...positive depending on the situation that may have occurred with the food present. For instance a person may perk up while smelling coffee or someone may feel nauseated by just looking at a hamburger. These reactions are conditioned responses (CR) toward conditioned stimulus’ (CS) that were previously unconditioned. A conditioned response is a learned reflexive response to a conditioned stimulus. Before someone has the reaction to perk up from the scent of coffee, they first must go through a conditioning phase to associate coffee with feeling energetic. This is also called classical conditioning: the basic learning process that involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response. The unconditioned stimulus is coffee and the unconditioned response is energy to wake up or perk up for the day. During each morning a person may groggily get out of bed and begin brewing coffee. He or she pours a cup and begin to awaken more from the ingested caffeine. If done on a constant basis that person will begin associating the tastes and smells of coffee (CS) with being energetic (CR); even though the effects of caffeine takes 20 minutes to begin working. Another conditioned response could be feeling nauseated at the sight or smell of a certain type of food. Someone eats a hamburger and a few hours later begins to show signs of having food poisoning. After recovery he or she may associate...
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...f Learning |Theories of learning |Capacity |Practice |Motivation |Understanding |Transfer |Forgetting | | | | | | | | | |Operant Conditioning by |Difference in capacity are not|A great deal of attention was |Skinner explained rive |The word “insight” does not |Induction (generalization) is |True forgetting appears to be | |Burrhus F. Skinner |of central importance. Skinner|given schedules of |(motivation) in terms of |occur in the indexes of |the basis of transfer. The |a slow process of decay with | | |argues the usefulness of a |reinforcement (e.g. interval |deprivation and reinforcement |Skinner’s books. Solving a |reinforcement of response |time. Other form of response | | |“trait” description in |versus ratio) and their |schedules. When a particular |problem means only the |increases the probability of |decrement are better subsumed | | |studying individual |effects on establishing and |Stimulus – Response (S - R) |appearance of a solution in |all responses...
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...learner? Well to me it means that a person is taking information in every single day and they do not stop learning. With the information this person takes in will turn it into life lessons and become a more knowledgeable person overall. To be a lifelong person you must be willing to take in knowledge. This term relates to be because I take in new information everyday. I am very motivated to learn new information because I want to be a more knowledgeable student and a person overall. I have the willingness to learn so I am a lifelong learner. The learning style called classical conditioning is when an old response becomes attached to a new stimulus. The learning in classical conditioning is a permanent change in a certain behavior due to experience. For example, John Watson did an experiment called “Little Albert”. In his experiment there are two types...
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...her father passed away from a car accident right after she moved away for college. With her one idol gone, she felt she had no one to turn to, so she turned to cigarettes. My client has been smoking ever since. While my client wants to quit in order to save her baby as well as herself, she feels as though cigarettes are a huge part of her life now. Therefore, we must explore many different routes in order to help my client successfully overcome her distructive habit. To begin with, classical conditioning can explain my client's addiction in many ways. Classical conditioning is when a learning process is associated with many stimuli, natural and environmental. For exmple, students are conditioned to sit in assigned seats ever since they were young. Many years later, even when they are not forced to sit in assigned seats, the tend to sit in the same seat everyday anyway. Before they were conditioned, the students had...
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...Describe and evaluate the learning theory explanation of attachment. Attachment is a strong emotional bond between an infant and their caregiver. When an infant is attached to their primary caregiver (usually their mother) they show signs of distress when they are separated and pleasure when they are reunited. The leaning theory suggest that these attachments are learned and the learning is motivated through drives such as hunger. These kind of drives which are related to biological needs are known as primary needs. Learning can be due to associations being made (Classical conditioning) or behaviour can be altered by reinforcements or punishments (Operant conditioning). Learning through association is called classical conditioning. It’s a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired to the point where the response that happens from the unconditioned stimulus now happens when only the conditioned stimulus is present. This is because they have been associated. An example of this in attachment is between a baby and its other as they provide it with food when it’s hungry, getting rid of the hunger and instead making it happy. Eventually the mother then becomes associated with the satisfaction of the unconditioned stimulus (the food) and so becomes the conditioned stimulus. Meaning the baby shows signs of happiness when they are present even if the food is not. Operant conditioning is the process of changing behavior by rewarding or punishing a subject...
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...Describe and evaluate the learning theory explanation of attachment. Attachment is a strong emotional bond between an infant and their caregiver. When an infant is attached to their primary caregiver (usually their mother) they show signs of distress when they are separated and pleasure when they are reunited. The leaning theory suggest that these attachments are learned and the learning is motivated through drives such as hunger. These kind of drives which are related to biological needs are known as primary needs. Learning can be due to associations being made (Classical conditioning) or behaviour can be altered by reinforcements or punishments (Operant conditioning). Learning through association is called classical conditioning. It’s a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired to the point where the response that happens from the unconditioned stimulus now happens when only the conditioned stimulus is present. This is because they have been associated. An example of this in attachment is between a baby and its other as they provide it with food when it’s hungry, getting rid of the hunger and instead making it happy. Eventually the mother then becomes associated with the satisfaction of the unconditioned stimulus (the food) and so becomes the conditioned stimulus. Meaning the baby shows signs of happiness when they are present even if the food is not. Operant conditioning is the process of changing behavior by rewarding or punishing a subject...
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...Individual Learning Paper PSY 103 April 28, 2008 As ever changing individuals, there are many learning experiences that one encounters every day of one’s life. These event s can be good or bad. But the ultimate goal is to learn from them. I will discuss from a psychological viewpoint, my personal learning experience with the mistake of giving a minor permission to drink wine while at home without clear and implemented guidelines. I was about 15 years old when my father gave me permission to drink wine freely in the home. He assumed that he was teaching me the properly way to consume and enjoy the taste of various wines. My father’s rationing was that if I learned from an adult instead of another minor this would keep me from abusing alcohol. Unfortunately that was not the case. Being inexperienced to the risk of over drinking, I experienced firsthand what being drunk felt like. I had in the past few months enjoyed the flavor of very chilled wine. My father would place a bottle in the freezer along with our glasses for about 10 to 20 minutes or so. After the wine and glasses were chilled, my father and I would partake in the enjoyment. One particular Friday evening my father did his usual routine with the wine and glasses, except that he unintentionally left the wine bottle in the freezer. I went back to get myself another glass full, only to notice that the wine had froze...
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...Edward Lee Thorndike Assuming Thorndike's revised a law of effect to be valid, do you feel classroom practice in the United States is accordance with it? Child rearing practices? Explain. Thorndike's revised lot of the facts stated that reinforcement increases the strength of a connection, where as punishment does nothing to the strength of a connection (text). What this tells me is that when someone is stating their opinion and is encouraged or agreed-upon by others this exit him on to continue and gives them confidence in what they’re saying but if they do not get a positive response. When it comes to teachers in the class room, when the student gets an answer correct they tell them good job, when they get the answer wring they say good try but do not praise them like they would if they give them the correct answer. Some teach this way and some are very bunt to say not that is wrong. The same with parenting the parents are trying to always make their child feel good and at time they do not want to tell them that they are wrong in fear of hurting their feelings so they do not react at all. Discuss Thorndike's principle of belongingness and polarity. Thorndike's principles of belongingness and polarity basically states that when elements belong together it is easier to learn and retain them than elements that do not belong together (Pritchard,2009). For example, when a child or adult is reciting the alphabet they start with a and A with Z. If a child or adult was asked to...
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...Reflective practice is described by (Price, 2004) as “an approach to learning and practice development which is patient-centred and which acknowledges the untidiness and confusion of the practice environment”. Self-reflection and reflective practice is essential to the healthcare professional as a result of the framework under which you operate being a continuously transforming environment. Healthcare and our understanding and application thereof is constantly changing and for that reason self-reflective attitudes of healthcare professionals is favourable. (Hendricks, et al., 1996) At one period in my educational background the year was met with many constraints, namely limited time, limited resources and an inexperienced, unqualified lecturer. In the very few contact sessions made available with the lecturer it was important to get through large masses of the workload, particularly the practical sessions as they are rather complex to self-study. The most viable method of getting through all this work in the allotted time was to practise the simulations in a behaviourist method which “concentrates on observable behaviour without considering motivation or other mental processes” (O'Neill, et al., 2005). This involved going through scenarios and memorizing key words as triggers to administer the appropriate drug. This behaviourist method of teaching and learning was passable as it helped the lecturer work through a sufficient volume of the required topics with the class in the...
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...Associationistic Theory of Learning Bevon Barker PSY 331 Instructor : Megan Mclaughlin 8-1-11 In life we are prone to experiencing different experiences; some through emotions, love and other inferences. We associate different experiences and try to form a plethora of comforts; a sense in which we can revisit to help us to assess new experiences throughout our lives. In other words, we learn from our mistakes, trials and tribulations. From a personal standpoint, I can honestly say that the association is probably the easiest way to make a decision when a new situation approaches. Realistically, association is not always the best answer however as humans, it is natural. In our readings, I find that the Associationistic Theory is the most interesting and appealing to me. The Associationistic Theory in Philosophy refers to the idea that mental processes operate by the association of one state with its successor states. (Warren 1921) The theory was developed by Plato and Aristotle, and further developed by pioneers like John Locke, David Hume, and James Mill. In the evolution of development, Locke, Hume, Mill developed elaborate principles and its relation to neurophysiology. Their contributions have led to Psychologists tactics in describing and assessing behavior when conducting sessions. The easiest way for one to relate to a theory is applying it and associating it through one’s own experience identifying with the elements that consist of that theory. Through...
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...Shaping and Chaining, Reinforcement Schedules and One-Trial Learning Option 2:Psychology Literature Review Psych 635 06/15/2015 Environmental and Evolutionary Teaching new tasks to organisms can be a difficult process for any individual to undertake. Psychologists, parents, teachers, and a wealth of other individuals attempt to teach new tasks through a variety of methods such as by shaping the new desired task, through reinforcement of it, or even through one-trail learning. The different methods that are used each have their benefits depending on what a person is attempting to teach and can be better suited for different tasks dependent on what the tasks are. The paper is going to cover the concepts of shaping and chaining, reinforcement schedules, and one-trial learning as well as current understanding of application of these concepts in order to gain a better understanding into learning techniques and teaching new tasks. Shaping and Chaining Shaping and chaining both are linked together in a way that allows the processes to be broken down into steps that allow for learning or changes in behaviors. Shaping and chaining are similar processes that allow for a change in a person or organisms behavior by allowing for small changes in behaviors or responses. In shaping an existing response or behavior is changed gradually over time through trials that direct the response toward a targeted behavior through the rewarding of segments of behavior (Schunk, 2012). In shaping...
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...Simple Stimulus Learning Detra Mathias PSYCH/535 Dr. Ming Zheng February 11, 2013 Simple Stimulus Learning Learning involves obtaining new knowledge. Learning involves exposure to various stimuli within one’s environment. An organism’s behavior is the result of learning to respond to stimuli. Animals and humans acquire knowledge through simple stimulus learning. The purpose of this paper is to explain the concept of habituation, evaluate issues affecting perceptual learning, and examine outcomes of stimulus exposure. In addition, this paper will discuss the application of simple stimulus leaning to two real life situations. Concept of Habilitation Habituation is a decrease in response after constantly introducing an unconditioned stimulus within the environment. It involves the basic changes that occur in an organism as a result of learning. An organism will respond less to a stimulus; the more it is introduced to the organism’s environment, and the organism becomes more familiar with the stimulus (Sullivan, 2009). For example, an individual receives a new cell phone and the ring tone alert for notifications initially startles him or her. However, after becoming familiar with the sound, the individual pays less attention to the sound and his or her response diminishes. Habilitation demonstrates...
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...________________________________________ A Review of the Concept of Organisational Learning By Catherine L Wang & Pervaiz K Ahmed Working Paper Series 2002 Number ISSN Number Catherine L Wang WP004/02 ISSN 1363-6839 Research Assistant University of Wolverhampton, UK Tel: +44 (0) 1902 321651 Email: C.Wang@wlv.ac.uk Professor Pervaiz K Ahmed Chair in Management University of Wolverhampton, UK Tel: +44 (0) 1902 323921 Email: pkahmed@wlv.ac.uk © University of Wolverhampton 2002 - All rights reserved A Review of the Concept of Organisational Learning _________________________________________________________________________________________ Copyright © University of Wolverhampton 2002 All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, photocopied, recorded, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission of the copyright holder. The Management Research Centre is the co-ordinating centre for research activity within Wolverhampton Business School. This working paper series provides a forum for dissemination and discussion of research in progress within the School. For further information contact: Management Research Centre Wolverhampton Business School Telford, Shropshire TF2 9NT !01902 321772 Fax 01902 321777 2 Management Research Centre 2002 A Review of the Concept of Organisational Learning _________________________________________________________________________________________ ...
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...Learning and Cognition Mellissa Trevino PSY/390 February 12, 2013 Laura Mueller, Psy.D. Learning and Cognition People acquire knowledge, skills and behaviors through learning and process information acquired via the methodology of cognition; mental functions and processes. Cognition helps process information acquired using different parts of the brain (Snowling & Humle, 2009). This makes it easy for the learner to understand what he has learned and demonstrate it by displaying various behaviors. For example, students learn how to perform scientific experiments through observation (Snowling & Humle, 2009). Cognitive views of learning tend to see the learner as socially interactive, and influenced by mediating influences such as perceptions, expectations, motives, and feelings. The learner is intrinsically motivated to make sense of their environment and views the world qualitatively and quantitatively differently at each stage of cognitive development. For example, a teenager may learn how to balance a checkbook by watching her parents but will not practice that behavior until she gets her own checking account. Learning is a term associated with behaviorism whereas cognition emphasis on the nature of the mental representation and the mental encoding and retrieval processes involved. Humans have the capacity to learn whereas learning is the process for cognition. Most human behavior is learned; therefore, understanding the main reasons as to how we learn may give...
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...between the secondary school where the junior students graduated and their academic achievement in mathematics. Null Hypothesis 1. There is no significant relationship between the study habits and academic achievement of students. 2. There is no significant relationship between the students study attitudes and academic achievement in mathematics. 3. There is no significant relationship between the types of school where they graduated to their academic performance in mathematics. Theoretical / conceptual framework Mathematics courses in college have been a burial ground for the aspirations of many students, which result to low achievement or low performance in mathematics was caused by some factors. Learning could only...
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