...Cognitive Dissonance Cognitive Dissonance or mental stress which is primarily caused by contradictory beliefs, can be a common part of some peoples life’s however we are psychologically motivated to avoid situations which cause mental stress. This paper will discuss a situation and the behavior using attribution theory, the reciprocal relationship between behavior and attitudes as well as how cognitive dissonance theory could be used to rationalize the behavior. Situation and Subsequent Behavior Richard is driving along a lonely road late at night after working late that day. He has a 4-year-old daughter who he has not spent much time with the entire week because of the long project that makes him work late. Similarly, he has not been having dinner with his family because he always gets home past dinner time. On this particular day, Richard leaves work a bit earlier in an attempt to get home early enough for dinner and so that he can also spend some time with his year old daughter. After driving on an almost clear road for a few miles, Richard notices little pools of blood along the road. He slows down his car and rolls down the window, as he tries to find out the source of the little pools of blood. After driving for a few meters, he notices a staggering middle-aged man who seems unstable and perhaps hurt. Richard slows down for a while, examines the staggering man from a distance; then he drives away after he remembers that his wife and daughter may be waiting for him...
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...Cognitive Dissonance PSY/400 Cognitive Dissonance What is doing the right thing? Is doing the right thing always going to be the right thing to do ? Are there limits on doing what is right? Are there exceptions on what is right? When looking at cognitive dissonance, one has to understand what cognitive dissonance is. Cognitive dissonance is the feeling of when a person holds two conflicting thoughts in their mind at the same time. According to ITS psychology dictionary, Cognitive dissonance is define as, “a state of tension created when there are conflicts between an individual's behavior and beliefs, or between two beliefs.” (ITS Tutorial School, 2005) In this paper, the reader will look at a situation, and will automatically be able to see cognitive dissonance. We will then analyze the social, cultural, and spiritual influences on the individual’s behavior and his or her ethics. Describe the reciprocal relationship between behavior and attitudes, and explain how the individual could have used cognitive dissonance theory to rationalize his or her behavior. The Situation A man, Bob, meets a girl, Sarah, and starts to get to know her. Bob and Sarah start to click, then decide to take their relationship to another level. Bob and Sarah made the decision to become a couple and even talk about marriage. The relationship becomes serious but is still extremely new. Bob and Sarah really did not give each other a chance to get to know each other and start...
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...requested personal choice of children vaccination as our topic assignment for week 3. Learning Team Cognitive Dissonance Paper: Identify a situation in which an individual has consciously made a decision to engage in a behavior that violated their cognitions--values, beliefs, attitudes, and morals (e.g., calling in sick to work when you are not actually sick, speeding, cheating on taxes). o Prepare at minimum a 1,500 word paper (no maximum) in which analyze your identified situation. In your analysis, be sure to address the following items: Describe your identified situation. Analyze the social, cultural, and spiritual influences on the individual’s behavior and on his or her personal ethics. Describe the reciprocal relationship between behavior and attitudes. Explain how the individual could have used cognitive dissonance theory to rationalize his or her behavior. o Any assignment that has more than 15% of the paper quoted (properly or improperly) will be subject to a point deduction or discipline action in the case of intentional plagiarism. You may run your paper through the UoPX Plagiarism Detector to ensure compliance. o Be sure that you view the rubric for a more thorough discussion of paper requirements. As this is an upper division psychology class, the proper use of APA formatting will be required and will be a graded focus on all papers within this course. Please be sure to submit the certificate of originality in a SEPARATE file with every assignment...
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...of cognitive, social and emotional factors on the economic and financial decisions of individuals, institutions and in turn affect the consequences like market prices, returns, and the resource allocation. The fields are primarily concerned with the bounds of rationality of economic agents. The study of Behavioral economics & finance includes how market decisions are made and the mechanisms that drive public choice, such as biases towards promoting self-interest. (Ganesan et al, 2013).Two types of biases are present. Cognitive bias is the tendency to think in a certain way, such as a rule of thumb that may or may not be true. These are the result of incomplete information or the inability to analyze information correctly like cognitive dissonance bias and self-attribution bias. Whereas emotional Biases are the result of spontaneous reactions that how individuals seek information like self-control and confirmation bias. Emotional biases are deeply ingrained in the psychology of investors and are much harder to overcome (Pompion,...
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...Samuel Smoot Social Psychology Paper PSY 201 3/1/2014 Sarah is going through exploration of her own path. She wants to do things that are not okay with her parents. Should she do these things and lie about what she is really doing, or is it easier to be honest? The problem with honesty is she will most likely not get what she wants out of it. It is the way that parent and child relationships mature. It ultimately helps with the separation process that is inevitable. Sarah is starting to make her own choices even if they are wrong. While mom and dad are trying to protect the little girl that is their daughter, like they always have. Sarah has many adult choices, but she is still only a young teenager. Sarah is just a teenager who is still attending school and getting good grades. To start with Sarah was dealing with social cognition toward her curfew. Sarah was experiencing partying for the first time. Sarah had obviously heard from other how fun it could be, but had never experienced it with her parent’s rules in place. For a fifteen year old these issues are the social norm. That still doesn’t make it any easier on her decision to go to the party. The friends and their persuasion made it even harder to say no too. She wanted to fit in, because they are new friends to her and she wants to fit in. She didn’t want to give them a chance to discriminate against her for not staying out to attend the party with them. Due to the...
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...College Abstract Self-esteem is an individual's estimate of one's own self worth, the extent of individual views of good, competence, and decent. Within this activity paper we will discuss why self esteem is important, and why there are discrepancies between the actual self and the ideal self. This paper will discuss the theory of cognitive dissonance in regards to the self-evaluation theory, self-affirmation theory and the realization trap while defining the self-discrepancy theory. The need for high individual self-esteem may lead to irrational logic and individual actions against their own best interest as will be theoretically supported throughout this paper. Concluding that our teams position, will support the theory that individual competence may be inaccurate at times to maintain individual self-esteem. Self-esteem is defined as an individual’s estimate of his or hers own self-worth and the extent of individual views of what is good competent and decent. This activity paper will discuss the importance of self-esteem and explore any discrepancies between the actual self and the ideal self. The theory of cognitive dissonance as it relates to the self-evaluation theory, self-affirmation theory and the realization trap will be covered while also defining the self-discrepancy theory. This paper will theoretically support the concept of the need for high individual self-esteem and how it may lead to irrational logic and individual actions that work against a person’s...
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...Chapter 5 – Social Cognition Debate: Faith and Social Cognition * Carolyn Briggs: involved in and then rejected. Christian fundamentalism. How can someone believe so intensely and then reject those same beliefs? How are our beleifs shaped by those around us? Consider some cognitive biases and errors you have made. **Social cognition: Study of how people think about people and social relationships. -What is unique about thinking about people as opposed to thinking about something else, like frogs or computers? Why is it important to study how people think about people? -How is argumentative thinking helpful? Why would arguing with others help with human survival? **Thinking Cognitive Miser: Exemplified by having errors in thinking. Reluctance to do much extra thinking. -During free time, why do most people choose to think about a subject such as baseball, but not about a subject such as calculus? **Automatic and deliberate thinking How does the Stroop Effect (colors and words) illustrate automatic versus deliberate thought? How do we know if a thought is automatic? -Requires no awareness -not guided by intention -not subject to deliberate control -effort is low Schemas: information about a concept. Ex/Schema for exams = involves multi paged paper and #2 pencil. Scripts: Schemas about certain events. How an experience and an event will play out. Ex/ For exam… come into class, cram before instructor says put materials away, administered exam...
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...Syllabus Course Description This course provides an overview of basic psychological principles that underlie human behavior and reactions to everyday life. Students are provided an opportunity to apply critical-thinking skills to psychological problems and issues. The basic tenets of psychology are presented from a historical perspective, with attention to research-based behavioral science. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: · University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. · Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Carpenter, S., & Huffman, K. (2010). Visualizing psychology (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. All electronic materials are available on the student website. Week One: Introduction to Psychology Details Due Points Objectives 1.1 Describe the development of the discipline of psychology. 1.2 Compare and contrast research methods used to examine psychological phenomena. 1.3 Explain biological influences on the human brain. Readings...
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...supporting their children of their education choices. The purpose of conducting further research on the lack of family support of college students is to expand on the research by Piorkowski, G. K. (1983), Rhoades, G. K., & Wood, L. F. (2014), Wei, M., Yeh, C. J., Chao, R. C., Carrera, S., & Su, J. C. (2013) and Oshikawa, S. (1968) to use their findings to add our understandings of the relationship between parent and college student. Because they have examined ways in which show the emotional experiences of first-generation college students, the affects of grades and contentedness of the student’s personal life, and the extent to which it exists for non first generations college students has not yet been fully examined. Therefore, this paper...
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...Cognitive Dissonance Paper Donnie Robertson is a man that has always worked diligently to provide for his family, and was a well-respected man in his community. The following is a narrative on how this dedicated and honest father, husband, and friend made resolutions based on the circumstances in his life that would encroach on his values, beliefs, attitudes, and morals. The areas of social, cultural, and spiritual impacts on his conduct will be discussed, along with his personal ethics. Furthermore, a reciprocal relationship between his attitudes and behavior will be addressed. Finally, it will be illustrated how Donnie applies cognitive dissonance theory to justify his actions. Describe Situation Donnie Robertson started working at one of the top automobile industries in his area right after college. He married his high school love, and over a twelve year period had three children. Everything in his life was perfect until economic issues caused the company to shut its doors. Although many in the community lost their jobs to, most came from wealthy families and did the face the strains of the loss as Donnie and his family did. Donnie was able to draw unemployment for a while but during this time his wife passed away from an aneurysm. What little he was getting from unemployment was not enough to cover the medical and funeral bills. After several months of trying to pay, everything off he ran out of unemployment, and he could not find work because he did not have...
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...Socialization Paper It is said that attitude is an opinion, feeling belief, or approval or disapproval towards something. Behavior is an action or reaction like the old saying with every action is a reaction, in other words thought and action. The theory of reasoned action is a model for the prediction of behavioral intention based on attitude and behavior. This theory was born from frustration with the current research, that found only weak similarities between attitude and behavior. A simple version of the theory is that a person's behavior is predicted by their attitude towards the behavior they are exhibiting, also how they think other people would view them If they performed a certain behavior. A person's attitude combined with societal norms forms their behavior intention. The strength that attitude and norms have on behavior differs from individual to individual. The behavior theory does not account for behavior's impact on attitude. Cognitive dissonance refers to conflicting behaviors, beliefs or attitudes. This produces a feeling of discomfort leading to an alteration in one of the attitudes, beliefs or behaviors to reduce the discomfort and restore balance. For example, when people smoke, that is the behavior and cancer is known to be caused by smoking that is their cognition. Prejudice...
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...“Consumers behave irrational by keeping products they are dissatisfied with, instead of returning them to the company” Table of Contents Chapter 1 - Introduction and Thesis Statement.........................................4 Chapter 2 – Consumer purchase decision process………........................5 Chapter 3 – Theory of consistence…………………………………………….6 3.1 Experiment…………………….............................................6 3.2 Theory of consistence and consumer behaviour...…....…..6 Chapter 4 – Cognitive dissonance……………………………………….…….7 4.1 Cognitive dissonance and consumer behaviour…..............7 Chapter 5 – Further reasons for irrational consumer behaviour………....8 3.1 Sunk cost effect………………......……………………..........8 3.2 Endowment effect…….………………......……………..........9 Chapter 6- Reasons for rational consumer behaviour……….....................9 Chapter 7- Conclusion..................................................................................10 Bibliography...................................................................................................12 Affidavit..........................................................................................................13 2 Chapter 1 Introduction Economic behaviour has long been defined as a rational and cognitive process. This idea assumes that decisions made by humans are based up on functional arguments and information. But many researchers discovered that human behaviour and the process of decision-making...
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...John Nash was a graduate student at Princeton University and was well talented mathematician. Starting his graduate school year, the prodromal phase of schizophrenia began to emerge. Prodromal phase is a time period where symptoms for schizophrenia begin to appear but not yet recognized until the active psychosis takes place (Cameron, 1938). He was socially awkward and suffers social rejection. His social behavior was often mocked upon by classmates but did receive support by his close friend, Charles. There are many occurrences of social psychological theories that were depicted in this film. Some of the many social psychological phenomenons that were used in this film were person perception or attribution theory, the self, cognitive dissonance, attitude, and conformity. The self theory is "the individual's belief about himself or herself, including the person's attributes and who and what the self is" (Baumeister, 1999). Nash had distinct sensory ability and high self esteem in regards to his intellect. Self esteem is the degree to which we comment ourselves (Morse and Gergen, 1970). Nash had a positive view of himself. He was able to see the light pattern through a glass and was able synchronize it with patterns on the tie of his classmate. This shows that he considered himself intellectually superior than his classmates. The grandiosity of his intelligence was well taken and often attempted challenges were made by his classmates. He does not believe in social niceties and...
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...most commonly made by university students in academic essays. The system embeds comments into your paper and suggests possible changes in grammar and style. Please evaluate each comment carefully to ensure that the suggested change is appropriate for your paper, but remember that your instructor's preferences for style and format prevail. You will also need to review your own citations and references since WritePoint capability in this area is limited. NOTE: WritePoint comments are computer-generated writing and grammar suggestions inviting the consideration and analysis of the writer; they are not infallible statements of right/wrong, and they should not be used as grading elements. Also, at present, WritePoint cannot detect quotations or block-quotes, so comments in those areas should be ignored. Please see the other helpful writing resources in the Tutorials and Guides section of the Center for Writing Excellence. Thank you for using WritePoint. Cognitive Dissonance PSY400 April 16, 2012 Cognitive Dissonance Leon Festinger made his way into the world of psychology by introducing the theory of cognitive dissonance (Myers, 2010). Cognitive Dissonance is a reduction in a person’s discomfort that is [Wordiness: see if you can remove "that" or "that...
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...Overview 16.1 Social Thought and Behavior Groups Core Social Motives CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 16.1 Describing 16.3 Attribution: The Person or the Situation? Fundamental Attribution Error Actor-Observer Bias Defensive Attribution Self-Serving Bias Social Roles 16.2 Person Perception Social Categorization Physical Appearance Stereotypes Subjectivity Culture and Person Perception CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 16.3 Explaining Attributional Biases 16.4 Attitudes and Social Judgments Components of Attitudes Relieving Cognitive Dissonance Influencing Attitudes: Persuasion The Foot-in-the-Door Technique Role Playing Affects Attitudes CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 16.2 Person Perception and Musical Tastes Culture and Attitudes CONCEPT LEARNING CHECK 16.4 Explaining Persuasion 16 Learning Objectives Social Psychology 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 Define social psychology. Compare and contrast social cognition, social influence, and social norms. Describe the core social motives. Illustrate social categorization. Discuss how stereotypes and subjectivity impact personal perception. Explain the various types of attribution. Describe the components of attitudes. Illustrate the different ways to influence attitudes. Differentiate between conformity, obedience, and compliance. Describe the biological, psychological, and sociocultural aspects of prejudice, aggression, and attraction. Discuss the pros and cons of group influence on an individual. 16...
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