument * 5. Psalms- song praising God or the Virgin Mary and containing philosophy in life 11 * 6. Simple Lyric- includes a variety of poems with varying theme and characterized by subjectivity * II. NARRATIVE POETRY * -describes important events in life either real or imaginary 12 * -tells a story * -present dramatic events in a vivid way, using same elements as short stories: plot, characters, dialogue
Kinds of Narrative Poetry: 1. Epic- extended narrative about heroic exploits under supernatural control or divine intervention13
2. Metrical Tale- written in verse and can be classified either as ballad or metrical romance * Metrical Tales * 1. Medieval Romance * -deals with the adventures of the knights wooing highborn ladies during the age of chivalry * 2. Ballad- songlike poems that tells a story, often dealing with adventures and romance. 23)
3. Fabliau- comical and often grotesque verse tale with plot often hinge on the chemical treatment of bodily functions-sex, flatulence, diarrhea.14
4. Social Poem- either purely comic or tragic and it pictures the life of today. It may aim to bring about changes in social conditions * III. DRAMATIC POETRY * -has elements that are closely related to drama * -uses dramatic technique and may unfold a story * -emphasizes more on the character rather than the narrative
Kinds of Dramatic Poetry: 1. Dramatic Monologue- combination of drama and poetry, presents some lines of speech of a single character 15
2. Soliloquy-like a monologue, the speaker delivers a passage, his thoughts and emotions are heard by him and by the audience 21) * Kinds of Dramatic Poetry * 3. Character Sketch-concerned less with the elements of the story. It presents observations and comments to a particular individual. * 4. Oration- formal address elevated in tone and is usually delivered on some notable occasion 16 * SPECIAL TYPES OF POETRY * 1. Concrete poetry- meant to be seen on the page, as well as heard like an ordinary poem. Words are often lighthearted. The term refers to the shape’s specific, or concrete representation of something. 2. 21)Haiku- originated in Japan. It has three lines, the first and third lines have five 18 syllables each; the second line has seven. It depends on imagery.17 -a mere handful of words will picture the entire scene and will convey a universal feeling, such as fear, surprise, regret, hope or mystery. * SPECIAL TYPES OF POETRY
3. Limerick- has short lines, a swift catchy rhythm and heavily stressed rhymes. There are three beats in the first, second, and fifth lines with rhyme, and two beats in the third and fourth lines, which also rhyme. -follow the rhyme scheme aabba.19
4. Epigram- a short rhyming poem with some sort of satirical content. 20 It is also a succint, pithy saying. * PROSE * -consists of writing that does not adhere to any particular formal structures (other than grammar); “non poetic writing,” writing. It can take beautiful form; but less by virtue, placement, or inclusion of graphics. * 2 forms: fiction and non-fiction 21-22 * FICTION- prose writing that tells about imaginary characters and events. (Some writers base their fiction on actual events and people, to which they add invented characters, dialogues, settings, and plots. * SHORT STORY
-a brief work of fiction. It presents a sequence of events, or plot. The plot usually deals with a central conflict faced by the main character, or protagonist.
ELEMENTS OF SHORT STORY: Character Theme Setting Style Plot Point of View * CHARACTER-a person or animal who takes part in the action of a short story * 1. Protagonist18) * 2. Antagonist * 3. Major * 4. Minor * 5. Minor * 6. Static23 * 7. Dynamic * 8. Flat * 9. Round * Qualities of a good character: * Credible * Sympahetic * Vital * Properly motivated13-17 * PLOT-sequence of events of the story. The events center on a conflict that may be external (outside the character) or internal (inside the character). 13) * Kinds and Elements of Plot (traditional, unconventional, flat) * 1. Traditional/Conventional- often conceived of as a moving through five distinct sections or stages: a. Exposition- the beginning section in which the author provides the necessary background /information, sets he scene, establishes the situation, and dates the action. b. Complication- sometimes referred to as the rising action. It develops and intensifies the conflict. * 3. Climax- the moments at which the plot reaches its point of greatest emotional intensity. It is the turning point of the plot, directly precipitating its resolution.11) * 4. Falling Action- once the climax or turning point has been reached, the tension subsides and the plot moves toward its conclusion. * 5. Resolution or Denouement- the final section. It records the outcome of the conflict and establishes some new equilibrium. It also referred to as the conclusion. -French word meaning “unknotting” or “untying” 24 * 2. Unconventional Plot- unfolding of events may begin in any section in this kind of plot.
Special Techniques of Plot:
a. Flashback-character’s recollections, dreams, or reveries- the section where the action is interrupted to tell about an earlier event, scenes or incidents which took place prior to the beginning of the plot. 25
b. Foreshadowing- puts in a detail or details at the earlier part of the story, to insinuate the possible outcome of the story. (This is a hint or clue about an event that will occur later in the story). * c. Suspense- the feeling of excitement or tension that the reader experiences as the action of the plot unfolds.
d. Surprise ending- an ending that catches the reader off guard with an unexpected turn of events.
e. In Medea Res- the technique of beginning a story in the middle of the action, with background information given later in flashbacks.26
3. Flat Plot-a straightforward chronological plot. Events are made to happen from beginning to end but without any suspense and crisis along the way. * THE SETTING-the place and time of a story. It is the location of the story’s action.
2 types of setting: 1. Explicit Setting- the particular time and locale are stated and readily drawable and may be written in general statements.8) Example: Once upon a time in a faraway place… It was almost midday…. At dusk… In January 25, 1988 in Hotel Arisse… * Implicit Setting- time and locale are not specifically stated but rather embedded in the employed details. It is reflected results from collation of details.7) * -description given by the author to the ambience and to the characters * -by dialogue of the characters * -the actions and interactions of characters
IMPORTANCE OF SETTING:
-anchors the story to a place and specifies time;
-gives the story an ambience and atmosphere
-reflects and helps the character build his/her identity
-embodies the theme and
-adds an important dimension of meanings * THEME-the controlling idea or central insight of a story. It is the underlying or philosophical idea that the story conveys. 27
Theme: Fable –moral lesson28 Parables- its teaching 29 Fiction- view of life 30
Principles of Stating the theme: 1. May be stated briefly or explored in length 2. Can be expressed in complete sentences 3. Should be stated as a generalization about life, society or human nature
4. Can be expressed in a couple of words like “pursuit of Happiness”, or “Heartache” * POINT OF VIEW- the manner of telling the story. It serves as the story projector. 5)
Kinds of Point of View: 1. Objective Point of View- the writer tells what happens without stating more that can be inferred from the story’s actions and dialogues. The narrator never discloses anything about the characters feel or think. He/She remains a detached observer.
2. Third Person Point of View—the narrator does not participate in the action of the story as one of the characters, but knows exactly how the characters feel. * 3. First Person Point of View- also called the “I” point of view. The narrator tells his story from this point. 4) 4. The All-Knowing or Omniscient Point of View- the narrator tells the story from the minds of all the characters. He/She has the capability of entering into the mind of every character.
THE STYLE-refers to the literary devices that the author used-the language in terms of choice of words 3) and the manner of presentation. Style varies from one writer to another. * NOVEL-a long work of fiction. Contains all the elements of short stories but longer than short stories. Elements are more developed fully because of its subplots, or independent, related stories. It may have several themes. * Kinds of Novel: * 1. Adventure Novel- adventures on land or sea or forest or anywhere of physical prowess Gulliver’s Travels 2) * 2. Novel of Ideas- ides, convictions, opinions about beliefs, religion - The Scarlet Letter * 3. Novel about Love- intricacies and complexities that go with loving -The Notebook * 4. Novel about Social Problem- works on any problem in society; aims to illuminate or draw attention – Bob Ong’s * * 5. Local Color Novel- cultural details of a particular religion-dialect, mannerisms- rural stories * 6. Picaresque Novel- detailing the exploits of a scoundrel; characters from low social class- 1 * 7. Philosophical Novel- explore philosophical ideas- Tom Clancy * 8. Psychological Novel- focus on character’s emotions and internal motivations as they respond to external events. Hamlet/Macbeth * 9. Realistic Novel- guided by principles of realism, reflection of good and bad sides of life.- Story of Pi * 10. Naturalistic Novel- believes in the depiction of life with bright and seamy sides, the same way that realism does believe- The Veneration of Jose Rizal/ Ambeth Ocampo’s writings * 11. Existentialistic Novel-constant search for the meaning of existence; characters made in a quandary as to meaning of his life – Aristotle’s Principles * 12. Roman A These- historical people and events are represented as fictional.- Dan Brown’s Novels
13. Romantic Novel- guided by principles of romanticism; prescribes individually, informality, emotionalism and dynamism- Nicholas Sparks’ novels * MISCELLANEOUS PROSE NARRATIVES (FICTION) * 1. Prose Tale- collection of legends * 2. Fable- personified animals in life-like situations; usually humorous * 3. Allegory- characters and events are symbolic than realistic * 4. Prose Satire- tends to ridicule human follies and vices.