...ANWR Position Paper Jennifer Piper Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) is a 19 million acre area that lies in the northeast corner of Alaska. The Coastal Plain area, comprising 1.5 million acres on the northern edge of ANWR, is bordered on the north by the Beaufort Sea, on the east by the U.S. Canadian border, and on the west by the Canning River. The Coastal Plain of ANWR is being considered for oil and gas development since it potentially holds billions of barrels of recoverable oil and trillions of cubic feet of recoverable gas. Of the 1.5 million acres of the Coastal Plain, less than 2000 acres would be affected by development. However, because it is an important wildlife habitat, some are concerned that development would hurt the land, endanger wildlife, and not recover enough oil to make the effort worthwhile. ANWR is about the size of South Carolina, and the proposed development area in the Coastal Plain is about one-fifth the size of Washington, DC’s Dulles International Airport. Although ANWR could produce greater than a million barrels of oil per day, more than enough to replace U.S. imports from Iraq, we have to look at the potential social, economic and ecological benefits and consequences to exploring/drilling in ANWR. Environmentalists want to protect ANWR from any drilling because of its environmental and ecological value. They believe that there is too great a danger to the refuge, which is home too many species of birds and fish as well as both land and...
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...ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are very grateful to our honorable course teacher for his kind sympathy towards us. We are deeply acknowledge Mohammad Towheedul Islam Sir for giving us the opportunity to prepare our research paper on the more specific and relevant way. It is rare opportunity. We are also grateful to the individuals and institutions whose work is helped us to prepare this research paper. We are also grateful to multiple webpage and link in related to climate change and sea level rise. We are also grateful to Bangladeshi local NGOs and their documents in related sea level rise. Sea level rise: Impacts on Bangladesh and the role of NGOs Introduction: climate change is one of the most raising issues in contemporary world. Global warming is an important cause if climate change. The temperature of the world is increasing day by day. As a result the ice of arctic areas is melting. And this is raising the sea level. Though the temperature is increasing equally all over the world but all the countries of the world are not equally affected by this global warming. Usually costal areas, islands, and lower lands are mostly affected by this sea level rise. They are flooded badly each year because of this sea level rise. Global warming not only affects the environmental life but also they affect the political economic and infrastructural basis. Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries of sea level rise. As it is a costal and...
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...succession, Lower Cretaceous, Atlantic coastal plain Brian P. Coffey and Richard F. Sunde AUTHORS Brian P. Coffey ∼ Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada, present address: Apache Corporation, Houston, 2000 Post Oak Boulevard, Texas 77056; bpcoffey@ gmail.com Brian Coffey received his B.Sc. degree in geology from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1995 and his Ph.D. in geology at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in 1999. He has worked at ExxonMobil, Simon Fraser University, and Maersk Oil and has been a private consultant specializing in carbonate reservoir characterization. He currently works as a carbonate specialist at Apache Corporation in Houston. Richard F. Sunde ∼ EnCana, 500 Centre Street, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2G1A6; richard.sunde@encana.com Richard Sunde earned a D.E.C. degree (Diplôme dietudes Collégiales) at Dawson College, Montreal, in 2000 and a B.Sc. degree in geology at McGill University, Montreal, in 2004. He then completed an M.Sc. degree at Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, in 2008; his thesis research focused on the content presented in this article. Richard currently is employed as a Geoscientist at Encana Corporation in Calgary. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT This study presents a lithology-based sequence-stratigraphic framework and depositional model for Lower Cretaceous, mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sediments of the Mid-Atlantic coastal plain (eastern United States). Lithologic...
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...province is a geographic area in which the geology (including lithology and structure) and climate history have resulted in landforms that are distinctly different from adjacent areas. An overview of the geology by physiographic province is provided below. Atlantic Coastal Plain The Atlantic Coastal Plain Province is underlain by a wedge of unconsolidated sediments including gravel, sand, silt, and clay, which overlaps the rocks of the eastern Piedmont along an irregular line of contact known as the Fall Zone. Eastward, this wedge of sediments thickens to more than 8,000 feet at the Atlantic coast line. Beyond this line is the Atlantic Continental Shelf Province, the submerged continuation of the Coastal Plain, which extends eastward for at least another 75 miles where the sediments attain a maximum thickness of about 40,000 feet. The sediments of the Coastal Plain dip eastward at a low angle, generally less than one degree, and range in age from Triassic to Quaternary. The younger formations crop out successively to the southeast across Southern Maryland and the Eastern Shore. A thin layer of Quaternary gravel and sand covers the older formations throughout much of the area. Mineral resources of the Coastal Plain are chiefly sand and gravel, and are used as aggregate materials by the construction industry. Clay for brick and other ceramic uses is also important. Small deposits of iron ore are of historical interest. Plentiful supplies of ground water are available from...
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...province is a geographic area in which the geology (including lithology and structure) and climate history have resulted in landforms that are distinctly different from adjacent areas. An overview of the geology by physiographic province is provided below. Atlantic Coastal Plain The Atlantic Coastal Plain Province is underlain by a wedge of unconsolidated sediments including gravel, sand, silt, and clay, which overlaps the rocks of the eastern Piedmont along an irregular line of contact known as the Fall Zone. Eastward, this wedge of sediments thickens to more than 8,000 feet at the Atlantic coast line. Beyond this line is the Atlantic Continental Shelf Province, the submerged continuation of the Coastal Plain, which extends eastward for at least another 75 miles where the sediments attain a maximum thickness of about 40,000 feet. The sediments of the Coastal Plain dip eastward at a low angle, generally less than one degree, and range in age from Triassic to Quaternary. The younger formations crop out successively to the southeast across Southern Maryland and the Eastern Shore. A thin layer of Quaternary gravel and sand covers the older formations throughout much of the area. Mineral resources of the Coastal Plain are chiefly sand and gravel, and are used as aggregate materials by the construction industry. Clay for brick and other ceramic uses is also important. Small deposits of iron ore are of historical interest. Plentiful supplies of ground water are available from...
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...Power Dressing Kevin Hysi A00359065 Social Power Relations Abstract Clothing has the ability to convey social signals and perceptions to society. This paper explores the relationship between clothing and power, otherwise known as “Power Dressing”. This is a problem because it can enable power differences to occur and it uses past research to support and validate this issue. Overall findings suggest that individuals wearing professional attire in different social situations were perceived to be more competent, attractive, and can achieve greater business performance in comparison to individuals wearing casual attire. Keywords Social Perception, Power, Clothing, Fashion, Inequality Introduction Depending on the social status and mobility of an individual, clothing is relatively expensive. This is problematic because it may enable others to evaluate an individual based on their attire. An individual with low social mobility may not have enough funds to invest into the latest fashion trend in contrast to one with higher mobility. Consequently, power differences and inequality has greater potential to rise. Taking a deeper look into this problem, how individuals decide to dress has an immense impact on how they are perceived by others in society. Paying close attention...
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...African Archaeological Review, Vol 15, No. 3, 1998 A Review of Swahili Archaeology Felix A. Chami1 The Swahili people have been viewed as of Persian/Arabic or Cushitic-speaking origin. Scholars have used historical and archaeological data to support this hypothesis. However, linguistic and recent archaeological data suggest that the Swahili culture had its origin in the early first centuries AD. It was the early farming people who settled on the coast in the last centuries BC who first adopted iron technology and sailing techniques and founded the coastal settlements. The culture of the iron-using people spread to the rest of the coast of East Africa, its center changing from one place to another. Involvement in transoceanic trade from the early centuries AD contributed to the prosperity of the coastal communities as evidenced by coastal monuments. More than 1500 years of cultural continuity was offset by the arrival of European and Arab colonizers in the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries AD. Le peuple Swahili a souvent ete considere comme un peuple dont la langue avait pour origine le Perse/Arabe ou le Cushite. Les chercheurs ont utilise des donees historiques et archeologiques afin de supporter cette hypothese. Cependant I'etude linguistique de cette langue, ainsi que de nouvelles decouvertes archeologiques suggerent que la culture Swahili trouve son origine au debut de l'ere chretienne. Ils furent les premiers fermiers a s'installer le long du littoral, fondant des...
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...India’s first National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) outlining present and future policies and programs addressing climate mitigation and adaptation strategies. The plan identifies eight core “national missions” running through 2017, out of which National Water Mission is one of them. Emphasizing the overriding priority of maintaining high economic growth rates in order to raise living standards, the plan “identifies measures that promote our development objectives at the same time yielding co-benefits for addressing climate change effectively.” With water scarcity projected to worsen as a result of climate change, the plan sets a goal of a 20% improvement in water use efficiency through pricing and other measures. The following paper briefly discusses the mission, goals, strategies, implementation framework. It aims to evaluate the performance of the mission with the help of stakeholder analysis. INTRODUCTION India is faced with the challenge of sustaining its rapid economic growth while dealing with the global threat of climate change. This threat emanates from accumulated greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere, generated because of long term anthropogenic interventions and intensive industrial growth and high consumption driven lifestyles in developed countries. While engaged with the international community to collectively and cooperatively deal with this threat, India needs a national strategy to firstly, adapt to climate change and secondly, to further enhance...
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...have differences. This paper will discuss some of the two countries’ major characteristics including geographic, social, and political characteristics and look at their histories and economies. 2. Geography Korea - Korea extends about 1,000 kilometers to the south from the northeast part of the Asian continent. It consists of the Korean Peninsula and over 3,400 islands. Since 1945, as a result of the WWII, Korea has been divided into North Korea, and South Korea. The total area is 221,607 square kilometers. South Korea owns 99,237 square kilometers and 45% of the total land, while North Korea owns 122,370 square kilometers, the remaining 55%. Korea is mostly consisted of mountain range with 70 percent. The Mountains Taebaek connects the full length of the east coast. Japan - Japan has four main islands - Honshu, Hokkaido, Shikoku, and Kyushu - and more than 3,000 small islands cover an area of 377,727 square kilometers. These islands extend over 3,000km in total length, and it spreads about 300km in width. Japan is covered with mountains about three-fourths of the national land. Mt. Fuji divides the center of Honshu with 3,000-meter high, the main island. Japan has around 200 volcanoes, among them about 60 volcanoes are active. As a result of that, earthquakes and volcanic actions are still running. This mountain range makes rivers to be short and have steep channel slopes. The rivers carry sediment to the flatlands, so it forms alluvial plains. 3. Temperature and...
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...OF SHALE GAS DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA: A term paper by Tejal Johri (MPE1296) and Shruti Sharma (MPE1293) for Semester 1 Course: Environment and Development Department of Policy Studies, The Energy and Resource Institute (New Delhi) Submitted on 9th December 2012 Table of Contents Executive Summary 1 Literature Review 4 Scope 6 Conclusion 10 Works Cited 11 Executive Summary The gradual shift of the US gas sector- from one of deficit to one of surplus has gathered appreciative appraisals from the rest of the world and initiated talks about the prospect of harnessing shale gas in other countries, as US reached the lowest CO2 emission level in the last 20 years due to shift to natural gas. It has been referred to as “the biggest energy innovation of the decade”, in light of the growing need for suitable alternatives to conventional oil and gas with increasing pressure on energy over time. 90% of global shale gas is currently produced by the US. India meets two-thirds of its petroleum requirements by importing of fuels that include coal, and this figure is expected to rise in the future in spite of India being a coal-rich country. Even with introduction of more efficient technologies and cases of higher CO2 emission reduction, our country’s import dependence on petrol, oil and gas will significantly rise in the future, raising the pressure on the resources. This concern for energy security calls for further research in technological solutions for greater efficiency...
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...Coastal Resources Management, Policy and Planning In Bangladesh Md. Masudur Rahman, Zubair Ahmed Chowdhury and Md. Nasir Uddin Sada Department of Fisheries Bangladesh Rahman M.M, Z.A Chowdhury and M.N.U Sada. 2003. Coastal resources management, policy and planning in Bangladesh, p. 689 - 756. In G. Silvestre, L. Garces, I. Stobutzki, M. Ahmed, R.A. Valmonte-Santos, C. Luna, L. Lachica-Aliño, P. Munro, V. Christensen and D. Pauly (eds.) Assessment, Management and Future Directions for Coastal Fisheries in Asian Countries. WorldFish Center Conference Proceeding 67, 1 120 p. Abstract This paper reviews the coastal fishery resources of Bangladesh emphasizing the coastal environment, capture fisheries and management issues relative to the sector. Bangladesh’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) covers an area of about 166 000 km2. This area has abundant natural resources such as fish, shrimps, crabs and other marine products. Shrimp and fish trawling is the most important economic activity in this area. The fishery sector makes a significant contribution to the national economy in terms of foreign exchange, income generation and employment. It is very important in nutrition, especially in providing animal protein. In 1997 - 99, the marine fisheries sector contributed 22% of the total fishery production of 1 373 000 t. However, the resources are being destroyed in many ways. The fisheries resources have declined and fishers are getting poorer. The decline is partly due to estuarine...
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...The effects of global warming on the environment and human life are numerous and varied. Scenarios studied by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global warming will continue and get worse much faster than was expected even in their last report. Research by NOAA indicate that the effects of global warming are already irreversible. The IPCC reports attribute many specific natural phenomena to human causes. The expected long range effects of recent climate change may already be observed. Rising sea levels, glacier retreat, Arctic shrinkage, and altered patterns of agriculture are cited as direct consequences of human activities. Predictions for secondary and regional effects include extreme weather events, an expansion of tropical diseases, changes in the timing of seasonal patterns in ecosystems, and drastic economic impact. Concerns have led to political activism advocating proposals to mitigate, or adapt to it. Geoengineering is a further potential response, which could potentially reverse some effects that may otherwise be irreversible. It is notable that many of the effects of global warming are non-linear in nature, with potential for dramatic positive feedback effects. This means that the climate may enter a critical state where small changes can trigger runaway or abrupt climate change. Geoengineering has been suggested as a means of interrupting or reversing these effects. A notable example of a 'runaway' effect is the release of methane...
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...Mangroves are ever green forests between land and sea, found essentially in the intertidal zone and occupying large tracts along the shallow coasts, estuaries and in the deltas where they are influenced by tides, widely differing conditions of saline and rainfall regimes. The coastline of Pakistan is 1,050 km long and 40-50 km wide shared by the provinces of Sindh (350 km) and Balochistan (700 km). In the Sindh province, mangroves are found in the Indus Delta which occupies approximately 600,000 ha extending from Korangi Creek in the north to Sir Creek in the South. Indus Delta comprises 17 major creeks, numerous minor creeks and extensive mudflats and constitutes 97% of total mangrove forests found in Pakistan. Mangroves of Indus delta are unique in being the largest arid climate mangroves in the world. The survival of these forests is largely associated with perennial freshwater supplies from the River Indus, which flows through the delta before reaching the Arabian Sea. An area of 344,845 ha of the Indus delta has been declared as protected forests and is under the control of Sindh Forest Department. The Indus Delta is believed to have had as many as eight mangrove species in the past. However at present, only four species have been left. Nearly 95% of the mangroves located in the Indus Delta comprise the species Avicennia marina. Very small patches of Ceriops tagal and Aegiceras corniculatum are found near the mouth of the Indus at Keti Bunder. Rizophora mucronata has...
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...CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES Related Literature Adhesive is any substance that is capable of holding materials together in a functional manner by surface attachment that resists separation. “Adhesive” as a general term includes cement, mucilage, glue, and paste—terms that are often used interchangeably for any organic material that forms an adhesive bond. Inorganic substances such as portland cement also can be considered adhesives, in the sense that they hold objects such as bricks and beams together through surface attachment, but this article is limited to a discussion of organic adhesives, both natural and synthetic. (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/5823/adhesive) Fish glue is often made by heating the skin or bones of fish in water. It can also be made from part of the fish’s air bladder which, in the case of glue made from sturgeon, is called isinglass. Adhesives made from fish, as well as hide glue made from other animals, were sometimes used in ancient Egypt. They are still used in art, for shoe and furniture repair, and to preserve old manuscripts. Hide glue is typically manufactured from the skin of non-oily fish. During medieval times in Europe, fish glue was often used to repair animal-based sheets called parchments, which were used for writing. It was also used in painting materials by some artists in China. Paintings and drawings were often coating with fish glue in the 1800s. While the glue by itself is typically brittle...
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...ASSIGNMENT ON Date of Submission: 06.08.11 INTRODUCTION This report of Country Environmental Analysis (CEA) aims to assess ADB’s future role and operational strategy in the environment sector and will also provide input to the Country Strategy and Action Plan (CSP). This CEA for 2005-2009 outlines the environmental issues that are most significant to the Bangladesh’s economy. It will also provide background information on the environmental constraints, needs and opportunities in Bangladesh. Over the given period of this strategy document, ADB will be working with the Government of Bangladesh (Gob) for the improvement of the environment sector, wherein this report may be a basis for actions and/or intervention. This work focuses on the aspects of understanding the important features of the Bangladesh environment that need to be essentially understood. The purpose of the report is to present the findings of a review done on the environment sector. The review considered the ongoing and past interventions, legal and policy regimes and finally outlined the outstanding issues facing the sector. Objectives of the study It is well established that the process of land use change leads to the alteration of existing environmental conditions of any area. The specific objectives of the study were: 1. To identify the existing land use pattern of the selected area; 2. To explore the prime causes of land use change and its Effects...
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