...Computer Organization The dictionary definition of the term “organizing” is “to put together into an orderly, functional, structured whole”. Therefore, this term applies to Computer Organization because it tries “to put together into an orderly, functional, structured whole” the main components of computers and the way computers are organized. Modern computer technology requires professionals of every computing specialty to understand both hardware and software. The interaction between hardware and software at a variety of levels also offers a framework for understanding the fundamentals of computing. Whether our primary interacts is hardware or software, Information Technology, Computer Science or Electrical Engineering, the central ideas in Computer Organization is the same. Thus, the emphasis of this is to show the relationship between hardware and software and to focus on the concepts that are the basis for current computers. The computer lies at the heart of computing. Without it, most of the computing disciplines today would be a branch of theoretical mathematics. To be a professional in any field of computing today, one should not regard the computer as just black box that executes program by magic. We, students of computing should acquire some understanding and appreciation of a computer system’s functional components, their characteristics, their performance, and their instruction. There are practical implications as well. In describing computer systems, a distinguishing...
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...for Secondary School Programme Computer Hardware System Unit PUSAT PERKEMBANGAN KURIKULUM KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA ICTL For Secondary School - Computer Hardware Module MODULE 3 SYSTEM UNIT Curriculum Development Centre Ministry of Education Malaysia 1 ICTL For Secondary School - Computer Hardware Module 1. Name of Module : System Unit 2. Learning Outcomes: The students should be able to: • • • identify the components of a system unit state the functions of the main components of a system unit state the functions of cpu, ram, rom and expansions slots found on the motherboard 3. Knowledge and Skills: • main components in the computer system 4. Module Summary: • • • At the end of the module, a student is able to : identify main components of system unit and motherboard state the functions of main components of system unit state the functions of CPU, RAM, ROM and expansion slot This module contains 2 activities: Activity 1 : Identify the components of a system unit Activity 2 : Identify the components of a motherboard As you are doing this module, use the computer in the lab to identify the components in the system unit. 2 ICTL For Secondary School - Computer Hardware Module Notes: What is system unit? Box-like case that contains computer’s electronic components Sometimes called the chassis Figure 1 Examples of System Unit 3 ICTL For Secondary School - Computer Hardware Module Activity 1 : Identify the components of a system unit Inside view of...
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...COMPUTER BASICS Seema Sirpal Delhi University Computer Centre What is a Computer? An electronic device that stores, retrieves, and processes data, and can be programmed with instructions. A computer is composed of hardware and software, and can exist in a variety of sizes and configurations. Hardware & Software The term hardware refers to the physical components of your computer such as the system unit, mouse, keyboard, monitor etc. The software is the instructions that makes the computer work. Software is held either on your computers hard disk, CD-ROM, DVD or on a diskette (floppy disk) and is loaded (i.e. copied) from the disk into the computers RAM (Random Access Memory), as and when required. Types of Computers Mini and Mainframe Computers Very powerful, used by large organisations such an banks to control the entire business operation. Very expensive! Personal Computers Cheap and easy to use. Often used as stand-alone computers or in a network. May be connected to large mainframe computers within big companies. Hardware Components Input Devices -- "How to tell it what to do“ - A keyboard and mouse are the standard way to interact with the computer. Other devices include joysticks and game pads used primarily for games. Output Devices -- "How it shows you what it is doing" - The monitor (the screen) is how the computer sends information back to you. A printer is also an output device. Hardware Components INPUT DEVICES The Mouse Used to ‘drive’...
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...ICT 1.DEVICE DRIVER In computing, a device driver or software driver is a computer program allowing higher-level computer programs to interact with a hardware device. A driver typically communicates with the device through the computer bus or communications subsystem to which the hardware connects. When a calling program invokes a routine in the driver, the driver issues commands to the device. Once the device sends data back to the driver, the driver may invoke routines in the original calling program. Drivers are hardware-dependent and operating-system-specific. They usually provide the interrupt handling required for any necessary asynchronous time-dependent software interface. Purpose A device driver simplifies programming by acting as translator between a hardware device and the applications or operating systems that use it. Programmers can write the higher-level application code independently of whatever specific hardware the end-user is using. Physical layers communicate with specific device instances. For example, a serial port needs to handle standard communication protocols such as XON/XOFF that are common for all serial port hardware. This would be managed by a serial port logical layer. However, the physical layer needs to communicate with a particular serial port chip. 16550 UART hardware differs from PL-011. The physical layer addresses these chip-specific variations. Conventionally, OS requests go to the logical layer first. In turn, the logical layer calls...
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...Part 1 Introduction 1.1 What is an operating system 1.2 History of operating systems 1.3 Computer hardware review 1.4 The operating system zoo 1.5 Operating system concepts 1.6 System calls 1.7 Operating System Structure 1 1.1 What is an operating system 2 What is An Operating System A modern computer consists of: • • • • • One or more processors Main memory Disks Printers Various input/output devices Managing all these components requires a layer of software – the operating system 3 What is an Operating System 4 The Operating System as an Extended Machine - Hides the messy details which must be performed - Presents user with a virtual machine, easier to use 5 The Operating System as a Resource Manager • • • Allow multiple programs to run at the same time Manage and protect memory, I/O devices, and other resources Includes multiplexing (sharing) resources in two different ways: • In time • In space 6 1.2 History of Operating Systems 7 History of Operating Systems • First generation 1945 - 1955 – vacuum tubes, plug boards • Second generation 1955 - 1965 – transistors, batch systems • Third generation 1965 – 1980 – ICs and multiprogramming • Fourth generation 1980 – present – personal computers 8 History of Operating Systems First generation 1945 - 1955 • Computers:ENIAC, UNIVAC… • Operating System: No OS, • Machine Language: plugboards • Single group: designed, built, programmed...
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...which other system components rely. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss IT subjects in detail—especially as they relate to AISs. Because most students in AIS courses have already taken a survey computer class, the discussions here are brief. This chapter may nonetheless serve as a review of computer hardware and software concepts or as a study of how IT helps organizations accomplish strategic accounting goals. It is helpful to view an accounting information system as a set of five interacting components: (1) hardware, (2) software, (3) data, (4) people, and (5) procedures. Computer hardware is probably the most tangible element in this set, but ‘‘hardware’’ is only one piece of the pie—and not necessarily the most important piece. For example, most organizations spend more money on people (in wages and salaries) than on computer hardware and software combined. Similarly, computer hardware must work together with the other system components to accomplish data processing tasks. Without computer software, for example, the hardware would stand idle. Without data to process, both the hardware and the software would be useless. Without procedures, accounting data could not be gathered accurately or distributed properly. And finally, without people, it is doubtful that the rest of the system could operate for long or be of much use. What all this means is that ‘‘information technology’’ is a fuzzy term that includes more than computer hardware. In this chapter,...
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...importance of computer literacy Identify the various types of software Define the term computer and identify its components Describe the categories of computers Explain why a computer is a powerful tool Introduction to Computers Determine how the elements of an information system interact Recognize the purpose of a network Discuss the uses of the Internet and the World Wide Web Identify the various types of computer users Discuss computer applications in society Recognize the difference between installing and running a program 1 2 A World of Computers What Is a Computer? What is computer literacy? How is a computer defined? Electronic device operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory Knowledge and understanding of computers and their uses The computer Computers are everywhere first, Accepts data such as raw facts, figures, and symbol then, Processes data into information (Data that is organized, meaningful, and useful ) finally, Produces and stores results 3 4 The Components of a Computer What is the information processing cycle? What is an _____ device? input Hardware used to enter data and instructions Input Process Output Storage Communication 5 6 1 The Components of a Computer The Components of a Computer What is an ______ device? output What is the system unit? Hardware that conveys information to a user Box-like case containing electronic components used to process data 7 The Components of a Computer What is the...
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...• Hardware components: Explain the hardware components that are vital to build Client/Server network systems for ‘PC TECH’. Major Hardware components for Servers and Clients’ machines Motherboard The motherboard is the main circuit board of the whole system with every single hardware component having to connect to it in some way. Without the motherboard the system would not be able to work. Processor The processor is seen as the brains of the computer. The processor or CPU (Central Processing Unit) interprets and executes program instructions sent by the RAM. It is important that the motherboard is compatible with processor, as CPU’s come in two main styles: slot or socket. So therefore it is important to make sure that both the motherboard...
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...DBC 2012 COMPUTER APPLICATION LAB WORK 1-MICROSOFT WORD (W1) MODERN COMPUTERS Modern computers are electronics and digital. The actual machinery is wires, transistor and circuits is called hardware, the instruction and data are called software. All general purpose computers require the following hardware components memory is enable a computers to store, at least temporarily, data and programs. Mass storage device is allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts of data. Common mass storage devices include dish drives and tape drives. Input device is usually a keyboard and mouse, the input device is the conduit through which data instruction enter computer. Output device is a display screen, printer other device that you see the computer has accomplished. Central processing unit (CPU) is the heart of the computer. This is a component that actually executes instructions. In addition to these components, many others make it possible for the basic components to work together efficiently. For example, every computer requires a bus that transmits data from one part of the computer to another. DBC 2012 COMPUTER APPLICATION LAB WORK 1-MICROSOFT WORD (W1) MODERN COMPUTERS Modern computers are electronics and digital. The actual machinery is wires, transistor and circuits is called hardware, the instruction and data are called software. All general purpose computers require the following hardware components: * Memory...
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...Introduction To Computers Computer - is an electronic device, operating under the control of instruction stored in its own memory, that can accept data, process the data according to specified rules, produce result, and store the result for future use. Data & Information Data- is a collection of unprocessed items, which can include text, numbers, images, audio, and video. Information- conveys meaning and is useful to people. Computer process data (Input) into information (output). Computer carries out processes using Instructions, which are the steps that tell the computer how to perform a particular task. A collection of related instructions organized for common purposes is referred to as software. Some people refer to the series of input, process, output, and storage activities as the information processing cycle. Advantages of using Computers Speed- when data, instruction, and information flow along electronic circuits in a computer, they travel at incredibly speed. Reliability- The electronic components in modem computers are dependable and reliable because they rarely break or fail. Consistency- Given the same input and processes, a computer will produce the same results. Storage- A computer can transfer data quickly from storage to memory, process it, and then store it again for future use. Communication- the capability to share and communicate with other computers. Disadvantages of using computers Health Risk- Prolonged or improper computer use can...
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...Axia College Material Appendix E Hardware/Software Components In your own words, describe the following hardware/software components |Legacy systems |A legacy system is the company’s existing hardware and software components. | | | | |Mainframe computers |Mainframes are the hub of the information processing and storage systems for | | |companies. | |Microprocessors |A microprocessor is a small chip that does most if not all the functions of a | | |mainframe. This is also called a micro-chip. | |PCs |PC’s are also known as personal computers. These designed to be used by one person at| | |a time and are based on a microprocessor. | |Network computers |These computers are connected to a company’s network server. This allows | | |communication between PC’s users. | |World Wide...
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...Subsidiary Diploma | Unit number and title | Unit 2 – Computer Systems | Assignment number and title | 1 – Components of a computer system | Start date | 21/9/15 | Hand in date | 1/11/15 | Assessor | WMG | Scenario You are a junior technician in a small business and you are responsible for the IT. The business has 10 computers in all comprised of desktop computers and a server. There are six employees based in the Head Office and your company have taken on a junior employee called Jamil who will be expected to help you out perform basic administrative tasks in the office as well as maintain the ICT systems. Task 1 – Computer hardware components You need to make sure Jamil has a reference guide for the machines in the business to help him understand the environment he will be working in and in case any components fail. You need to put together a presentation slideshow on internal computer components. a) You need to explain the function of internal hardware components of a computer b) Discuss how the components communicate with one another The components are: * Processor * RAM * Hard drive * Power supply unit * Fan * Heatsink * Motherboard * Graphic card and sound cards * CD/DVD drive This task will allow you to provide evidence for: P1 - Explain the function of computer hardware components Task 2 – Jamil asks for advice Jamil is about to buy a new computer and tablet but wants to understand the differences...
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...A computer is an electronic device that stores, retrieves, and processes data, and can be programmed with instructions. A computer is composed of hardware and software, and can exist in a variety of sizes and configurations. Hardware is the physical equipment of a computer system, including the central processing unit (CPU), data-storage devices, terminals, printer, etc. Software is a program or set of instructions or rules that control the operation of a computer. The most obvious hardware component is the computer case. The case is where size comes into play. A bigger case allows more room for components. A bigger case is most often used for servers. For basic home computing needs, a small or mid-sized case is most common. Cases also come in many colors mainly for user preference. The most important component for a bare bones PC is the motherboard, a printed circuit board where the processing components are connected. The motherboard itself is just a piece of fiberglass. It's actually the hardware mounted on it that does all the work in the computer. The motherboard connects directly or indirectly to every other part of the computer. IT is the "heart" of your PC. It handles the CPU and all system memory. It accepts expansion devices such as sound and network cards, and modems. Without the motherboard everything is useless. The motherboard receives its power from the power supply. The power supply is the metal box usually found in a corner of the case. The power supply...
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...Introduction to PC Components Here you will learn computer hardware tutorials introduction, basic pc components, networking devices, ram, vga, monitor and printer etc. Computer hardware is the physical part of the computer including the digital circuits inside the computer as opposed to the software that carry out the computing instructions. The hardware of a computer is unlikely to change frequently unless due to the crash or for upgrading them. The devices that is capable of storing, executing system instructions and controlling other logical outputs. Hardware comprises all of the physical part of the computer such as Monitor, CPU, motherboard, ram, CD-Rom, printer, scanner, hard disk, flash drive (AKA pen drive), processor, pci buses, floppy disk, power supply, VGA card, sound card, network interface card, peripherals, joystick, mouse, keyboard, foot pedal, computer fan, camera, headset and others. On the other hard software is a logical part of a computer and is used to carry out the instructions, storing, executing and developing other software programs. A typical PC consists of a case or chassis in the desktop or tower case and these components. Motherboard • CPU • Computer Fan • RAM • BIOS • Digital Circuitry • Computer Fan • PCI Slots PC Buses • PCI • USB • Hyper-transport • AGP • ISA • EISA • VLB Media • CD-Rom • DVD-Rom • Combo box • Joystick • BD-Rom drive Internal storage • Hard disk (ATA & SATA) • Data array controller • Floppy disk ...
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...Be A Computer Engineer Computer engineering is a very tedious and difficult job. To be a good computer engineer you need years of experience and college education. Computer engineers provide information and data processing for certain computer and organizations. They conduct research, design computers, and discover and discover new basis and ideas of applying computers. Becoming a computer engineer is not really a challenging ,but it does require certain degrees.Computer technology has advanced dramatically over the past ten years.Computer engineering started about 5,000 years ago in China when the Abacus was invented. The abacus is a manual calculator in which you move beads back and forth on rods to add or subtract. Other inventors of basic computers include Blaise Pascal who came up with the arithmetic machine for his father’s work. Also Charles Babbage created the Analytical Engine, which put together math calculations from one problem and applied it to solve other elaborate problems. The Analytical Engine is similar to today’s computers. Computer hardware engineers research, design, develop, and test computer systems and components such as processors, circuit boards, memory devices, networks, and routers. By creating new directions in computer hardware, these engineers create rapid advances in computer technology.A computer engineer has certain duties and responsibilities depending on the location and size of the company he or she works for...
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