...University London Faculty of Engineering Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Aircraft Engineering Composite Aircraft Module no: AE3110 Module Title: Aerospace Technology Submitted by: Muhammad Ariffin Bin Omar (K1068479) Abstract This report will contain the study of composite materials, why it is attractive for applications in the aerospace industry, factors limiting its use, as well as a brief review of the composite materials in commercial aircraft over the past 20 years. Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 4 Composite 5 Advantages of Composites in Aerospace Application 6 Factors limiting use of Composites 8 Applications of Composites in the last 20 years 10 Potential Challenges 12 Conclusion 13 References 14 Introduction During the early years of aviation, aircrafts were constructed by using wood and cloth. Later on in the 1930’s it began to transit into the use of aluminum, steel and titanium as the main building materials for constructing aircrafts. Only in the 1950’s was composite material being introduced to construct aircrafts when it was used on the Boeing 707 commercial aircraft. Even so, its application in the aerospace industry was still very little. Only recently has composite material been more widely used for aerospace applications. The Airbus A380 uses composites in the construction of its wings, and the Boeing 787 has a structure that is 50 percent made of composites. This evolution in material used driven by economics, logistics and the expectations of society...
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...possible motive power from the available energy. The second development is heavily dependent on the properties of engineering materials. In aircraft and aerospace industries, a union of opposites i.e., lightweight in combination with high stiffness is demanded. In pressure vessels technology, high strength and corrosion resistance are both prerequisites for efficient operation. Whenever a designer faces such situations composite materials provide an efficient solution to such problems. The flexibility that can be achieved with composite materials is immense. Merely by changing...
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...Polyamide-Egg Shell Powder Composite Materials Challa Ramesh Madanapalle Institute of Technology & Science, Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh, India M. Vamsi Krishna Assistant Professor, Madanapalle Institute of Technology & Science Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh, India Sreenivasulu Bezawada Assistant Professor, Madanapalle Institute of Technology & Science Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh, India Abstract: A composite is a structural material which consists of two or more constituents. The constituents are combined at a macroscopic level and are not soluble in each other. One constituent is called the Reinforcing Phase and the one in which it is embedded is called the Matrix Phase. The reinforcing material may be in the form of fibers, particles or flakes. The matrix phase materials are generally continuous. Fibers are used to carry the load and matrix is used to bind and transmit the load to fibers. Fibers can be produced with various materials, such as metals, glass and plastics etc. Now a day’s natural fibers like animal feathers, plant fibers are used to produce the composites. In the present work polyamide is used as a matrix materials, the egg shell particles are used as reinforced material to produce the composites. The mechanical properties such as tensile strength, impact strength, flexural strengths have to be tested. Keywords: component; Egg shell powder, Polymer matrix composite mechanical properties 1. Introduction A material is called composite if it has two or more...
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...Continuous fibers: boron, silicon carbide, alumina, graphite * Discontinuous fibers: alumina, alumina-silica * Whiskers: silicon carbide * Particulates: silicon carbide, boron carbide STIR CASTING METHOD OF FABRICATION OF MMCs * Liquid state fabrication of Metal Matrix Composites involves incorporation of dispersed phase * into a molten matrix metal, followed by its Solidification. * In order to provide high level of mechanical properties of the composite, good interfacial * bonding (wetting) between the dispersed phase and the liquid matrix should be obtained. * Wetting improvement may be achieved by coating the dispersed phase particles (fibers). Proper * coating not only reduces interfacial energy, but also prevents chemical interaction between the * dispersed phase and the matrix. * The simplest and the most cost effective method of liquid state fabrication is Stir Casting. * 26 * Stir Casting * Stir Casting is a liquid state method of composite materials fabrication, in which a dispersed * phase (ceramic particles, short fibers) is mixed with a molten matrix metal by means of * mechanical stirring. * The liquid composite material is then cast by conventional casting methods and may also be * processed by conventional Metal forming technologies. * Stir Casting is characterized by the following features: * Content of dispersed phase is limited (usually not more than 30 vol. %). * Distribution...
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...Composite Fibreglass Helical Spring Objective To make a helical spring from fibreglass composite with the following properties: D(mean) = 43 mm D(internal)>30mm K = 250 lb/in Compression max = 3 in = 75mm Length = 130mm N = 6 active + 2 inactive Materials Used for Final Sample Unidirectional Fibreglass Roving Araldite (epoxy) Properties of the Composite Taken from the book ”mechanics of composite materials” by Robert M. Jones E1 = 7.8 X 10^6 psi E2 = 2.6 X 10^6 psi G12 = 1.3 X 10^6 psi Xt = 150 X 10^3 psi = Xc Yt = 4 X 10^3 psi S = 6 X 10^3 psi Yc = 20 X 10^3 psi Formulae's used to Design Rate (N/mm) = K 2 G b t 3/ (N D 3) Stress (N/mm 2) = K 1 W D /( b t 2 ) * b = largest section dimension(mm) * t = Smallest Section dimension(mm) * K 1 = Shape Factor (see table) * K 2 = Shape Factor (see table) * C = Spring Index = D/(radial dimension = b or t) For b=t, K 1=2.41, K 2=0.18 Theoritical Parameters Obtained Square cross section Side = 10mm D(min) = 31mm D(mean) = 41mm Length = 127mm Compression max = 55mm K = 263 lb/in N = 5 active Initial Trial Used an aluminium core of 30 mm Dia. Used double sided tape to make the design Used fibreglass unidirectional roving Used unknown matrix material. Results Obtained Removal of spring from the core was very difficult...
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...Composite Materials in Building and Construction Applications Presented at: ACMA’s CORROSION, MINING, INFRASTRUCTURE & ARCHITECTURE CONFERENCE May 15, 2013 - Denver, CO Course Description Composites have been used extensively in industries such as marine and transportation for more than 50 years. Yet in some industries composites are just now becoming a primary material of choice. The use of composites in the building industry is growing rapidly. Traditional benefits offered by composites are being recognized and utilized to address design limitations and can be used to reduce life cycle environmental and cost impacts. Learning Objectives • Define ‘Composite Materials’ and learn the history of composites in multiple industries and the factors that led the growth of composites in these industries. • Identify the design and performance attributes of composites used in other industries that are applicable to the building / construction market. • Review case studies that demonstrate how the inherent attributes of composites such as low weight, durability and low thermal conductivity, result in environmental and cost effective material options. • Explore web based education tools that offer case studies on the use of composites in construction and allow users to connect with composite fabricators that specialize in design, fabrication and installation of composite building materials. What is a Composite? Composite An engineered combination...
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...Fibre Composites Compared with Traditional Metallics Name Institutional Affiliation Introduction According to Elaheh Ghassemieh (2011), the automotive industry has experienced lots of changes that occurs by day through the application of composite materials in the manufacturing of motor vehicle parts and body. Several reasons have been advanced in support of this shift from the traditional use of metals. In comparison to the metallic counterparts, many composite materials exhibit relatively greater strength characteristics as compared to the metallic materials. They are also comparatively lighter than the metals and thereby reducing the fuel cost per passenger in the vehicles. It is also believed that composites exhibit higher resistance to fatigue from repetitive use and thus reducing the maintenance cost of the vehicles and increasing the usage time. In reference to Long, A. C. (2005), the composite material can be defined as a material consisting of strong carry-load materials (reinforcements) embedded in a relatively weaker material (matrix). The purpose of the reinforcement is to provide the strength stiffness, rigidity and mechanical properties needed to support the structural load. The matrix on the other hand acts to provide a fixed orientation of the reinforcement and in many cases is more brittle. Question 1 Advantages of carbon fibre reinforced polymers in over metallics Carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP is one of the classes of the composite materials...
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...The use of Composite Materials in Aerospace, Wind Power and Automotive Technologies Introduction A composite is a multiphase heterogeneous material comprising of fibres that are embedded in a matrix [1], [2]. A composite is unlike an alloy because in an alloy, the other components have been produced by naturally occurring changes. There is a diversity of types of composites currently available, since “it is possible to design materials with property combinations that are better than those found in the metal alloys, ceramics and polymeric materials” [3]. The main ones focused on in this essay are polymeric matrices, metal matrix composites and ceramic composites, and their applications in the aerospace, automotive and wind industries. (1) Brief Fundamentals of Composites 1.1 Concise History [4] The search for alternative materials arose from growing technological and environmental demands for more efficient and sustainable components for industrial purposes. It was in the 1940s when the military first placed a priority on finding more high-strength and lightweight materials for their vehicles. The main materials used at that time were metallic, and while they were functional, they were often prohibitively heavy, so that the engines could not carry as much as cargo as they preferred, whereas the composite materials were much less heavy, as shown in Table 1, and when compared to non-composites, even steel, carbon based composites have a higher tensile strength. At the bottom...
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...Abstract Friction stir processing (FSP) has been applied by several researchers to produce surface modification of metallic materials. The feasibility to produce TiC and B4C particle reinforced aluminum (AA6360) hybrid matrix composites (AHMCs) were studied in this paper. The measured content of TiC and B4C powders were compacted into a groove of 0.5 mm X 5 mm. Double pass FSP was carried out using a FSW tool at rotational speed of 1600 rpm, processing speed of 60 mm/min and axial force of 8 kN. A tool made of HCHCr steel; oil hardened to 62 HRC, having cylindrical threaded profile was used in this study. Optical micrographs revealed a defect free FSP zone. TiC and B4C particles were uniformly distributed and well bonded with the matrix alloy. The hardness of the FSW zone increased to 25% higher than that of the matrix alloy. Key words: Surface composite, Friction stir processing, TiC, B4C. 1. Introduction Aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) reinforced with ceramic particles exhibit high strength, high elastic modulus, and improved resistance to wear, creep and fatigue compared with unreinforced metals which make them promising structural materials for aerospace and automobile industries. However, these composites also suffer from a great loss in ductility and toughness due to the incorporation of non-deformable ceramic reinforcements, which limits their wide applications to a certain extent [1]. The surface properties dictate the life span of components in several applications...
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...ABSTRACT The mechanical properties of composite materials are strongly dependent on micro structural parameters of the system. The evolution of microstructure depends largely on the cooling rate during phase change. Though the microstructure evolution depends on many process parameters, the final structure is decided by cooling conditions during solidifications. The mould material has a decided effect on the structure formation. The use of end chills during casting not only favours directional solidification but also accelrates solidification. Faster cooling rates give rise to finer structures and improved mechanical properties. In this work an attempt is made to prepare Al-B4C composites cast using stainless steel and cast iron chills in a colplete adiabatic system. The microstrucutre and micro-hardness of the chill cast specimens are analyzed and reported. It is observed that the chill material has a significant influence on the microstructure and properties of the cast specimens. Finner structure and better mechanical properties were observed with the specimen cast using stainless-steel chill whereas cast iron chill gave rise to coarse structure with reduces mechanical properties. INTRODUCTION Engineering Materials There are more than 50,000 materials available to engineers for the design and manufacturing of products for various applications. These materials range from copper, cast iron, brass, which have been available for so many years, to the more recently...
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...Road to Success Kyi Brown Sociology 185 Mr. Joe Smith DeVry University June 12, 2011 Road to Success Leaving home at eighteen to go out on my own and start my own life, there were many things I wasn’t prepared for. In today’s society people are to concern with living by the second, not by the minute, the hour, nor by the day. The second I receive my high school diploma I felt gratified. The next minute I was off the stage, tossing up my cap towards the sky, and then off to hugs and kisses. A quaint celebration and said goodbyes to fellow classmates. The following hour becomes your Hollywood moment, a benefit in your honor with family and friends, with flash burst from all the cameras. Congratulations! The next day you awake with something poking you in your side, finding you slept with your diploma all night. I rose up from a good sleep wiping the cold from your eye’s gazing at the accredited sheet of paper completely appeased. I was supposed to be satisfied with high school diploma, but I feel shallow as if it was all for none. Back to reality, my socioautobiography given my young age, I do not yet have a long life history to look back upon, which is why I have all the more reasons to thoroughly explore the 38 years of my conscious life to find solutions to the current situations. Most of my adult experience belongs to my children and my school era, an era indeed since my life could have ended a couple of times in the time when hustling was the most importance...
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...The shanghai composite crash The Shanghai Composite Index, which is China's version of the Dow Jones Industrial Average, dropped a whopping 8.4%, which is its steepest one-day fall since 2007. China is one of the world's largest economies, but also one of the most fragile. In the last few months, its stock market has seen an incredible rise in prices. Those prices have now been crashing down; causing broader concern about the impact a Chinese economic meltdown could have on the rest of the world. After the China stock rout, Indonesian and Malaysian currencies are back at Asian crisis levels. This isn't just China's problem. Over the past few years, Major American companies depend on the health of China's economy, and its stock market, for their revenues. Apple points to its growth in China as a bright point; with $13.2 billion in sales there, China is the company's second-biggest market after the U.S. with revenues jumping 112% in the past year. China and its taste for mass luxury is why the gold iPhone exists. Chinese stocks lost about $3.9 trillion in value. It looked like the market could be on the verge of a total collapse. Due to the wild swings, more than half of listed Chinese companies have taken the drastic step of suspending their own shares. That's right: half the companies on the Chinese stock market aren't even trading, and stocks are still crashing. The Chinese government is working furiously to avert catastrophe in its stock market. They're doing this the...
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...Carbon fibre reinforced polymer Name Institutional analysis Introduction Carbon Fibre reinforced polymer commonly known as CFRP is a very strong composite material that is majorly preferred for many automotive and aeronautical application due to the fact that despite their strength that still light that the traditional metallic materials. The polymers often used to make this composite material is epoxy, polyester, vinyl and even nylon. Thus in making CFRP carbon fibre is often combined with polymers such as epoxy to result in a material that has a very high strength-to-weight ratio. Carbon fibre reinforced polymers despite being relative expensive as compared to other traditional metallic materials; they have been preferred for many applications such as in the automotive industry and aeronautical industry where high strength-to-weight ratio is demanded. (Image 1: carbon fibre reinforced polymer) Advantages of CFRP over Traditional metallic material Carbon fibre reinforced polymers are very strong which has made them of interest in the field of engineering. According to Gesellschaft (1981), CFRPs is important because they can offer high strength value at a relatively low value of weight. In the construction of body parts of automobiles, it is important that the designs are very low in fuel consumption. In order to have the minimal fuel consumption then, the first issue that the automobile fields have to address is the weight of the designs. CFRPs are of interest because...
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...fit an American writer,” he had invented his own form of a “new looseness” in the Wines- The Americanness of the Short Story Composite burg book. In a note he pointed to a parallel between the composition of his narrative and that of a much larger structure. 44Do we not live in a great, loose land of many states,” he wrote, “and yet all of these states together do make something, a land, a country. I submit that the form of my Wines- burg tales …may offer a suggestion to other writers.” 1 Ever since colonial times Americans, as well as visitors to the new continent, have been concerned with establishing a ''dominant value profileM2 for America，and if a link between this national “ethos” and the short story composite could be convincingly suggested, it would follow that this form The aim of this chapter is to investigate whether Anderson's suggestion, in fact, is a valid one. whether there is a degree of correspondence between the form of narrative that Anderson employed, the short story composite, and what over the years has been constructed as an American identity. of narrative could be held forth as more “American” than other literary genres. And if, in tum, the short story composite could be projected as yet another expression of a more general American cultural pattern, constructed or not, we might expect a larger number of short story composites to be written in the United States than in any other...
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...Macromolecules CHAPTER 4 DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF EPOXY-CARBON FIBER COMPOSITES 1. THEORETICAL PART Composite materials have been used widely for daily life applications for many years. Polymer composite systems have a large scale for industry or research area due to their light weight, design flexibility, and processability [1,2]. Using polymer composite is widespread to use for special engineering materials such as aerospace industry, automotive and civil engineering structures because of their outstanding mechanical properties. Polymer composite theories were established on properties of composite constituents, volume fraction, shape, matrix-inclusion interface [3,4,1,2]. Mechanical properties of polymer composites are significant when they use for a building or an instrument which has critical points about temperature and strength properties [5-7]. Composite materials properties have been developed such as chemical, physical and mechanical, so their application area comes much bigger. Because of improvements on composites materials, their industry are growing on automotive, aerospace, electronics and biotechnology [8,9]. The important point of using nanocomposites is large scale, low cost, easy applicable [10]. In composites, two materials are mixed to make improvement in the mechanical properties. Matrix material is dominant and including material. The second material is particle, filler or fiber. Composites are manmade materials. Materials have properties such as strength...
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