...What is Demography? Demography is the scientific study of human population, including its size, distribution, composition, and the factors that determine changes in its size, distribution, and composition. Objects: Dynamic VS Static Demographic Focuses 1. Size: the number of population in a given areas at a given time. 2. Distribution: population dispersion in geographic space at a given time. 3. Composition: the number of person in sex, age, and other “demographic” categories. 4. Population dynamics: birth, death, and migration. 5. Socioeconomic determinants and consequences of population change --- Population Study. Population Characteristics Population has three compositions (in terms of static): natural composition: by age and sex spatial composition: by province and by urban-rural areas social composition: by marital status, educational status, nationalities, working status, etc. Accordingly, population has three changes (in terms of dynamics): natural change: birth and death migration change: emigration and immigration social change: marriage and divorce, enrollment and drop out Population dynamics affects the population composition. Population composition can be expressed at a point of time, which was called time-point index; Population change can be expressed within duration of time, which was called period index. The Feature of Demography Demography is rarely found as an independent academic...
Words: 1372 - Pages: 6
...I. Introduction: The confidence of banks is very important for the stability of financial system as a whole. However, similar to the situation of banks in other countries around the world, the influence of the global financial crisis (GFC) have increased difficulties in raising funds for banks in Australia. Such difficulties have forced Australian Banks to seek for a more stable source for their funding. This has then led to a change in structure of banks’ funding in Australia. This report will identify major components of banks’ funding with a concentrating on the change of banks’ funding composition. The report also include some predictions for the banks’ funding structure in the next two years under the assumption that the Reserve Bank of Australia has been successful in lowering interest rate to increase economic activities. II. Major components of banks’ funding: In general, there are five major components of banks’ funding including deposits, wholesale funding sources with short-term and long-term wholesale securities debt, equity and securitization. Deposits, in 2012, account for almost 54% of total banks’ funding. Wholesale funding, which comprise short-term and long-term wholesale debt, constitutes further 40% of bank funding. Long-term debt securities are those issued with the term to maturity of more than a year while short-term securities have term to maturity of less than 12 months. The long-term and short-term debt markets can be divided further into either...
Words: 2199 - Pages: 9
...in their composition of funding and because of this, the RBA cash rate is no longer the ultimate determinant in banks lending rates. Banks pay more for debt financing so they factor in these costs when determining lending rates. The widening of this spread means more liquidity and more availability to funds, as well as a decrease in the cost of funding because of the heavy reliance on deposits, ultimately emphasizing banks independence of the cash rate post Global Financial Crisis. Widening of wholesale debt spreads have illustrated a slowdown in economic activity across the global economy and shows the concerns those investors have with when investing with Australian major-banks (Deans & Stewart 2012). Introduction A variety of factors have contributed to the increasing spread of the major Australian banks since 2007. The most important of these factors is the composition of major banks funding and the cost of this funding, which involves the way of which banks fund their liabilities (Deans & Stewart 2012). Since the 2007 Global Financial Crisis (GFC) banks have become more reliant on deposits and less reliant on short and long-term wholesale debt financing. This is due to the fact that it is cheaper and poses less risk for the banks. The change in the composition of banks financing have played a vital role in the increasing spread of variable housing loan rates relative to the cash rate, as well as broader factors that do not have any effect to the cash rate such as increases...
Words: 466 - Pages: 2
...A REPORT ON BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS OF LANKA BANGLA FINANCE LIMITED AND INTERNATIONAL FINANCE INVESTMENT AND COMMERCE BANK LIMITED Date of submission: 8th November 2015 Submitted to Farzana Lalarukh Associate Professor Department of Finance University of Dhaka Submitted by SL | Name | BBA ID | Remarks | 1 | Sifat sadia | 17-003 | | 2 | Barna Paul | 17-047 | | 3 | Maghla Hossain | 17-061 | | 4 | Saima Sultana | 17-069 | | 5 | Nawsina Arif | 17-085 | | Date of Submission: 8th November 2015 Department of Finance University of Dhaka Letter of Transmittal November 8, 2015 Farzana Lalarukh Associate Professor Department of Finance University of Dhaka Subject: Submission of Report on “Balance Sheet Analysis of LankaBangla Finance Limited and International Finance Investment and Commerce Bank Limited”. Dear Madam, It gives us enormous pleasure to submit the report on Balance Sheet Analysis of Bank and NBFI as per the Advisor’s instruction. We expect this report to be informative as well as comprehensive as per requirement. Working with such a topic was an inspiring experience for us. We believe that the knowledge and the experience we gathered will facilitate us a lot in our future career life. With our limited knowledge, we have tried our level best to prepare the report worthwhile. Your acceptance and appreciation would surely inspire us. For any further explanations about the report, we will be gladly available to clarify the ins and outs. Sincerely, Sifat Sadia...
Words: 5474 - Pages: 22
...REPORT ON “A Comprehensive Ratio Analysis on Prime Bank Ltd.” Law & Practice of Banking F-209 Submitted To Umma Rumana Huq Lecturer Department of Finance Faculty of Business Studies University of Dhaka Submitted By: Group 05 Name | ID | Anika Alam | 18-036 | Fariha Tabassum | 18-042 | Rafi Uddin Ahmed | 18-108 | Ulfat Ara Joya | 18-122 | Sabrina Tahira | 18-136 | Ifteqar Rahman | 18-204 | Submission Date: 11 Feb. 2014 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 11 Feb. 2014 Umma Rumana Huq Lecturer Department of Finance Faculty of Business Studies University of Dhaka Subject: Submission of the report named “A Comprehensive Ratio Analysis on Prime Bank Ltd.” Dear Madam We submit here our term paper on “A Comprehensive Ratio Analysis on Prime Bank Ltd.” that you assigned us to prepare. We selected some books, collected some data and prepared our term paper on the basis of our findings. During preparation, our all group members contributed their best efforts. Surely it enriches our knowledge and promotes study. We have also learnt much about the issue of Fire insurance in Bangladesh. We are grateful to you for giving us such an opportunity for working on the topic. We shall be available for any clarification, if required. Sincerely The members of group 05 Acknowledgement The report “A Comprehensive Ratio Analysis on Prime Bank Ltd.” has been talented with the congregated efforts and contribution...
Words: 10860 - Pages: 44
...market that Brazil is a good place to investment. With foreign financial managers constantly in the hunt for higher returns, Brazil is a paradise for high returns with relatively lower risk as far as emerging market countries are concerned. The confidence in the market for Brazilian securities has allowed the government to galvanize this huge source of funding for their gargantuan financing needs. With a stable level of over $350 billion in foreign currency reserves, a weakening yet stable economy and strong leadership on the monetary and fiscal side of politics, the Brazilian government has been able to issue huge amounts of bonds and even adjust their strategy to change the composition of their debt, whether international or externally, foreign or domestically denominated, fixed or floating rates . This paper looks to inquire further into the depth of such a market and what it represents in the bigger picture. This paper also aims to look at the regulatory aspect that both enhance and impede the type of long-term...
Words: 3123 - Pages: 13
...booming resource sectors. b. Look at Graph 3.3. Why has overall consumption increased since 2008 but retail trade (as part of consumption) has declined dramatically since 2009? Since 2009, retail trade has declined dramatically due to increase in competition (overseas and domestic online seller), and consumers being more value conscious. However ongoing growth in household’s disposable income has allowed households to increase consumption. c. Look at Graph 3.4. Why do you think the household saving ratio has changed so much since 2003? Households have been saving at a higher rate and increasing their borrowing at a slower rate over recent years. However since 2003, household’s debt grew at around the same pace as household income. Lower average interest rates resulted in a fall in household interest payment as a share of income. d. Using...
Words: 644 - Pages: 3
...effects of alternative policies on the composition of output • The U.S. economy in the 1980s and 1990s • Anticipatory monetary policy • The policy mix during the German re-unification Changes from the Previous Edition: The material in this chapter has been updated, but its format is essentially the same. More emphasis is given to the economic expansion in the U.S. in the 1990s. Introduction to the Material: Chapter 11 uses the IS-LM model derived in Chapter 10 to show how monetary and fiscal policies can be used to dampen economic disturbances. The economic effects of various policy mixes are highlighted in discussions of actual events: the recession and recovery in the United States in the 1980s, the U.S. recession in 1990-91, the long economic expansion thereafter, and the policies enacted by Germany during the re-unification process in 1990-92. First, the Fed's conduct of monetary policy is discussed, with an explanation of how open market operations can be used to change nominal money supply. The effectiveness of monetary policy in changing the amount of output demanded depends on the steepness of the LM-curve. The transmission mechanism, that is, the process by which monetary policy changes affect the economy, occurs in several steps. First, a change in money supply leads portfolio holders to make adjustments in their asset holdings. As a result, asset prices and interest rates change. The change in interest rates subsequently affects intended spending...
Words: 9155 - Pages: 37
...Annual Percentage Rate • Visit link on APR on moodle • Find out other links on calculating APR • We will go over math on Thursday • This math will be the math for Test 4 Cash Conversion Cycle -From investopedia.com (3 definitions) • A metric that expresses the length of time, in days, that takes for a company to convert resource inputs into cash flows • The cash conversion cycle attempts to measure the amount of time each net input dollar is tied up in the production and sales process before it is converted into cash through sales to customers. • This metric looks at the amount of time needed to sell inventory, the amount of time needed to collect receivables and the length of time the company is afforded to pay its bills without incurring penalties. -Commercial and industrial loans represent the earliest form of lending that banks varied out in their more than 2000 years of history -close to 1/5 of commercial bank loans loan portfolio is classified as business or C&I loan Short-Term Business Loans • Self-Liquidating Inventory Loans- business loans, usually to support the purchase of inventories, in which the credit is gradually repaid by the borrowing customer as inventory is sold (60-90 days). o Usually related to the borrowers need for short term cash to finance purchases of inventory or cover production costs, the payment of taxes, interest payments on debt, and dividend payments to stock holders. • Working Capital Loans- loans that...
Words: 1278 - Pages: 6
...Analysis of Financial Statements (MBA) Project Instructions Project writing is not a difficult task at all. However, it is an art by which the writer represents his point of view in a way that it looks professional, clear and comprehensive, and finally leaves a long lasting impression on the reader. Ethics of project writings: Project writing has some ethics which must have to be followed by the writer in order to make a professional project. Emphasis on these ethics will make you learn how to write a project in a professional manner. Ethics of project writing include making a main page, writing a preface, giving an acknowledgement, making a table of contents, putting executive summary, giving an introduction to the project, mentioning the contents of the project, concluding it, including all the tables and annexure, and finally writing a bibliography. What this project involves: The idea is to concentrate on doing a full analysis of one firm. Since I suspect that you may have other courses or jobs, what is required here is somewhat less than a full analytical workup. You will be applying some of the financial principles we have discussed in class. A comprehensive outline is given below to make the project. 1. Select a company of your choice as a first step and apply principles that are mentioned below. (I understand that some data will not be available for the firms. However, you have to assume missing figures based on your understanding and our class discussions...
Words: 1597 - Pages: 7
...The growing importance of environmental or ecological factors in the first decade of the 21st century have given rise to green business and encouraged widespread use of an updated version of the PEST framework. STEER analysis systematically considers Socio-cultural, Technological, Economic, Ecological, and Regulatory factors. Contents [hide] 1 Composition 2 Applicability of the factors 3 Use of PEST analysis with other models 4 See also 5 References 6 External links [edit]Composition Political factors are basically to what degree the government intervenes in the economy. Specifically, political factors include areas such as tax policy, labour law, environmental law, trade restrictions, tariffs, and political stability. Political factors may also include goods and services which the government wants to provide or be provided (merit goods) and those that the government does not want to be provided (demerit goods or merit bads). Furthermore, governments have great influence on the health, education, and infrastructure of a nation. Economic factors include economic growth, interest rates, exchange rates and the inflation rate. These...
Words: 267 - Pages: 2
...In the second half of the 19th century neoclassical economists emerged as a revolt against the school of classical economic thought. Neoclassical economics sought to explain the maximisation of utility with an underlying theory of rational choice theory. In the post war period a movement occurred that sought to synthesis the macroeconomic, long run theories of John Maynard Keynes with the microeconomic, short-run theories of neoclassical economics. This essay will explore how John Hick’s ISLM synthesis of Keynes is related to the neoclassical growth model. In addition it will explore how both the growth model and theory of capital reproduce problems inherent in the explanation of multi-sector economies. The Keynesian revolution, one of the “most significant events in twentieth century economic science,” disputed society’s adherence to classical laissez-faire economics (Yaroufakis, Halevi, & Theocarakis, 2011). The unsubstantiated ability of the self-clearing markets to maintain equilibrium was challenged during the early twentieth century by John Maynard Keynes in his text The General Theory. Yet as the depression strengthened and the global economic climate changed, a group of economists emerged that ceased to be either anti- or pro-Keynesian. Known as the Neo-Keynesians, they incorporated the macroeconomic framework of Keynes’ theory for understanding short run aggregate issues while the neoclassical model remained relevant for long term microeconomic analysis of growth. With...
Words: 1635 - Pages: 7
...The Macro Environment factors are: 1) Demographic Environment 2) Economic Structural Environment 3) Technological Environment 4) Political Environment MACRO-ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS A business and its forces in its micro environment operate in larger macro environment of forces that shape opportunities and pose threats to the business. It refers the major external and uncontrollable factors that influence an organization's decision making, and affect its performance and strategies. These factors include the economic factors; demographics; legal, political, and social conditions; technological changes; and natural forces. The important environmental factors are; (1) Economic Environment (2) Political and Governmental Environment (3) Socio-cultural Environment (4) Natural Environment (5) Demographic Environment (6) Technological Environment (7) International Environment. 1. Economic Environment: - Economic environment of business has reference to the board characteristics of the economic system in which the business operates. The business sector has economic relation with the government, capital market; household sector and global sector. These sectors together influence the trends and structure of the economy. The form and functioning of the economy vary widely. The importance external factors that affect the economic environment of a business are; (i) Economic Conditions: - The general Economic conditions prevailing in the country viz. national income, per capita...
Words: 1028 - Pages: 5
...NAME : MWEEMBA MATHIAS Course : demography COURSE CODE : DEM 1110 QUESTION: Using relevant examples drawn from Zambia, discuss the relevance of demography in investment planning both domestically and internationally. The world we live in today has become a business oriented with people investing almost any given sector that is open for investment. However, every of these investors don’t just enter into a sector without planning because all the investing that they carry out is a rational decision, with an aim of reaping serious profits, as argued by Von Neumann, and Morgenstern (1944), who argue that People rationally choose between alternatives, they act rationally while making their investment decisions (Von Neumann, and Morgenstern, 1944). Profit maximization in any investment is highly dependent on the market structure, especially on the consumers and to a greater extent the labor force, which in this case are the people. As stated above, all investors plan their investments as they seek to maximize profits, this planning is in the business sector referred to as investment planning, which by definition according to the Economy Watch, (2015) is focus on identifying effective investment strategies according to an investor’s risk appetite and financial goals. Through investment planning, one can identify the most appropriate portfolio mix. (Economy Watch, 2015) As Investors plan, they plan for a lot of issues that will affect their investments such as...
Words: 2200 - Pages: 9
...monetary policy leads in the short run to an increase in the real money stock, a decrease in the interest rate, and an increase in output. Over time, the price level increases and the real money stock decreases until output has returned to its natural level. * In the medium run, money does not affect output, and changes in money are reflected in proportional increases in the price level. (money is neutral) * Dynamic effects on Fiscal Policy (the composition of outputs is different than it was before) * A reduction in the budget deficit leads in the short run to a decrease in the demand for goods and therefore to a decrease in output. Overtime, the price level decreases, leading to an increase in the real money stock and a decrease in the interest rate. * In the medium run, output increases back to the natural level of output, but the interest rate is lower, and investment is higher. * Dynamic effects on increase in price of oil (affects natural unemployment rate first) * An increase in the price of oil leads, in both the short run and the medium run, to a decrease in output. In the short run, it leads to an increase in the price level, which decreases the real money stock and leads to a contraction of demand an output. * In the medium run, an increase in the price of oil decreases the real wage paid by firms, increases the natural rate of unemployment, and therefore decreases the natural level of output. Chapter 8 * Inflation...
Words: 592 - Pages: 3
