...helpful to those who have trouble verbally expressing themselves, as instead of communicating through words, the client communicates through the creation of art (Cavazos 41). Because creating art involves “a complex developmental process,” art therapy can assist not only the psychological and emotional development of the client, but also the behavioral and cognitive development (Evans 101). What’s more, the pre-representational drawing activities involved in art therapy provide a child affected by ASD with a solid foundation of communicative skills, increasing the likelihood that the client will use verbal language (Evans 101). Caroline Case and Tessa Dalley, the authors of The Handbook of Art Therapy, claim that art therapy can help reduce the amount of anxiety surrounding social and emotional communication experienced by youth diagnosed with ASD when incorporated into their specialized schools or centers, as art therapy fosters a non-verbal and non-threatening environment (“Evidence In-Sight” 7). The increase in diagnoses of ASD “and the way art therapy allows for clients to express themselves without [using] words, has brought the disorder and treatment together in various studies,” including a study performed on 66 students with ASD (Cavazos 36, 37). The goal of the study was to improve the student’s social skills through the introduction of art and play therapy. This goal was met, as at the end of...
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...Many children suffer from different forms of child abuse such as physical, mental, and sexual abuse. The definition of child abuse according to (child help.org) “is when a parent or caregiver, fails to act, causes injury, death, emotional harm or risk of serious harm to a child”. There are two types of child abuse that takes place every day, physical and sexual abuse, but the major form of child abuse based on years of research and study is physical abuse. According to (childhelp.org) physical abuse is define as “when a parent or caregiver causes any non-accidental physical injury to a child. Physical abuse can have detrimental effects on children. “The effects of child physical abuse may last a lifetime and can include brain damage and hearing...
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...clients undergo predominantly individual psychotherapy to help them integrate their fragmented parts or personalities usually taking an average of 5 to 7 years. Although there is limited literature on the use of systemic therapy with DID clients, family therapy approaches can be used to conceptualize the treatment of the DID client and their family members. This article discusses how individual psychotherapy from a systemic perspective can be applied to treat DID while family systems therapy can be used to help educate the client’s family about DID, the process of treatment, as well as how to recognize and become prepared for any symptoms of recurrence. The internal family systems model of therapy with a DID client is discussed through a case example. KEYWORDS dissociative identity disorder, family therapy, internal family systems approach Dissociative identity disorder (DID), which was formerly known as multiple personality disorder (MPD), is a disorder in which an individual has the presence of two or more identities or personality states. These personality states may have distinct names, temperament,...
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...analysis will be used. The first step is to select a concept, which is comfort. The next step is determining the purpose of the analysis. The purpose is to define what comfort means and what comfort measures are and how they are used in nursing. The third step is to identify the uses of the concept of comfort. This includes definitions of term comfort and a literature search. The fourth step is to determine the defining attributes of comfort. This allows for insight into the concept and includes the characteristics of comfort. Comfort can mean many things to many people. Comfort can be caring words, caring touch, warm blankets, pain relief or encouragement. The fifth step is a model case or a real life example of the concept that includes the attributes of the concept and a borderline and related case. The sixth step is to identify consequences and antecedents and consequences. The final step is to define empirical referents or measurable ways to show the occurrence of comfort. Purpose The concept of comfort is used frequently in nursing practice; however, it is not always clearly defined. It is a basic value of nursing care and interventions and is frequently described as comfort measures. A basic understanding of the concept of comfort and the definitions is essential in understanding its use in bedside nursing practice. The purpose of this concept analysis is to explore and clarify the meaning of comfort. A concept analysis gives the framework and purpose and is essential...
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...As a paramedic student it is obvious that bad things are always happening, whether it be to ourselves, or the public, tragedy throughout life is inevitable. However, due to the complex nature of the human, we have the skill to overcome and grow from tragedy. The dynamic nature of trauma, means it can occur at any time, length or severity, with the possibility of recovery. The fact is, recovery is only one aspect of overcoming a traumatic event, as research has identified, individuals are said to ‘benefit’ from or have a feeling of transcendence following distress. The sudden death of an individual is said to leave others feeling immense appreciation for life. However, in a number of cases, trauma can prompt post-traumatic stress, which can...
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...serves as the centre of the nervous system in all humans. The brain is located in the head, encased in a skull usually close to the sensory organs for senses such as vision. The brain is the most complex organ in the body of most living organisms. In a human, the cerebral cortex contains approximately 15–33 billion neurons, each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons allow the brain to send messages throughout the body actions such as movement. Structures...
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...Impact of Childhood Sexual Abuse Shobila Kaligounder Marymount University Introduction As per UNICEF’s (2014) definition, sexual violence against children comprises any sexual activities imposed by an adult on a child against which the child is entitled to protection by criminal law. This includes: (a) The inducement or coercion of a child to engage in any unlawful or psychologically harmful sexual activity; (b) The use of children in commercial sexual exploitation; (c) The use of children in audio or visual images of child sexual abuse; and (d) Child prostitution, sexual slavery, sexual exploitation in travel and tourism, trafficking for purposes of sexual exploitation (within and between countries), sale of children for sexual purposes and forced marriage. Sexual activities are also considered as abuse when committed against a child by another child if the offender is significantly older than the victim or uses power, threat or other means of pressure. Consensual sexual activities between children are not considered as sexual abuse if the children are older than the age limit defined by the State Party. In spite of a clear definition for child sexual abuse violence in the lives of children is so real and as an international community we do very little to protect them. There is also a dearth of data to prove the prevalence of violence due to the hidden nature of the abuse and gives a false notion that it is a rare occurrence. Children are vulnerable to sexual victimization...
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...Post Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD is a complex mental health disorder with poor treatment outcome. While the majority of the population will be exposed to some form of trauma throughout their lifetime only a fraction will actually go on to develop the disorder (Kessler et. Al, 1995). This has lead many researchers to devote their time to the analysis of pre-trauma factors such as individual characteristics (e.g intelligence) as a means of identifying personal vulnerability for the development of PTSD. However, with the exception of female gender, pre-trauma variables are for the most part associated with an individual's risk of exposure and have been shown to have substantially less predictive power regarding who's actually at risk for developing PTSD following trauma (Bromet 1998). Therefore, peri-traumatic factors such as the nature of the trauma and dissociative symptoms currently remain the most successful predictors in relation to the onset and duration of PTSD at our disposal (Ozer et al. 2003). Continued research of trauma severity and dissociative symptoms as well as further investigation into how these two factors interact to predict PTSD is necessary to further our understanding of the disorder and improve treatment methods. It has been known for some time that the severity of a traumatic event is a robust predictor for PTSD (Birmes et. Al, 2003). While there is no universal measure of trauma severity, factors like perceived life threat, duration of the event...
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...Survivors of trauma often suffer to live on to their day to day life. Dr.Cathy Kezelaman has informed us that “survivors often live with chronic distress and pain.” Experiencing trauma can have a lot of side effect or symptoms. There is a feel of self-disconnection or numbness it the inner body. Talking to someone after the trauma is a big step to solve the trauma to affect the day to day life. It doesn’t matter if it is days or years after the trauma has happen. Most of the abuse child’s go into neglecting. Abuse kids believe when trauma occurred so long after the accident they don’t really need to go back to time to re-live the problem and they believe is hard to go ask for help in a community center. If they have a family or friend support they should aware them immediately. Of the situation that has or is happening. A lot of people become easily stress and hard to concentrate because of the trauma or child abuse. They become more unbearable to inconsistency along the lines to their life. Dr. Cathy states that in the “quality of life in fundamental ways. It can make basic day-to-day activities, such as eating, sleeping, working and study difficult. Trauma and abuse in childhood” from The Blue Knot...
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...populations in Australia. The following will identify some of the accepted causal attributes and expression of depression within remote and urban communities. In addition, the identified tools used to assess depression for this review will be examined. Finally, the relationship between the management of mental illness and current programs aimed at supporting indigenous people towards achieving holistic balance will be identified and examined to highlight possible contributions of future research. Aboriginal people have long been subjected to disadvantage in comparison to non-aboriginal people in Australia. (Reference) the roots of disadvantage is widely accepted across literature to flow from colonisation and presently developed into complex issues and traumas shared inter-generationally. These complications have impacted many aboriginal people in relation to their physical health, development, culture and their social and emotional well-being. (Reference). According to the Australian Institute of Health & Well-being (AIHW), the issued report in 2011 found that mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia and substance abuse disorders were identified as being the second highest affliction in the indigenous population. Furthermore, hospitalisation was more frequently engaged upon. AIHW data represented that; aboriginal people were twice as likely to require hospitalisation for a mental illness. Specifically, within groups aged between 25-34 years and groups aged...
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...Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Psychological "trauma" is defined by the American Psychiatric Association as an experience beyond "the range of usual human experience," that "would be markedly distressing to almost anyone, and is usually experienced with intense fear, terror and helplessness" (DSM-IIIR, p. 247). Examples include a serious threat to one's life (or that of one's children, spouse, etc.), rape, military combat, natural or accidental disasters, and torture. Sexual activity with an adult is a traumatic experience for a child.Like adults who experience trauma, children and adolescents who have been abused cope by using a variety of psychological mechanisms. One of the most effective ways people cope with overwhelming trauma is called "dissociation." Dissociation is a complex mental process during which there is a change in a person's consciousness which disturbs the normally connected functions of identity, memory, thoughts, feelings and experiences (daydreaming during a boring lecture is a good example).How does trauma affect memory?People may use their natural ability to dissociate to avoid conscious awareness of a traumatic experience while the trauma is occurring. For some people, conscious thoughts and feelings, or "memories," about the overwhelming traumatic circumstance may emerge at a later date. This delayed retrieval of traumatic memories has been written about for nearly 100 years in clinical literature on military veterans who have survived combat.In fact...
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...The Trauma Informed Drug Counselor Trauma informed care is “an approach to engaging people with histories of trauma that recognizes the presence of trauma symptoms and acknowledges the role that trauma has played in their lives” (SAMHA, 2012). It includes the use of carefully developed approaches that reduce the likelihood of re-traumatizing participants while integrating safety, trustworthiness, choice, collaboration, and connection into all interactions with participants. Trauma informed care is not the same as trauma specific care, which can be defined as the use of evidence-based approaches that directly address the traumatic experiences of the participant. For both ethical and legal reasons, only trained trauma therapists should provide trauma specific care. Trauma 101 Studies show that more than 70% of individuals in treatment for a substance use disorder have experienced some form of traumatic stress. Traumatic stress occurs when an individual is exposed to a potentially traumatizing event or situation that overwhelms her/his ability to cope. It can be caused by a one-time experience or complex trauma, which is the experiencing of multiple traumatic events. Traumatic stress can lead to post traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD, a severe anxiety disorder that develops after exposure to traumatic stress. PTSD is a clinical diagnosis that requires the presence of specific symptoms, such as nightmares about the traumatic event, avoidance of stimuli associated with...
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...Paranoid Schizophrenia Case: Daniel Paul Schreber Born on July 25, 1842, Daniel Schreber was known as a distinguished and renowned judge who suffered from psychosis when he was in his middle ages (Meyer, Chapman, & Weaver, 2009). The text describes Schreber’s obsessed thoughts as having sex as a female were the beginnings of his psychotic episodes. For Schreber, this contained a lot of frightening and unfamiliar imagery and considered it to be an outside source that compelled him to think this way as opposed to coming from himself; from within. Thinking irrationally, he suspected that his doctors were somehow implanting these thoughts in his brain with the use of hypnosis and telepathy (Meyer, Chapman, et al., 2009). After some additional thinking, Schreber began to believe that his thoughts were instilled within him by God and that is was God’s decision to make him a woman. Although he figured this was beyond human ability and deemed as “miraculous” it still tormented him (Meyer, Chapman, et al., 2009). The text describes Schreber’s case as containing many different personality disorders, or abnormal disorders, such as anxiety and mood disorders. Freud described Schreber’s primary symptoms as paranoid schizophrenia as well as psychosis in nature. Freud came to the conclusion that Schreber’s thoughts and delusions were brought on upon by his rejection and denial of his homosexuality (Meyer, Chapman, et al., 2009). Other psychologist at the time believed that homosexuality...
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...computer to assess movement time is another test for Parkinson's disease. To examine the electrophysiological characteristics of tremor and preclinical nigral dysfunction characteristic of Parkinson's EMG (electromyography recordings) can be used. Finally, a symptomatic screening is often utilized and consists of nine symptom related questions, as well as disease specific and drug specific questions. This provides an indirect functional measure of the nigrostriatal dopamine system. Increasing age strongly increases the risk of Parkinson's disease. Male gender and possibly Caucasian ancestry are associated with more modest increases in risk. The reported prevalence of Parkinson's disease varies widely in international community-based studies; ranging from 31 to 328 per 100,000 people. Whether these differences represent actual differences in the...
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...Clin Soc Work J (2014) 42:323–335 DOI 10.1007/s10615-014-0496-z ORIGINAL PAPER Trauma Through the Life Cycle: A Review of Current Literature Shulamith Lala Ashenberg Straussner Alexandrea Josephine Calnan • Highlight every key term that refers to the following key concepts: 1) "trauma" generally a) "large T trauma" b) "micro-trauma" 2) "resilience" Published online: 31 May 2014 Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 Abstract This paper provides an overview of common traumatic events and responses, with a specific focus on the life cycle. It identifies selected ‘‘large T’’ and ‘‘micro’’ traumas encountered during childhood, adulthood and late life, and the concept of resilience. It also identifies the differences in traumatic events and reactions experienced by men compared to women, those related to the experience of immigration, and cross generational transmission of trauma. Descriptions of empirically-supported treatment approaches of traumatized individuals at the different stages of the life cycle are offered. Keywords PTSD Á Large-T and micro-traumas Á Neurobiology Á Gender differences Á Immigrants Á Treatment approaches The past is never dead. It’s not even past. William Faulkner The conflict between the will to deny horrible events and the will to proclaim them aloud is the central dialectic of psychological trauma. Judith Lewis Herman S. L. A. Straussner (&) Silver School of Social Work, New York University, 1 Washington...
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