...This brief will answer how commercial space flight will be regulated under Article VIII of the 1967 Treaty on Outer Space (‘OST’), particularly in the case of collision with other space objects. My executive summary is as follows: ‘Commercial’ space flight can be defined as (a) humans who intended to enter outer space at (b) their own expense, or at the expense of a corporate entity (c) through travel conducted by private entities. Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty indicates that the government has continuing jurisdiction over its private citizens performing space activities. The government is the only entity able to register and authorise space flight. The state (or the launching authority) maintains jurisdiction and control over the...
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...Plan Europa 2 Marketing Plan Company Overview Owner(s): | Bobby R Rivera | Company Name: | Europa 2 | Product Name: | Commercial space travel | Location: | Alexandria VA | History (yrs.): | 2months | Section 1: Executive Summary Europa 2 was founded by Bobby Rivera in 2014. His love for aeronautics, engineering and everything space, compelled him to create a Company with the capability to make commercial travel throughout space a reality. This marketing plan will provide prospective consumers and investors with the knowledge and trust, that Europa 2 will become the premier space transportation and exploration entity. Product description The overall mission for Europa is to fundamentally change the way space travel is viewed today. By 2020 Europa 2 will launch several manned missions to Europa, a moon orbiting Jupiter and begin commercial mining and exploration of the planets abundant water supplies. Europa 2 mission to Europa is just the beginning, with our patented rocket and space ship technology that is twice as efficient and cost effective as the next 5 competitors. Europa 2 will become the premier space travel of choice and provide mankind an alternate means of survival. Our expert aerospace consultants have been contracted to advise and develop the growing space programs throughout the world. In addition to our current space technology, Europa 2 also provides expert consultant and contracting to public and private entities. Remember, Mankind’s story...
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...As early as 400BC, an Eygptian model glider was made. Following that, Leonardo Da Vinci produced his “helix” design sketch of a helicopter. He was also the first to design a parachute. Emanuel Swedenborg came up with a flying machine which consists of a light frame cover with strong canvas, provided with two large oars or wings moving on a horizontal axis, arranged so that the upstroke met with no resistance while the downstroke provided lifting power in 1716. Early thinkers and innovators like Sir George Cayley, Henri Giffard, Jean Joseph Etienne and Charles de Louvrie made a significant impact in the history of aviation. Sir George Cayley who was known as the father of modern aeronautics, produced an airplane design with fixed wings and a cruciform tail. In 1799 he exhibited a plan for a glider, which except for planform was completely modern in having a separate tail for control and having the pilot suspended below the center of gravity to provide stability, and flew it as a model in 1804. Over the next five decades Sir George Cayley worked on and off on the problem, during which he invented most of basic aerodynamics and introduced such terms as lift and drag. He used both internal and external combustion engines, fueled by gunpowder. Henri Giffard invented the world’s 1st passenger carrying powered balloon which is powered by a heavy steam engine. In 1860, Jean Joseph Etienne invented the internal combustion engine. Five years later in 1865, Charles de Louvrie designed...
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...years, the United States Space Program has brought to life things that, as late as the 1950’s, were once believed to be impossible. As a little boy, I remember watching TV in the library at school as the latest space shuttle was going to blast off from its launch pad en route to its destiny in space exploration. As I’ve grown, so too has my never ending curiosity of what lies beyond our own planet and solar system. We have been to the moon, seen unbelievable, up close photos of planets like Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, and just when it looked like we’re about to make a leap into exploring beyond our solar system or possibly sending a manned mission to Mars, it all stops. Along with millions of other people who grew up dreaming of one day going into outer space or visiting a faraway planet, we all watched in horror as the United States Space Program has all but been eliminated by decisions made by members of Congress and President Barak Obama to drastically overhaul funding for NASA and the United States Space Program. In 2010, the President announced dramatic changes including the abandonment of the Constellation program and the Ares Rocket which was supposed to replace the newly retired space shuttle program, as well as outlining the development of commercializing elements of the industry which has forced NASA to re-evaluate the overall direction of its program and establish new, long-term initiatives. Will the commercialization and privatization of the space flight program enable...
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...Current Market Outlook for Space Business of Space Tourism Abstract This report covers some potential obstacles countries and companies may face when developing space tourism programs. The biggest hurdle will be the technology; companies like SpaceX, Boeing, and Virgin Galactic have good designs, but making those designs may prove to be more difficult. Another big issue that needs to be addressed is International Space Law. Many of the treaties were written at the beginning of the space race and only apply to trained astronauts. There will need to be new or revised treaties to cover the limits of private companies and the civilians they transport to space. The third issue covered is the safety and ethics of sending humans to space for a profit. Trained astronauts go through extensive programs to ensure they are ready for the elements of space. Proper measures will need to be taken to make sure civilians will have a safe and enjoyable trip. All of these topics are addressed in detail in this report; in the end however, it is evident that a few companies are on the right path to sending tourists to space. Introduction For centuries, the idea of space has intrigued scientists and engineers who constantly searched for ways to learn more and eventually get there. In 1961, during the heart of the Cold War, Russian cosmonaut, Yuri Gagarin, became the first person in space. Ever since that first major accomplishment, space agencies around the world have tried to push...
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...Unit 6 Blue Prints NASA A PROBLEM SOLVER I. Introduction: Space, the Final Frontier. Thesis Statement: Many predict funding NASA could solve some of the major economic crises we have, bringing us a solution in the face of extinction or possibly a new planet to live if needed. Funding NASA could be the most important thing we do for ourselves, our children and quite possibly the human species. II. The Big Idea 1. What is the big idea? A public program that would educate and help support NASA obtaining a bigger budget. 2. Who and where can they reach out to? List or people and where they could be found that would participate in this program. (Everybody) 3. Why would a program like this be so important? III. Economic Problem Solver 1. How can NASA solve our Economic Problem? A trickledown effect that we could be happy about. 2. NASA receiving a high budget could solve our money issues, education issues and job issues. IV. What has NASA done for us? 1. Commercial Products and New Science. List the day to day items that NASA has brought, as well as some of the bigger products and solutions. 2. Safer roads, refrigerator water filters, LASIK, scratch resistant lenses, the need to miniaturize everything. V. Space Travel 1. Public Space Travel a real possibility. NASA does not have enough funds in order to provide anything like this. Most of the technology for Public Space travel has been brought on by private companies. 2. Private Companies expanded to provide because...
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...Public Places, Private Spaces In Robyne S. Turner’s article “The Politics of Design and Development in the Postmodern Downtown”, the politics of urban planning of downtown locations in our modern cities is discussed. The tendency for the shift of the development of downtown areas towards an increasingly privatized space is unfavorable in many regards. It has caused this space to become a less democratic environment because of the lack of community involvement in urban planning. The focus of the privatized commercial industries is to maximize revenue through the building of luxurious hotels, expensive housing, corporate brand-name stores, clubs, bars, theaters, sports arenas, and other facilities that will attract consumers. The commercial industries and urban developers involved in the process of creating a commercialized downtown area intend to attract a large number of tourists and make them feel safe and secure in this fun, entertaining, and lively environment. However, the target audience is primarily tourists and wealthy individuals with a significant disposable income through “increasing their overall quality of life”. Often times, the public vision for maximizing the downtown space conflicts with that of the commercial developers because many people do not have the financial means to contribute to their goal of maximizing the city’s revenue. Therefore, their presence is discouraged. We are essentially fostering a focus on economic consumption instead of production, which...
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...better educated with 70% of citizens aged 25-29 have diploma qualifications and above. By 2030 the expected rise in PMET jobs will be nearly 50% to about 1.25 million compared to 850,000 today while the other non-PMET jobs are expected to fall by 20% to about 650,000 compared to 850,000 today. By 2030, two-third jobs will be held by Singaporeans compared to about half today. * To create this number of good jobs it is needed to i. remain competitive to tap Asia’s growth, ii. make a strong Singaporean workforce, iii. Complement the Singaporean core with the foreign workforce. * Creating more commercial and urban centres near homes would help meet higher aspirations and new lifestyle preferences. As currently the employment sector is in western region and in the city while the housing is in the north and northeast eastern regions so people have to travel all the way to the city and their offices resulting in congestion and high travelling cost everyday during peak hours therefore the need of more...
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...Deep Space Exploration The immediate question being asked is should people explore deep space. One of the benefits of deep space exploration will be our ability to mine valuable resources from asteroids, eliminating the need for mining metals from the ground and tearing up our planet. Another would be the benefits of furthering medical research. I, for one, feel that Humans should explore deep space, because there are huge benefits for exploring deep space. There are of course obstacles in the way of the benefits of deep space so, what is the price tag on a deep space flight? Is what will be gained be worth the price that tax payers spend? Cost is only part of the problem; NASA has not launched a rocket since the Saturn V rockets used to take astronauts to the moon. And has been seen in recent days, the space shuttles are an old technology and have been retired. Another daunting question is the moral implications of sending people into deep space since they have no idea what effects having a human child in space would have on the child itself nor what effects zero G would have on an expecting mother. How will NASA be able to get exploration vehicles into space? What is needed is a solution to these problems. They need to figure out a way to make space exploration to become affordable. They will need to figure out a way to not only bring in money but also how to make space missions affordable. There may be several ways that this can be accomplished. Also, NASA will need...
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...most of them? Examining the benefits of mixed-use developments, it is surprising that they have not been the norm until now. When jobs, housing and commercial activities are located close together, quality of life improves and the property values also increase. It is an ideal use of FSI and goes a long way in de-risking the development for developers. Internationally, mixed-use has been more popular in the last two decades. An ideal mixed-use town centre uses drivable streets connected to the local street grid and public spaces as anchors. In many parts of the world, retail is a part and parcel of mixed-use developments. Shopping malls such as Skyplaza in Hong Kong are planned within or alongside office, hotel and residential blocks. Modern airports in India and abroad require designers to plan for extensive retail capacity and flexible spaces that appeal to shoppers in transit. Zahir Abbas, AVP Retail, Technopak Advisors, says, “With the dynamics and pressures of the changing economic climate, businesses are constantly looking for new ways to generate revenues and enhance productivities from a land space.” In the US, a decline in retail activity is causing conventional shopping centres to search for new purposes. Medical centres and education are making use of space in defunct malls or office parks. Vacant retail space is being converted to community services and other non-retail purposes. Jonathan Yach, Head of Mall Management at Mantri Developers, says, “A mixed...
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...Man of the Future Elon Reeve Musk is a man of the future. As the co-founder of PayPal, CEO of both Tesla Motors, Inc. and Space Exploration Technologies Corporation (SpaceX), Musk is a rare entrepreneur who has pioneer more than one technology in multiple fields. As one knows, Tesla has become a leading manufacturer in electric automotive industry in recent times, while Space X has become the first commercial aerospace manufacturer and space transport services to dock with the International Space Station and thus officially began commercial space faring. Tesla vehicles have shown that electric vehicles can be luxurious and efficient at the same time. SpaceX, even though its rockets are still under development, has proven that spacecraft can become more practical and affordable for commercial companies to operate. Both of these fields have been considered an unexplored market and his companies get first dip. Elon Musk has been few steps ahead in terms of innovation. He is one of the entrepreneurs who truly think outside the box. His vision can be described as seen during present and into the future. Musk, with his innovative ideas, will continue revolutionize the world’s view of products that are once thought of as science fiction. SpaceX Strength * Low cost launch vehicles, aka Rockets * First commercial aerospace company to enter commercial space transportation * Competitive advantage to enter the market first Weakness *...
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...CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research Background The competition between Low Cost Carriers (LCCs) and Full Service Carrier is getting intense caused by the process of liberalization in aviation field. In the case of Malaysia, the entries of LCCs, Air Asia, Firefly and Malindo have raised the number of passengers travelling inbound or outboard of the destination. According to Malaysia Airports Holding Berhad (MAHB) Annual Report 2009, the passenger movement of AirAsia for domestic traffic at KLIA increases to 5,588,493 passengers which is an increment of 10.6 percent compare to 2008. For the aviation sector, there is a significant growth of 16.6 percent, from 24.2 million passengers in 2009 to 28.2 million passengers in 2010. No doubts, airlines and airport are tightly related. This can be shown from the statement of Neufville & Odoni (2003), airport systems exist and must be designed in the context of their major clients, the airlines. To build airport facilities that will perform effectively, it is necessary both to appreciate the historical context and to understand the current and prospective needs of the users. Airports and air transport at the start of the twenty-first century constitute an exciting long-term growth industry. The industry is large, innovative, and has excellent prospects. The growth in air transport translates into major airport projects. And about a dozen major programs for airport development, costing over a billion dollars each, have...
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...II. Industry Level Boeing Company’s main purpose of business is the production of Airplanes for commercial use and cargo delivery. Boeing Company also engages in different sectors of defense, space, engineering and security industry. They are more known for their work in the earlier. They produce aircrafts for numerous commercial airline companies of numerous countries. The Commercial Aircraft Manufacturing Industry is an extremely competitive industry. According to Huber (2012), there are at least a dozen competitive players in this industry. Companies such as Airbus, Cessna Aircrafts, Dassault Aviation, Bombadier and many more are competing with Boeing. These corporations are aggressively attempting to increase their market share every year. A. Industry Trend The Commercial Aircraft Manufacturing Industry is currently and will continue experiencing a rise. According to Radical Departures (2013), the market outlook reports of the top aircraft manufacturers in the world foresee the industry to grow consistently for the next two decades. Simultaneously, the aircraft industry will also grow. The Aircraft manufacturers predict the world’s aircraft fleet to double in amount over the next twenty years. The Growth Trend of Commercial Aircraft Manufacturing Industry is due to the increasing need of Airline Transportation companies for new aircrafts for business use. These companies seek to replace the aging aircrafts being used. The main reason for the companies to desire...
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...Humans, up until less than one hundred years ago, have been restricted to life on Earth, as space seemed like a dream. It is only within the last hundred years that the emergence of manned flights and rocket ships that has made space attainable. In that time, the world has now sent people to the moon, rovers to Mars, and space probes into our solar system. Also, advanced telescopes that orbit Earth are exploring even the most remote edges of the universe and bringing more information about what is beyond Earth as we know it (Space Exploration). The technology and knowledge has come a long way as many countries have dedicated research to space, and have gained lots of ground in a short amount of time, now having the ability to commercially...
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...An Easy Male’ An Easy Male’ Contents An Easy Male’ 3 Introduction 3 Problems and Solutions for Male’ 3 References 8 An Easy Male’ Introduction This paper will be focused on the urban Qualities and things that can be done in order to improve the livelihood of the community. Due to the fact that male is a small city and has face scarcity of land at a large scale, re-planning would be a difficult task to carry out. To improve overall livelihood of the community, in making Transportation, land use strategies for cities like Male’ the sense of Male’ should be preserved. It is really important to organize the things in an approach that leads the community to work together and to be understanding and respecting helpful life. For this existing condition should be studied thoroughly in order to propose an enhanced solution. The community process is important to inform citizens and allow residents to participate in the planning process. The street inventory, neighborhood audit, and town character allow citizens to plan, preserve, and guide the future of their town (Horrision, 2004). Problems and Solutions for Male’ Population density is the primary problem for male’. According to (wikipedia / Male , 2013) the population density of male’ is (46,000/sq mi). Therefore first step in order to bring a solution to the Male’ is reducing the population of Male. To make this to happen people should be directed to other island like Hulhumale’ and Ghifalhu where there are...
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