Free Essay

Combating Congestion Utilizing Adaptive Traffic Signal Systems

In:

Submitted By greggb396
Words 2722
Pages 11
TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS 1

Combating Congestion Utilizing Adaptive Traffic Signal Systems

Gregory Blazina

University of St Francis

MBAD 656 – Transportation Management & Economics

Donald Maier PH.D.

August 10, 2007

TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS 2

Abstract

Traffic congestion is an inescapable problem in large and growing metropolitan areas across the country. With 88% of America’s daily commuters using private vehicles, eliminating traffic congestion is practically impossible. The challenge then becomes finding the best methods to manage congestion as to minimize its impact on commuters, the environment, and the economy. The field of transportation engineering continues to grow and expand with an increasing use of advanced technologies to reduce congestion within our nation’s roadways. One set of technologies, which has evolved over the past 30 years and shows excellent potential for improving traffic conditions in urban areas is advanced traffic signal systems. These systems are the focus of this paper.

TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS 3

Congestion has traditionally been labeled as a problem to be solved. Between 1980 and 1999, vehicle miles of travel on U.S. roadways grew by 76 percent, while lane miles increased by only 3 percent. Average daily vehicle volumes in urban areas rose by 43 percent between 1985 and 1999, from 10.331 million to 14.757 million (Wachs, 2002, para.1). In a study of 68 urban areas, published by the Texas Transportation Institute in 2001, it was reported that the percentage of daily travel taking place during congested periods increased from 32 percent in 1982 to 45 percent in 1999. The typical motorist faced seven hours per day of congested roadways verses 5 hours in 1982. Congestion, and innovative solutions to manage it, is not a new phenomenon. In ancient Rome, the Caesars noticed that the movement of goods carts on narrow city streets so congested them that they became impassable and unsafe for pedestrians. They issued an edict requiring vehicles delivering goods to make deliveries at night, but this was soon overturned as citizens complained that their sleep was interrupted by the sounds of vehicles and animals. In England, Charles II issued a famous edict in 1660 to ban standing carriages, wagons, and horses from the streets of Westminster and London because they were excessive and were creating a public nuisance. He ordered that they be required to wait for their passengers off the main thoroughfares to enable the traffic on the boulevards to flow more freely (Wachs 2002 A Long History Section para 1-2). Industrialization brought urbanization and by the late 19th century, cities were incredibly crowded places. Congestion was defined by the high density of dwelling units, the high occupancy of residential housing, the proximity of living areas to work areas, environmental hazards of factories and transportation systems based on animal power. TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS 4
The innovation proposed at that time was improved public transportation, first on the surface powered by horses and later elevated or underground, powered by cables, steam and eventually electricity. At the first national Conference on Planning and the Problems of Congestion nearly 100 years ago, speakers urged lower densities and the deliberate suburbanization of the population. As more of the population moved from the centers of large cities and relied on public transportation, the perception of congestion changed from crowded neighborhoods to crowded streetcars on tracks so filled with trolley cars that movement was extremely slow. Further innovations in elevated and underground transit routes along with the development of signaling systems to control complex flows in the transit networks help to provide some congestion relief. The invention of the automobile provides the means to increase the capacity for movement and meant that cities could continue to grow and spread. The rapid reduction, in just a few decades, of the cost of ownership of a vehicle in relationship to workers wages meant that a growing number of people had the ability to become mobile. The most rapid growth rates in automobile ownership and issuance of driver’s licenses occurred between 1910 and the Great Depression and city streets became clogged with autos. Roads were widened and straightened and intersections were increasing managed by signs and mechanical signs that were eventually replaced by electric signals coordinated to accommodate higher traffic volumes.

TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS 5 Traffic Signal Controls
Traffic signal control is system for synchronizing the timing of any number of traffic signals with the goal of reducing stops and overall vehicle delay and maximizing throughput. These systems vary in complexity from simple systems that use historical data to set fixed timing plans, to adaptive signal control, which optimizes timing plans for the network of signals according to real-time traffic conditions. As the population continues to grow, the demand on the existing transportation infrastructure will become increasingly hard to meet. Building enough road capacity to handle all drivers who want to travel in peak hours at the same time without delays is impractical and prohibitively expensive. State Route 895 in Virginia, called the Pocahontas Parkway, is an 8.8 mile parkway built for a cost of 381 million dollars or a little over 43.2 million dollars per mile (Morton 2007 para.5). In many instances adding road capacity is a good idea but no large region can afford to build enough to completely eliminate peak hour congestion, so intelligent systems such as advanced traffic signal control will be critical for operating our current roadway systems at maximum capacity. Adaptive Control Strategies Adaptive control strategies are currently the most advanced and complex control systems available. They are similar to traffic responsive signals in that they receive real-time data through detectors, but instead of matching conditions to an existing timing plan, the system uses an online computer to create an optimal timing plan. No library of timing plans is needed, which works well for areas experiencing high growth rates where libraries of timing plans would need frequent updating. An ACS system uses real-time TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS 6 data from detectors to perform constant optimizations on the signal timing plan for a network. This means that signals can adapt to non-recurring congestion, incidents, events, or traffic demand growth over time without needing to be rest. Projects in the U.S. have found that installing adaptive computer control has resulted in about a 20 percent travel time reduction when compared to interconnected pre-timed signals using old timing plans (Meyer 1997 p. 8-9). In addition to significantly reducing travel time, traffic signals control improvements also reduce stops, fuel consumption, and emissions. In a street network with poorly times traffic signals, the fuel consumption by vehicles stopping and idling accounts for approximately 40% of network wide vehicle fuel consumption. The Texas Light Synchronization Grant Program II, achieved reduced fuel consumption 13.5% (20.8 million gallons / year), delay 29.6% (22 million hours / year) and stops 11.5% (729 million stops / year). The total savings to the public was $252 million and more significantly the study indicated that an average of 19 gallons of fuel was saved for every dollar that was spent on the ACS project (Fambro et. al. 1995). Los Angeles, with its large population and their dependence on the automobile, experiences extremely heavy congestion on its arterials. The situation is compounded by activity centers such as the Coliseum and the airport which create large and less predictable traffic surges. In an effort to reduce and improve congestion management, the city created Automated Traffic Surveillance and Control, one of the most advanced traffic management systems which include centralized adaptive traffic signal control. The system was initially used around the Coliseum for the 1984 Olympic Games. The system

TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS 7 included surveillance via loop detectors and closed circuit television, signal optimization software, and real-time remote signals (Dahlgren 1996). This ACS has had tremendous success in reducing system wide congestion as well as in clearing event traffic. Since the system was implemented Coliseum traffic clears within an hour after a big concert compares with over two hours previously. In addition, the system has reduced stops by 35%, intersection delay by 20%, travel time by 13%, fuel consumption by 12.5% and air emissions by 10%. The benefit / cost ratio was found to be 9.8: 1, and they system paid for itself in less than one year (Rowe 1990). In 1991, residential population and economic development skyrocketed in Oakland County, Michigan. Unfortunately along with the benefits of this growth came significant traffic congestion. The cost solving the congestion problem by expanding roads and highways was estimated at 1 billion dollars. Instead, Oakland County looked for a more innovative approach and the result was the implementation of the Faster and Safer Travel through Traffic Routing and Advanced Control system (Fast-Trac). This system combined advanced traffic management with advanced traveler information with an adaptive control strategy at the core. Oakland County chose to use only surveillance cameras instead combining them with loop detectors for several reasons. Video cameras can be installed on any surface and in any weather conditions, a very important factor in the Michigan climate. Also one video camera can monitor several lanes of traffic while a conventional loop detector can only monitor one. This system has shown remarkable success on several fronts. There was an 89% drop in the number of accidents at the most dangerous intersections, a 100% decrease in TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS 8 the number of serious injuries at those same intersections, and over 40 hours a year saved from the average commute time (Gravet undated). Results showed that this system eased traffic flow and reduced the need for police to manually direct traffic during concerts and other major events. Overall the program is credited for a 19% increase in rush hour travel speed and significant decrease in accidents by reducing the number of stops by one third. It also reduced carbon dioxide emissions by 12 percent. Adaptive Control Strategies Cost No solution to managing congestion is without a price. The most common challenge to the implementation of an Adaptive Control System is initial financial cost. Luckily, as the successes in California, Michigan, and Texas have proven, the benefits from a well designed system far outweigh the initial costs. The central hardware for a typical ACS system will range between $30,000 and $50,000. The cost of the software will depend on the sophistication of the system and range from $70,000 to $200,000. Local controllers $4,000 to $10,000 a piece and detectors $5,000 to $10,000 a piece need to be installed at each intersection. ASC, when compared to standard traffic control devices can reduce operations and maintenance costs, since the cost of maintenance for these systems in much lower than the cost of retiming (Gartner 1995). The US Department of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration’s deployment tracking database shows that few areas re-time their signals every year. In fact it is estimated that nearly 75% of all signals in the United States need to be

TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS 9 re-timed and most metropolitan areas do not have the resources to perform this function (Hicks, Carter. 2000). However as mentioned earlier, with ACS there is no need to reset signals, because the system continually generates new timing plans. This is especially beneficial to areas of high growth, where even the best fixed timing plans quickly become out of date. As with any major improvement project it is crucial to use pilot studies and other evaluation tools in selecting a system that will work well for a particular area. Some systems may not improve congestion in a certain area at all. A limited ACS was installed in Anaheim California and produced little improvement and even increased delays in some cases. According to the US Department of Transportation who sponsored an evaluation of the system, detector placement may have been the cause of the sub optimal performance (Hicks, Carter 2000). The loop detectors in Anaheim were located closer than usual to the intersection and did not give the ACS completely accurate information on current traffic conditions. Therefore the ACS computer could not create an optimal timing plan. The results of the system installed in Anaheim should not be taken a failure on the part of the adaptive control strategy itself, but rather as a caution to potential ACS implementers, stressing the importance of field tests and preliminary research. Discussion Adaptive Control Strategies offer the most cost effective, environmentally friendly, and politically safe solution to managing congestion in our over crowded cities. There are more than 330,000 traffic signals in the United States and it is estimated that over 75% of these could be improved by the addition of ACS. Poor traffic signal timing TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS 10 accounts for 5-10% of all traffic delays or totaling 295.8 million vehicle hours of delay on major roadways alone. Optimizing these signals can produce a benefit cost ratio of up to 40:1. Congestion pricing and peak hour tolls have long been proposed by transportation economists but the majority of American reject this solution because it is viewed a just another tax forcing them to pay for something that they have already paid for through gasoline taxes. Many also view this as favoring the wealthier and subsidized drivers and being an added burden to the majority of the working class. The addition and widening of existing roads and highways as mentioned earlier is costly and especially difficult in already land strapped areas. Widening all major commuting roads would involve demolishing thousands of buildings, cutting down trees, displacing thousands of residents and turning major metropolitan areas into giant concrete slabs. Improving the current transit system is another alternative but in 2000 in the United States only 4.7% of all commuters traveled by public transportation, the major reason being most transit commuting is concentrated in a few large densely settled regions with extensive fixed rail systems (Downs 2004). Many transit systems are already experiencing funding issues and unless the government can find a way to pay for improvements that will guarantee an increase in utilization the viability of this alternative is questionable. Adaptive Control Strategies have proven themselves to be an effective solution to managing traffic congestion. The technology is available for the implementation of signal systems that can accommodate not only recurring traffic congestion but also systems that can adequately adjust signal timing for non recurring traffic congestion caused by random fluctuations in traffic patterns or due to incidents. Peak hour traffic congestion in all large TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS 11 and growing metropolitan regions is inevitable but through the use of ACS the rate at which it intensifies can be managed successfully.

TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS 12

References
Dahlgren, Joy, et al., (1996) Lessons from Case Studies of Advanced Transportation and Information Systems, California PATH.
Downs, Anthony (2004), Traffic: Why It’s Getting Worse and What Government Can Do. Policy Brief #128. Retrieved July 5, 2007 from The Brookings Institution Web site: http://brook.edu/printme.wbs?page=comm./policybriefs/pb128.htm Fambro, Daniel, et. al., (1995) Benefits of the Texas Traffic Light Synchronization (TLS) Grant Program II, Texas Transportation Institute
Gartner, Nathan H., Stamatindius, Chronis, and Tarnoff, Philip, J., (1995) Development of Advanced Traffic Signal Control Strategies for Intelligent Transportation Systems: Multilevel Design, Transportation Research Record 1494.
Gravat, Jack, (undated) FAST-TRAC - Success In Any Lane, Retrieved July 15, 2007 from Federal Highway Administration Web Site: http://www.itsdocs.fhwa.dot.gov/%5CJPODOCS%5CPRESSREL/$801!.PDF
Hicks, Brandy and Carter, Mark, (2002) What Have We Learned About Intelligent Transportation Systems?-- Arterial Management, US Department of Transportation/Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved July 15, 2007 from Federal Highway Administration Web site: http://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/arterial_mgmt/index.htm TRAFFIC SIGNAL SYSTEMS 13

References
Meyer, Michael, (1997) A Toolbox for Alleviating Traffic Congestion and Enhancing Mobility, Institute of Transportation Engineers 8-9
Morton, Roger, (May 2007) Combating Congestion: Who Pays the Bill. Retrieved June 28, 2007 from High Beam Research Web site: http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-164487112.html
Rowe, Edwin, (1990) The Los Angeles Automated Traffic Surveillance and Control (ATSAC) System, Los Angeles Department of Transportation
Wachs, Martin (October 2002), Fighting Traffic Congestion with Information Technology. Retrieved July 15, 2007 from http://www.rff.org/rff/News/coverage/2002/October/Fighting-Traffic-Congestion-with-Information-Technology.cfm

.

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Radio Frequency (Rf) Interference Analysis and Optimization

...Radio Frequency (RF) Interference Analysis and Optimization By Farhana Jahan ID: 061-19-342 Md. Rafiqul Islam ID: 061-19-370 Md. Mohibul Hasan ID: 061-19-373 A thesis report presented in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Supervised by Mohammed Humayun Manager (Network Department) ADVANCED DATA NETWORKS SYSTEM LIMITED Red Crescent Concord Tower (19th floor) 17, Mohakhali Commercial Area, Dhaka-1212 Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering DAFFODIL INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY October 2009 i APPROVAL PAGE This thesis titled „Radio Frequency (RF) Interference Analysis and Optimization‟, Submitted by Md. Rafiqul Islam, Md. Mohibul Hasan and Farhana Jahan to the Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Daffodil International University, has been accepted as satisfactory for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering and approved as to its style and contents. The presentation was held on 19th October 2009. Board of Examiners Mr. Golam Mowla Choudhury Professor and Head Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Daffodil International University ---------------------(Chairman) Dr. M. Lutfar Rahman Dean & Professor Faculty of Science and Information Technology Daffodil International University ---------------------(Member) A K M Fazlul...

Words: 18928 - Pages: 76

Premium Essay

Impotent Music

...INFORMATION RESOURCE GUIDE Computer, Internet and Network Systems Security An Introduction to Security i Security Manual Compiled By: S.K.PARMAR, Cst N.Cowichan Duncan RCMP Det 6060 Canada Ave., Duncan, BC 250-748-5522 sunny@seaside.net This publication is for informational purposes only. In no way should this publication by interpreted as offering legal or accounting advice. If legal or other professional advice is needed it is encouraged that you seek it from the appropriate source. All product & company names mentioned in this manual are the [registered] trademarks of their respective owners. The mention of a product or company does not in itself constitute an endorsement. The articles, documents, publications, presentations, and white papers referenced and used to compile this manual are copyright protected by the original authors. Please give credit where it is due and obtain permission to use these. All material contained has been used with permission from the original author(s) or representing agent/organization. ii T eofContent abl 1.0 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 BASIC INTERNET TECHNICAL DETAILS ........................................................................................................................ 2 1.1.1 TCP/IP : Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol .........................................

Words: 134858 - Pages: 540

Premium Essay

Internet

...The Future of the Internet A Compendium of European Projects on ICT Research Supported by the EU 7th Framework Programme for RTD European Commission I nform ati on S oc i et y and M ed ia Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union New freephone number * 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00800 numbers or these calls may be billed. In certain cases, these calls may be chargeable from telephone boxes or hotels. «The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the European Commission or any of its officials» A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://www.europa.eu). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. ISBN 978-92-79-08008-1 © European Communities, 2008 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Belgium PRINTED ON CHLORE FREE PAPER The Future of the Internet A Compendium of European Projects on ICT Research Supported by the EU 7th Framework Programme for RTD European Commission I nform ati on S oc i et y and M ed ia ••• 2 Preface 5 priorities identified by the Internet Governance Forum: openness, security, access, diversity and critical Internet resources. The use of the Internet in public policies will considerably grow in areas such as education, culture, health and e-government...

Words: 66329 - Pages: 266

Free Essay

La Singularidad

...NOTE: This PDF document has a handy set of “bookmarks” for it, which are accessible by pressing the Bookmarks tab on the left side of this window. ***************************************************** We are the last. The last generation to be unaugmented. The last generation to be intellectually alone. The last generation to be limited by our bodies. We are the first. The first generation to be augmented. The first generation to be intellectually together. The first generation to be limited only by our imaginations. We stand both before and after, balancing on the razor edge of the Event Horizon of the Singularity. That this sublime juxtapositional tautology has gone unnoticed until now is itself remarkable. We're so exquisitely privileged to be living in this time, to be born right on the precipice of the greatest paradigm shift in human history, the only thing that approaches the importance of that reality is finding like minds that realize the same, and being able to make some connection with them. If these books have influenced you the same way that they have us, we invite your contact at the email addresses listed below. Enjoy, Michael Beight, piman_314@yahoo.com Steven Reddell, cronyx@gmail.com Here are some new links that we’ve found interesting: KurzweilAI.net News articles, essays, and discussion on the latest topics in technology and accelerating intelligence. SingInst.org The Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence: think tank devoted to increasing...

Words: 237133 - Pages: 949

Free Essay

Body Systeem

...#" box… and so forth. Encyclopedia of Human Body Systems This page intentionally left blank Encyclopedia of Human Body Systems VOLUME 1 Julie McDowell, Editor Copyright 2010 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McDowell, Julie. Encyclopedia of human body systems / Julie McDowell. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–313–39175–0 (hard copy : alk. paper) 1. Human physiology—Encyclopedias. I. Title. QP11.M33 2011 612.003—dc22 2010021682 ISBN: 978–0–313–39175–0 EISBN: 978–0–313–39176–7 14 13 12 11 10 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. Greenwood An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America Contents VOLUME ONE About the Editor and Contributors, vii Introduction, ix CHAPTER 1 The Building Blocks of the Human Body, 1 Julie McDowell CHAPTER 2 The Circulatory System, 23 Leslie Mertz CHAPTER 3 The Digestive System, 85...

Words: 218741 - Pages: 875

Premium Essay

Management Information Systems

...Technology’s Management Information Systems Instructor and Student Resources Introduction to IS/MIS Principles of Information Systems, Eighth Edition • Stair, Reynolds Fundamentals of Information Systems, Fourth Edition • Stair, Reynolds Management Information Systems, Sixth Edition • Oz Information Technology in Theory • Aksoy, DeNardis Office Applications in Business Problem-Solving Cases in Microsoft Access & Excel, Sixth Annual Edition • Brady, Monk Succeeding in Business Applications with Microsoft Office 2007 • Bast, Gross, Akaiwa, Flynn, et.al Succeeding in Business with Microsoft Office Excel 2007 • Gross, Akaiwa, Nordquist Succeeding in Business with Microsoft Office Access 2007 • Bast, Cygman, Flynn, Tidwell Databases Database Systems, Eighth Edition • Rob, Coronel Concepts of Database Management, Sixth Edition • Pratt, Adamski Data Modeling and Database Design • Umanath, Scamell A Guide to SQL, Seventh Edition • Pratt A Guide to MySQL • Pratt, Last Guide to Oracle 10g • Morrison, Morrison, Conrad Oracle 10g Titles Oracle9i Titles Enterprise Resource Planning Concepts in Enterprise Resource Planning, Third Edition • Monk, Wagner Data Communications Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User’s Approach, Fourth Edition • White Systems Analysis and Design Systems Analysis and Design in a Changing World, Fifth Edition • Satzinger, Jackson, Burd Object-Oriented Analysis and Design with the Unified Process • Satzinger, Jackson, Burd Systems Analysis and Design for the...

Words: 223685 - Pages: 895

Premium Essay

Strama Paper on Nha

... critical to the economic health of the nation as its impact is felt throughout the economic system. Real estate and housing is the single largest asset class and wealth holding of individuals and households globally. The development of the housing sector has been an integral part...

Words: 56294 - Pages: 226

Premium Essay

Damsel

...2014-2015 Undergraduate Academic Calendar and Course Catalogue Published June 2014 The information contained within this document was accurate at the time of publication indicated above and is subject to change. Please consult your faculty or the Registrar’s office if you require clarification regarding the contents of this document. Note: Program map information located in the faculty sections of this document are relevant to students beginning their studies in 2014-2015, students commencing their UOIT studies during a different academic year should consult their faculty to ensure they are following the correct program map. i Message from President Tim McTiernan I am delighted to welcome you to the University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT), one of Canada’s most modern and dynamic university communities. We are a university that lives by three words: challenge, innovate and connect. You have chosen a university known for how it helps students meet the challenges of the future. We have created a leading-edge, technology-enriched learning environment. We have invested in state-of-the-art research and teaching facilities. We have developed industry-ready programs that align with the university’s visionary research portfolio. UOIT is known for its innovative approaches to learning. In many cases, our undergraduate and graduate students are working alongside their professors on research projects and gaining valuable hands-on learning, which we believe is integral...

Words: 195394 - Pages: 782

Premium Essay

Business Management

...SECOND 21ST CENTURY ACADEMIC FORUM CONFERENCE AT HARVARD MARCH 8 - 10, 2015 MARTIN CONFERENCE CENTER HARVARD UNIVERSITY BOSTON, MA USA Teaching, Learning, and Research in the “Just Google It” Age CONFERENCE PROCEEDING VOL. 5, NO.1 ISSN: 2330-1236 Table of Contents Authors Paper Title Page Maryam Abdu Investigating Capital Structure Decisions and Its Effect on the Nigerian Capital Market 1 Norsuhaily Abu Bakar Rahimah Embong Ibrahim Mamat Ruzilawati Abu Bakar Idris Abd. Hamid Holistically Integraded Curriculum: Implications for Personality Development 16 Sandra Ajaps Geography Education in the Google age: A Case Study of Nsukka Local Government Area of Nigeria 30 Helen Afang Andow Impact of Banking Reforms on Service Delivery in the Nigerian Banking Sector 45 Billy Batlegang Green IT Curriculum: A Mechanism For Sustainable Development 59 Rozeta Biçaku-Çekrezi Student Perception of Classroom Management and Productive Techniques in Teaching 74 Thomas J.P.Brady Developing Digital Literacy in Teachers and Students 91 Lorenzo Cherubini Ontario (Canada) Education Provincial Policy: Aboriginal Student Learning 101 Jennifer Dahmen Natascha Compes Just Google It?! But at What Price? Teaching Pro-Environmental Behaviour for Smart and Energy-Efficient Use of Information and Communication Technologies 119 Marion Engin Senem Donanci Using iPads in a dialogic classroom: Mutually exclusive or naturally compatible? 132 Nahed Ghazzoul Teaching and Learning in...

Words: 236613 - Pages: 947

Premium Essay

Form

...OFFICIAL CATALOG This Catalog contains information, policies, procedures, regulations and requirements that were correct at the time of publication and are subject to the terms and conditions of the Enrollment Agreement entered into between the Student and ECPI University. In keeping with the educational mission of the University, the information, policies, procedures, regulations and requirements contained herein are continually being reviewed, changed and updated. Consequently, this document cannot be considered binding. Students are responsible for keeping informed of official policies and meeting all relevant requirements. When required changes to the Catalog occur, they will be communicated through catalog inserts and other means until a revised edition of the Catalog is published. The policies in this Catalog have been approved under the authority of the ECPI University Board of Trustees and, therefore, constitute official University policy. Students should become familiar with the policies in this Catalog. These policies outline both student rights and student responsibilities. The University reserves the right and authority at any time to alter any or all of the statements contained herein, to modify the requirements for admission and graduation, to change or discontinue programs of study, to amend any regulation or policy affecting the student body, to increase tuition and fees, to deny admission, to revoke an offer of admission and to dismiss from the...

Words: 149595 - Pages: 599

Premium Essay

Jared Diamond Collapse

...Viking Penguin, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 13579 10 8642 Copyright © Jared Diamond, 2005 All rights reserved Maps by Jeffrey L. Ward LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA Diamond, Jared M. Collapse: how societies choose to fail or succeed/Jared Diamond. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-670-03337-5 1. Social history—Case studies. 2. Social change—Case studies. 3. Environmental policy— Case studies. I. Title. HN13. D5 2005 304.2'8—dc22 2004057152 This book is printed on acid-free paper. 8 Printed in the United States of America Set in Minion Designed by Francesca Belanger Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or...

Words: 235965 - Pages: 944