...Compressed Natural Gas more commonly known as CNG is as form of Natural Gas which is used in the transport sector. Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons mainly methane (CH4) and is produced either from gas wells or in conjunction with crude oil production. Due to its low energy density for use as a vehicular fuel, it is compressed to a pressure of 200 - 250 bars to facilitate storage in cylinders mounted in vehicle and so it is called compressed natural gas (CNG). There are abundant supplies of natural gas in the world and most of these supplies can be developed and produced at a low cost as compared to other natural resources. Natural gas is one of the most cost effective means by which we can maintain the energy supplies but also reduce CO2 emissions. Natural gas is important in many sectors of the economy. It can be used for varied purposes such as electricity generation, an industrial heat source and can also we used for water and space heating in residential or commercial buildings. It can use to substitute petrol or diesel in the transportation sector. Among the fossil fuels natural gas has the lowest carbon intensity, hence emitting the least amount of co2 per unit of energy generated compared to other fossil fuels. It burns cleanly and efficiently with very few non carbon emissions. It requires limiting processing unlike oil. CNG is a clean burning fuel. Since it is mainly composed of methane, when burnt is produces carbon dioxide and water vapor which are the...
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...where pIGN represents the unburned gas pressure measured at spark ignition time, TIGN its temperature, evaluated by the use of equation (5), while m is the polytropic coefficient: this has been determined as the opposite slope of least square regression line representing Log p as function of Log V from 80 to 40 crank angle degrees before TDC. This procedure, applied to each single pressure trace, allowed taking into account the different heat transfer levels related to the several different compression ratios and intake temperatures employed in the tests (see Table 3 and Table 4). Once known the experimental location of knock onset, KO,exp, for each of the pressure cycle sampled, the KOCA KO,model estimated by the model has been determined by solving the knock integral of equation (3) and using the ignition delay time model of equations (4) in the crank angle domain:...
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...Natural Gas (CNG), Gas to Liquids (GTL), and LNG as an option for offshore gas transport [Author Name] [Institute Name] Abstract The main idea behind this paper is to understand the environmental impact by comparing compressed natural gas, gas-to-liquid, and liquefied natural gas as an option for offshore has transport. As, this study will give information about the environmental impacts related to natural gas and its major forms, which are assumed as an option for gas transport. The paper has explained the ways through which each gas is abusing environment in terms of mistreatment since massive excretion of gases have impacted on health ofenvironment as at times because of toxic gases marine life got disturbed, at times the specific region also experience acid rain and many other harmful effects that also destroys human’s health. Contents Abstract 2 List of figures 3 List of symbols 4 1. Introduction 5 2. Literature review 8 2.1. CNG 8 2.2. GTL 10 2.2.1. The GTL technology benefits environment 10 2.3. LNG 11 3. Discussion (comparison) 13 4. Conclusion 19 References 20 List of figures Figure 1: Forecast of world energy consumption Figure 2: Air pollutant emission by fuel type Figure 3: Environmental impacts of natural gas production, transportation and distribution Figure 4: Energy losses List of symbols CNG Compressed Natural Gas GTL ...
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...Supply 2.2 Energy Consumption 3. Sources of Energy in Pakistan 3.1 Non-renewable resources (Fossil fuels) a). Petroleum products b). Natural Gas c). Coal 3.2 Renewable Resources a). Hydro power v Current Hydropower stations v Potential Hydropower stations 3.3 Alternative Energy Sources a). Wind b). Solar c). Agricultural biomass /biodiesel d). Tidal 3.4 Nuclear 4. Causes of Energy Crisis 4.1 Growing Energy Demand 4.2 Lack of proactive and integrated planning for production of energy 4.3 Imbalanced energy mix 4.4 Non-utilization of enormous indigenous energy resources a). Thar Coal b). Hydal power generation 5. Consequences of Energy Crisis 5.1 Economic Factors 5.2 Agriculture Sector 5.3 Industrial Sector 5.4 Unemployment 5.5 Social Issues 5.6 Poverty 6. Conclusion 7. Recommendation/Solutions of Energy Crisis 7.1 Judicious energy use/saving unnecessary energy usage v electricity saving devices v Awareness campaign for energy saving v Reduction in unnecessary transportations v Installation of effective equipment/energy efficient in industries v Decreasing line/transmission losses 7.2 Developing new energy resources v Tapping indigenous resources v Using renewable resources (water) by constructing new dams and hydro power plants v Import of natural gas v Utilizing alternative energy resources § Wind power § Biodiesel /Biomass § Solar § Tidal 1. Introduction: Energy is considered to be life...
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...different types of alternative fuels which are Ethanol, Natural Gas, Propane, Hydrogen, Bio-Diesel, Electricity, Methanol and P-series. All these alternative fuels have different properties, different source used, and different vehicle's used and different impact on the environment and on the world. But one point to be noted is that even though they have different impact on environment, alternative fuels in vehicles can generally reduce harmful pollutants and exhaust emissions. Another interesting fact I found about these fuels in particular is that they can rather be domestically produced and can be derived from renewable resource but the fossil fuels which are being used today such as petroleum and diesel cannot be derived from renewable source. Once these fossil fuels will be extinct alternative fuels are the one which will come to use. I personally think that if even a small majority of the people in the world start using alternative fuels then the pollution and disease will decline and the pressure on fossil fuels, of course, will decrease. The advantages to use alternative fuels are massive. The impact of alternative fuels can have on earth, on people, on so many things is just great. Using alternative fuels can change a lot of things on earth a pollution free place. Here are some possible alternative means of propulsion for road vehicles. 1. Biodiesel 2. Electricity 3. Ethanol 4. Hydrogen 5. Natural Gas 6. Propane BIODIESEL Biodiesel is a fuel made by chemically...
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...Analysis of Users of Natural Gas segment in India ChirayuTrivedi 20141014 Deep Tigga 20141015 Mayank Gupta 20141033 Pranjal Kishore 20141050 Faculty Mentor: Prof. Sudhir Yadav In partial fulfilment for the term project IN MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION OF SCHOOL OF PETROLEUM MANAGEMENT, PANDIT DEENDAYAL PETROLEUM UNIVERSITY ABSTRACT Adequate supply of affordable energy is a pre-requisite for sustained growth, especially in the developing and emerging economies. Natural gas has emerged as most benign fuel in this regard. Natural Gas is a new age fuel. With only one carbon and four hydrogen atoms per molecule, Natural Gas has the lowest carbon to hydrogen ratio, hence it burns completely, making it the cleanest of fossil fuels. Natural Gas satisfies most of the requirements for fuel in a modern day industrial society, being efficient, non-polluting and relatively economical. The periodic uncertainties and volatility in both the price and supply of oil, have also helped Natural Gas emerge as a major fuel in the energy basket across countries. Sector Natural Gas is used Generation of electricity by utilities Fertilizer Industry Industrial As fuel for base load power plants In combined cycle/cogeneration power plants As feed stock in the production of ammonia and urea As an under boiler fuel for raising steam As fuel in furnaces and heating applications For heating of spaces and water For cooking As a non-polluting...
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...Department of Chemistry PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LABORATORY I Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium in a Ternary System #03 Anas Ahmed Al-Aidaros 200935483 Sec. 01 Instructor: Dr. Joanna Pajak Introduction: Objective Determination of the solubility limits in a ternary system of water and two other liquids, one of which is completely miscible and the other is partly miscible with water. According to the phase rule of Gibbs the variance F (number of degrees of freedom) of a system at equilibrium is equal to the number of components c minus the number of phases p plus 2, provided that the equilibrium is influenced only by temperature, pressure, and concentration. A system with three independent components has F=5-P degrees of freedom. An invariant point in a ternary system therefore contains five different phases in equilibrium with each other. An invariant point can for example consist of a vapor phase, a liquid phase, and three solid phases in equilibrium with each other. A ternary system with three phases (solid-liquid-vapor) in equilibrium with each other has two degrees of freedom. If the temperature is fixed, one degree of freedom remains. A phase diagram isotherm showing a ternary system with a vapor phase and a liquid phase requires therefore a line to mark the concentration range in which a solid phase is in equilibrium with the other two phases. A point needed to mark concentrations where two solid phases are in equilibrium with liquid and vapor. Experimental: Chemical...
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...Name _________________________________________________ SC ______-_______ Date ____________ EXPERIMENT 5: Electrolysis of Water and Reaction of Hydrogen & Oxygen Aim: Which are stronger bonds… those in two water molecules or those in the elements that make up water? Which is a better energy source… water or a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen? Part 1: Electrolysis of water demo |Equipment: |DC power supply or 6 volt battery, Electrolysis (Hoffman) apparatus or | | |Two test tubes, trough, electrodes with wires | |Materials: |0.1 M sodium sulfate | |Two test tubes are marked with even graduation marks. |[pic] | | | | |Two test tubes are filled with 0.1 M sodium sulfate, Na2SO4, and inverted in a | | |pool of the solution and clamped in place. | ...
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...plastic wrap, which is to prevent air bubbles from getting into the vessel. The vessel is then flipped and placed into the pan of water where the glass plate or plastic wrap is removed. 5) A thermometer is not present in the space (or volume) in which the CO2(g) is collected in this experiment. A. How then is the temperature of the CO2 determined in the experiment? The temperature of the CO2 is measured based on the temperature of the water in the pan. B. The mass of a gas is elusive. How is the mass of the CO2 collected over water determined in this experiment? You find the mass of CO2 by first determining the mass of the 200-mm CO2 generator and the remaining contents. You compare this pass to the mass from the beginning of the experiment. After you subtract the mass of the generator and then calculate the mass lost in the sample. 6) A 0.276g sample of a Calcium Carbonate heterogeneous mixture was placed into a gas generator, the total mass of which is 87.719 g is connected to a gas-collection apparatus. A. Determine the mass and moles of Carbon Dioxide evolved in the reaction? B. Determine the pressure of the dry carbon dioxide. C. Calculate the volume of the dry carbon dioxide at STP. D. What is the calculate molar volume of the dry CO2 ? E. How many moles of CaCO3 produced the moles of CO2 in the reaction? F. Determine the mass of CaCO3 in the original mixture. G. What is the percent ( by mass) CaCO3 in the original...
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...oxygen transfer as well as examining the relationship between KLa and other fermenter variables like speed of the impeller and air flow rate, thereby calculating the values α and β in the KLa correlation: KLa = K[Pg/V]α (Vs)β KLa is the volumetric liquid phase mass transfer coefficient indicative of the mass transfer of oxygen dissolved in the liquid to the cell. It is calculated using the dynamic method which is usually used for vessels which are less than 1m in height because there is nitrogen gas hold-up in the vessel when air is reintroduced and the measurement of concentration of oxygen in the liquid does not reflect the kinetics of simple oxygen transfer until a hold-up of air in established. The measured parameters included gassed power (Pg), impeller speed, flow rate (indirectly superficial gas velocity) and DOT%. It was seen that as the power input was increased, the KLa increased for the same flow rate and that this increase was greater than increase in the flow rate of the gas, which shows confirms the results described in the literature. Introduction (326 words) Cells in aerobic cultures require oxygen for metabolism and growth. The rate of oxygen transfer from aerated liquid to the cell is especially important at high cell densities, when cell growth is likely to be limited by the availability of oxygen in the medium. The solubility of oxygen in aqueous solutions at ambient temperature and pressure is only about 10 ppm, (Doran, 1998) which is quickly consumed by...
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...CHARACTERISTICS OF REFRIGERANTS Pure R-12 (CC 1425F425) is colorless. It is odorless in concentrations of less than 20 percent by volume in air. In higher concentrations, its odor resembles that of carbon tetrachloride. It has a boiling point of -21°F at atmospheric pressure. At ordinary temperatures under a pressure of approximately 70 psig to 75 psig, R-12 is liquid. Because of R-12’s low boiling point at atmospheric pressure, you must always protect your eyes from contact with liquid R-12; the liquid will freeze the tissues of the eyes. Always wear goggles if you is to be be exposed to R-12. R-22 (CHC1F425) and R-11(CC1435F) are colorless, nonexclusive, nonpoisonous refrigerants with many properties similar to those of R-12. Because of the similarities between R-22, R-11, and R-12, only R-12 is discussed. Mixtures of R-12 vapor and air, in all proportions, will not irritate your eyes, nose, throat, or lungs. The refrigerant will not contaminate or poison foods or other supplies with which it may come in contact. The vapor’s nonpoisonous. However, if R-12 concentration becomes excessive, it can cause you to become unconscious or cause death because of lack of oxygen to the brain.R-12 is nonflammable and nonexclusive in either liquid or vapor state. R-12 will not corrode the metals commonly used in refrigerating systems.R-12 is a stable compound capable of undergoing the physical changes required of it in refrigeration service...
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...CHAPTER 1:UNIT OF MEASUREMENT 1. i) ii) iii) Write the SI prefixes for : nano and deci milli and mega kilo and centi 2. 6.0 km is how many micrometers? 3. How many milliliters is 0.005 L? 4. Lead melts at 601.0 C. What temperature is this in F? 5. Many home freezers maintain a temperature of 0 F. Express this temperature in C 6. Liquid nitrogen boils at –195.8 C. Express the boiling point of liquid nitrogen in kelvin. 7. Dry ice (carbon dioxide) changes from a solid to a gas at –78.5 C. What is this temperature in F? 8. How many square kilometers are equivalent to 28.5 cm ? 9. Report the results of the following calculations to the correct number of significant figures. i) 423.1K to°C ii) 6.167 + 83.1 5.3 iii) (13.7 + 0.027) × 8.221 iv) 8.52010 ×7.9 + 1.93 v) 218.7201 – 218.63 –4 vi) (1.5 ×10 × 61.3) + 2.01 10. Determine the number of significant figures in each of the following measurements. i) 311.080 K ii) 0.0899 g/L 5 iii) 4.300 x10 atoms iv) 2.0 kg 9 v) 1.050 vi) 1.3070 11. The density of ammonia gas under certain conditions is 0.625 g/L. Convert its density into ng/mm . 12. Convert 6020 cm to nm . 13. How many significant figures are indicated by the following? 2 a) 3.340 x10 b) 0.0030 c) 1.080 d) 2.12 14. Consider a single piece of aluminum foil that is 1.0 m long, 304 mm wide and 0.60 mm thick 3 and the density of Al is 2.70 g/cm . a) How many grams of Al are there in the piece of foil? 3 3 3 2 O O O O O O O 15. In 1828, the diameter of the U.S. dime was changed...
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...approximately 760 mm Hg; i.e., the weight of a column of mercury measuring 1 mm2 and 760 mm tall. This equates to about 29.7 inches of mercury. If we reduce the pressure above the sample that we are heating, we can reduce the boiling point of the liquid. This is referred to as a vacuum distillation or carrying out a distillation in vacuo. For example, while water boils at 100oC (or 212° F) at 760 mm Hg, it boils around 22oC at 20 mm Hg. The boiling point of a liquid is a physical characteristic of a compound. Many factors go into the estimation of the boiling point of a liquid such as the shape (round, oval, elongated), the mass and most importantly, hydrogen bonding (H-bonding). Methane with a mass of 16 does not engage in H-bonding and is a gas at room temperature while water (mass 18) boils at 100oC. While we can often guess the relative boiling points of a series of compounds, it is rather difficult to calculate a boiling point based on first principals. Similarly,...
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... Data: | Pressure (atm) | Temperature(degrees Celsius) | Gas Volume(L) | Liquid Volume(L) | Ice Volume(L) | Heat change | Room Temperature | 1.000 | 20.00 | 0.000 | .1470 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 4 atm. | 1.000 | 200.0 | 317.6 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | .5 atm | .5000 | 150.0 | 566.7 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 412.0 | Lowest atm found | 0.004 | -20.00 | 0.000 | 0.000 | .1600 | -144.8 | Questions: 1. At what temperature does the water begin to boil and start turning into vapor? 100 degrees Celsius. 2. At the boiling point when you have a mixture of liquid and vapor and you are applying heat, does the temperature change? No. 3. After all of the liquid has boiled off and turned into vapor, does the temperature increase? Yes. 4. How does the vapor volume compare with the original amount of liquid volume you had when you started the experiment? Vapor volume increased as the liquid volume decreased until the liquid volume reached zero liters. 5. At what temperature does the vapor start condensing into liquid? 144.83 degrees Celsius. 6. How does the volume of water you have now ( at room temperature) compare with the volume of water you started out with? Same volume of .147 liters. 7. While the water is freezing does the temperature continue to deop? Yes. 8. Is the ice volume higher or lower than the original volume of water? The ice volume is higher. 9. Why are they different? Ideal gas law states an increase in pressure yields a higher temperature...
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...The article on cold plasma and how its used and created is very interesting, helpful, and informational. It was interesting because not only did the article give facts about the cold plasma but also described what devices uses it, from magentas to circuit boards. Helpful and informational because it tells you about the pros and cons of creating cold plasma, and gives information about hot plasma. For example hot plasma is as hot as lightning. where as cold plasma has a temperature of 65 to 120 degrees Fahrenheit. The article also talks about the storage of the cold plasma. Its stored in a housing unit having a high voltage electrical inlet port and a gas compartment having a gas inlet port and a gas outlet port. The embodiment also has a modular electrode disposed within the gas compartment, wherein the modular electrode is coupled to the high voltage electrical inlet port. But with creating and storing cold plasma the exhibited electrode degradation and overheating difficulties through continuous device operation. The process conditions for enabling a dense cold plasma electron population without electrode degradation and/or overheating are difficult to achieve. The quality of this article is well put together and very informational; because it not only tells you everything there is to know about cold plasma, but it also gives what they do and how its stored. and also the tools and items that use cold plasma. Which is very helpful and makes one understand the article more...
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