...follows: Brief explanation of composite materials [2 marks] Your own research into: Current structural applications of composite materials in vehicle body design. Main manufacturing techniques used for composite structural components. Please refer to example(s) of cars where composite materials have been used as structural components. [8 marks] Discussion of the potential advantages and limitations in the use of composite materials in volume production cars. [4 marks] The assignment will be marked out of 20 with the marks indicated above and the remaining marks allocated as follows: Structure. [1 mark] Appropriate use of reliable references and standard referencing system. [3 marks] Appropriate / good use of labelled and referenced figures. [2 marks] The total word count for the assignment should be 1500 words. Applications http://www.pes-performance.com/news/case-studies_temp/potential-use-of-biocomposite-materials-for-the-production-of-future-niche-vehicle-bodywork-panels/ http://mech.utah.edu/composites_cars/ -crashworthiness -racing cars Techniques http://www.thinkengineering.net/104/composite-materials-in-automotive-engineering/automotive-engineering/ http://www.mscsoftware.com/training_videos/patran/Reverb_help/index.html#page/Laminate%20Modeler/lam_tutorial.3.03.html Advantages http://mech.utah.edu/composites_cars/ The biggest advantage of modern composite materials is that they are light as well as strong...
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...The use of Composite Materials in Aerospace, Wind Power and Automotive Technologies Introduction A composite is a multiphase heterogeneous material comprising of fibres that are embedded in a matrix [1], [2]. A composite is unlike an alloy because in an alloy, the other components have been produced by naturally occurring changes. There is a diversity of types of composites currently available, since “it is possible to design materials with property combinations that are better than those found in the metal alloys, ceramics and polymeric materials” [3]. The main ones focused on in this essay are polymeric matrices, metal matrix composites and ceramic composites, and their applications in the aerospace, automotive and wind industries. (1) Brief Fundamentals of Composites 1.1 Concise History [4] The search for alternative materials arose from growing technological and environmental demands for more efficient and sustainable components for industrial purposes. It was in the 1940s when the military first placed a priority on finding more high-strength and lightweight materials for their vehicles. The main materials used at that time were metallic, and while they were functional, they were often prohibitively heavy, so that the engines could not carry as much as cargo as they preferred, whereas the composite materials were much less heavy, as shown in Table 1, and when compared to non-composites, even steel, carbon based composites have a higher tensile strength. At the bottom...
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...(Hons) in Aircraft Engineering Composite Aircraft Module no: AE3110 Module Title: Aerospace Technology Submitted by: Muhammad Ariffin Bin Omar (K1068479) Abstract This report will contain the study of composite materials, why it is attractive for applications in the aerospace industry, factors limiting its use, as well as a brief review of the composite materials in commercial aircraft over the past 20 years. Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 4 Composite 5 Advantages of Composites in Aerospace Application 6 Factors limiting use of Composites 8 Applications of Composites in the last 20 years 10 Potential Challenges 12 Conclusion 13 References 14 Introduction During the early years of aviation, aircrafts were constructed by using wood and cloth. Later on in the 1930’s it began to transit into the use of aluminum, steel and titanium as the main building materials for constructing aircrafts. Only in the 1950’s was composite material being introduced to construct aircrafts when it was used on the Boeing 707 commercial aircraft. Even so, its application in the aerospace industry was still very little. Only recently has composite material been more widely used for aerospace applications. The Airbus A380 uses composites in the construction of its wings, and the Boeing 787 has a structure that is 50 percent made of composites. This evolution in material used driven by economics, logistics and the expectations of society. The developments in materials, processing methods and design...
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...Heather Miller Amalgam vs. Composite Paper Restorative Dentistry II November 3, 2015 Differences of Amalgam and Composite Fillings In Dentistry As dentistry progresses, so does the availability and advancements of the materials used for dental restorations. The two most common materials used for fillings are amalgam and composite. There are both advantages and disadvantages for each of these materials and each clinician has their own preferences for what material they prefer to use on their patients. There are safety measures that are associated with each material based on the chemical properties of both of these materials. Both materials have been around for decades and have their own advantages and disadvantages. In the Dental...
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...a polymer as a thread with every link of this string forming a fundamental unit which is in turn made of hydrogen, carbon, silicon and oxygen(Tarle, 435). They are mostly made up of hydrocarbons though other elements such as Sulphur, nitrogen and chlorine may also be found(Carraher & Charles, 2). The molecules are held together by covalent bonds that are branched, linear, or networked to form the polymeric material (Carraher & Charles, 2). While most polymers have carbon as their backbone, others have silicon as the main element holding the polymer (Carraher & Charles, 2). . The history of polymerization The science of polymerisation began way back in the 19th century where alumina-silica glass and phosphoric acid was widely applied to fill dentures (Carraher & Charles, 2). . However, the compounds had very poor mechanical properties and high solubility. This meant that they were not particularly suited in sensitive applications such as dentistry. Later in the mid 20th century, acrylic resins replaced the silica compounds as the only synthetic material (Carraher & Charles, 2). These comprised of polymethylmethacrylate compounds that had higher polymerization shrinkage than the former (Carraher & Charles, 2). Despite their superiority, bonding was...
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...1.Table of content 1. Table of content 1 2. List of illustration 2 3. Preface 3 3.1 Introduction 4 3.2 Objectives 5 3.3 Methodology 6 4. Sustainable Material 7 4.1 Linoleum 7 4.2 Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) 11 4.3 Polycarbonate 15 5. Conclusion 21 6. References and Bibliography 22 2. List of Illustrations Figure 1. Linoleum Floor 1 Source: http://bestgreenhometips.com Retrieved: 14 May 2011 Figure 2. Linoleum Floor 2 Source: http: //advancedbuildings.org Retrieved: 14 May 2011 Figure 3. Caramel Linoleum used as stair Source: http://www.ecofriendlyflooring.com/linoleum_gallery.html Retrieved: 14 May 2011 Figure 4. Khaki Gray linoleum laundry room installation Source: http://www.ecofriendlyflooring.com/linoleum_gallery.html Retrieved: 14 May 2011 Figure 5. Brick Linoleum with sunflower Deko Squares Source: http://www.ecofriendlyflooring.com/linoleum_gallery.html Retrieved: 14 May 2011 Figure 6. Wood Plastic Composite 1 Source: http://metallurgyfordummies.com/page/2/ Retrieved: 14 May 2011 Figure 7. Wood Plastic Composite 2 Source: http://www.ask.com/wiki/Wood-plastic_composite Retrieved: 14 May 2011 Figure 8. WPC as docking in balcony Source: CT Wood’s Brochure, 2011 Figure 9. CT Wood Logo Source: CT Wood’s Brochure, 2011 Figure 10. Advantages of WPC Source: CT Wood’s Brochure, 2011 Figure 11. WPC as docking in terrace Source: CT Wood’s Brochure, 2011 Figure 12. WPC as docking in corridor area Source: CT Wood’s Brochure...
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...Fibre Composites Compared with Traditional Metallics Name Institutional Affiliation Introduction According to Elaheh Ghassemieh (2011), the automotive industry has experienced lots of changes that occurs by day through the application of composite materials in the manufacturing of motor vehicle parts and body. Several reasons have been advanced in support of this shift from the traditional use of metals. In comparison to the metallic counterparts, many composite materials exhibit relatively greater strength characteristics as compared to the metallic materials. They are also comparatively lighter than the metals and thereby reducing the fuel cost per passenger in the vehicles. It is also believed that composites exhibit higher resistance to fatigue from repetitive use and thus reducing the maintenance cost of the vehicles and increasing the usage time. In reference to Long, A. C. (2005), the composite material can be defined as a material consisting of strong carry-load materials (reinforcements) embedded in a relatively weaker material (matrix). The purpose of the reinforcement is to provide the strength stiffness, rigidity and mechanical properties needed to support the structural load. The matrix on the other hand acts to provide a fixed orientation of the reinforcement and in many cases is more brittle. Question 1 Advantages of carbon fibre reinforced polymers in over metallics Carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP is one of the classes of the composite materials...
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...Spray Up Process for the Manufacture of an Acrylic Bathtub Method Used: Vacuum Forming and Spray Up Presented By: LAURA URENA 1 Bathtub Manufacturing Using Spray up Technique 2 Table of Contents I. II. Open Mold: Spray Up. Major advantages………………………….4 Sheet metal forming for mold……………………………………….….5 III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. Mold Release……………………………………………………………………..6 Vacuum forming molding..………………………………………………..7 Spray up process description……………………………………………10 Materials and equipment used………………………………….…….13 Technical drawings ………………………………………………………...17 Cost analysis…………………………………………………………………….19 Video………………………………………………………………………………..20 X. References……………………………………………………………….…….21 3 Open Mold: Spray Up Fibre is chopped in a hand-held gun and fed into a spray of catalyzed resin directed at the mould. With open molding, the gel coat and laminate are exposed to the atmosphere during the fabrication process. The selection of this technique for the manufacture of the bathtub was because the feasibility that open mold methods allows such as: Most appropriate technique based on the costs of tooling due to the single cavity mold of fiberglass used for the size of the part 30x35x18 in. Portable equipment permits on-site fabrication. This technique enable the manufacturing of hot bathtubs that requires different types of reinforcement able to tolerate heat and load. 4 Sheet Metal for Bathtub Mold Injection mold is a technique used for the manufacture of bathtubs. For...
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...the plastic industry. Fiber-reinforced composites are used for their superior mechanical properties and advantages for applications in aerospace and transportation. Delamination is a mode of failure for composite materials. Modes of failure are also known as ‘failure mechanisms’. Delamination is a problem associated with drilling fiber-reinforced composite materials. In this sample, the effects of feed speed, rotational speed and drill geometry on the resulting delamination factor are comparable in spite of the drill point angle used. A statistical model is proposed to predict delamination in drilling glass fiber-reinforced plastic composites. Key words: Delamination, Drilling The article focuses on the delamination when drilling fiber-reinforced composite materials that, in addition to reducing the structural strength of the material, also this causes poor assembly tolerance, which could cause potential problems through out the life- time of the material. The hypothesis behind the problem lies in reducing the downward force when drilling. Two problems when drilling the material is peel-up and push-out at the drill exit. There are several techniques along with several different eqautions that are used to measure the delamination after drilling composite material. Some techniques include optical microscopy, scanning and digital photography. The delamination factor has been widely used to group the level of damage on the work material at entrance and exit of the drill. The...
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...Advanced Composites as High-End Engineered Materials K.S.Krishnamurthy, PhD Date : 05th March 2009 www.itcinfotech.com Advanced Composites as High-End Engineered Materials T he quest for using light-weight structural materials, which also have the necessary strengths, especially in aerospace industry led to the development of the modern fiber reinforced laminated composite materials in the late 70’s. While light weight metals such as aluminum or its alloys were widely used in the industry, they still lacked the necessary strengths and stiffnesses required in high strength applications. These limitations of pure materials or alloys were overcome by embedding fibers of glass, carbon, Boron and other substances in a metal or polymer matrix paving the way for an era of advanced man made materials of high strength. The fundamental idea of reinforcement of a weaker matrix material with tougher fibrous materials has, however, always existed since primitive times and is still being used in a variety of ways- in simple to complex engineering application domains. Mud mixed with jute or straw are still being used for building construction in certain societies, with an intuitive understating of the improvement in structural behavior. Reinforced cement concrete was invented with similar ideas, as hardened concrete though having a high compressive strength can resist negligible tensile loads. Mild steel bars with a good bond in the concrete matrix are designed to take all the...
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...Continuous fibers: boron, silicon carbide, alumina, graphite * Discontinuous fibers: alumina, alumina-silica * Whiskers: silicon carbide * Particulates: silicon carbide, boron carbide STIR CASTING METHOD OF FABRICATION OF MMCs * Liquid state fabrication of Metal Matrix Composites involves incorporation of dispersed phase * into a molten matrix metal, followed by its Solidification. * In order to provide high level of mechanical properties of the composite, good interfacial * bonding (wetting) between the dispersed phase and the liquid matrix should be obtained. * Wetting improvement may be achieved by coating the dispersed phase particles (fibers). Proper * coating not only reduces interfacial energy, but also prevents chemical interaction between the * dispersed phase and the matrix. * The simplest and the most cost effective method of liquid state fabrication is Stir Casting. * 26 * Stir Casting * Stir Casting is a liquid state method of composite materials fabrication, in which a dispersed * phase (ceramic particles, short fibers) is mixed with a molten matrix metal by means of * mechanical stirring. * The liquid composite material is then cast by conventional casting methods and may also be * processed by conventional Metal forming technologies. * Stir Casting is characterized by the following features: * Content of dispersed phase is limited (usually not more than 30 vol. %). * Distribution...
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...fillings has been the subject of heated debate for many years in the field of Dental Science. (6) In the 1830’s, the safety of these fillings was called into question, again in the 1920’s, more recently the 1970’s, and the debate rages today. As a former dental assistant, I chose to have my amalgam fillings removed. This decision was fueled not only by esthetic reasons, but also by articles I read concerning the adverse health effects of mercury in amalgam fillings. An amalgam filling, consists of approximately 50% mercury and is combined with silver, copper, tin and zinc, to form a strong metal substance placed into a prepared tooth that has had a cavity. (6) Amalgam fillings have been used for approximately 160 years, the cost of the material is around...
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...| 1 | Abstract | 1 | 2 | Introduction | 1 | 3 | Classification | 2 | 4 | Advantages and Disadvantages | 4 | 5 | Applications | 5 | 6 | The future | 5 | 7 | Conclusion | 6 | ABSTRACT P.V.P Siddhartha instate of technology ramesh_612@yahoo.c ABSTRACT This paper will provide an overview of the smart materials. The various types of smart material are also presented in this paper. To get the clear idea about the smart materials, its definition and types are explained briefly. Some of the types of these include piezoelectric materials, magneto-rheostatic materials, electro-rheostatic materials, and shape memory alloys piezoelectric, Varieties of smart materials already exist, and research is being carried out extensively to derive new materials. Applications of various types of smart materials are clearly explained. Some of applications of already existing smart materials are studied. The expectations of the smart materials and the predictions of future applications have been presented on the later part of the paper. And it is concluded that the application of smart material in future becomes a trend in various fields in engineering. INTRODUCTION Smart...
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...ARTICLE Nannan GUO, Ming C. LEU Additive manufacturing: technology, applications and research needs © Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 Abstract Additive manufacturing (AM) technology has been researched and developed for more than 20 years. Rather than removing materials, AM processes make three-dimensional parts directly from CAD models by adding materials layer by layer, offering the beneficial ability to build parts with geometric and material complexities that could not be produced by subtractive manufacturing processes. Through intensive research over the past two decades, significant progress has been made in the development and commercialization of new and innovative AM processes, as well as numerous practical applications in aerospace, automotive, biomedical, energy and other fields. This paper reviews the main processes, materials and applications of the current AM technology and presents future research needs for this technology. Keywords additive manufacturing (AM), AM processes, AM materials, AM applications 1 Introduction The ASTM F42 Technical Committee defines additive manufacturing (AM) as the “process of joining materials to make objects from three-dimensional (3D) model data, usually layer upon layer, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing methodologies” [1]. It is also known as additive fabrication, additive processes, direct digital manufacturing, rapid prototyping, rapid manufacturing, layer manufacturing and solid...
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...now they have to decide if they want to continue sourcing these parts from same supplier “Dollard Plastics” a Montreal based supplier or should they start thinking of sourcing these parts from other potential suppliers. Kim Tomar, financial analyst materials of DH has responsibility to gather all related facts, Analysis and come up with report & recommendations. Since De Havilland is now under new management of Bombardier Inc. Kim Tomar has to keep Bombardier’s following new policies in mind while making any recommendations. (Exhibit 2: DH Organizational Chart), • 25% discount on purchases across the board • Establishing 5 year fixed cost contract with suppliers • Consolidation of sources / reduction of suppliers Kim Tomar had received good response from nine potential suppliers on RFQ sent by BSB (Exhibit 3 reflects the bidding structure from each supplier). After normalization, it was evident that Marton Enterprises Inc, offered huge savings and also ready to commit to all policies including fixing the cost for next 5 years. Tomar further investigated and gathered more documents about Marton and come to conclusion to recommend running a pilot project with Marton Enterprise Inc & Das composites for a year. After the completion of 1st year,on the basis of overall performance, contract to be extended with either of supplier for next 4 years. Table of Contents Executive summary 2 Issue...
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