...Simple Stimulus Learning Psych 550 March 3, 2013 Dr. McMurray Simple Stimulus Learning Stimulus learning somewhat changes behavior permanently, or it can somewhat change the behavior repertoire that arises due to experiences (Terry, 2009). There is no exact way on observing knowledge, so in result behaviors are the only way a person has the capability of observing what has occurred in learning. This simple stimulus learning paper will analyze the forms of simple stimulus learning. The analysis will explain the concept of habituation, while analyzing the factors that affect perceptual learning, and examining the effects of stimulus exposure. This paper will also discuss how simple stimulus learning is applied to two real life scenarios. Concept of Habituation Habituation is "the process of making or becoming used to something" (Habituation, 2009). Habituation is a primary type of learning evident in a reduction in neuronal responses to recurring stimulation (Mutschler et. al, 2010). The concept of habituation can be defined as the process by which one becomes internally consumed, exhausted, or adapted to an issue, idea, or act that habituates or compels one to become accustomed to oneself with regard to the frequency, strength, or expectancy of reaction to one's particular category of remedy with regard to one's affliction; this includes the adverse behaviors that result from the frequency, strength, expectancy...
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...Capella University Psych 3500 Learning and Cognition Project Research Category The research category I have picked to do is instrumental conditioning. I think these will very important to learn because it has entails punishment and non-rewards and avoidance. I feel people learn from getting rewards or being punished. This is why I am doing this research so it can prove me wrong or prove me right. Research Topic The topic I have pick and will do research on will be the relationship between instrumental conditioning and learning. This will allow the readers to gin more information on instrumental conditioning and all the stuff that go along with it. Research Question What are the concepts that are involved in instrumental conditioning that facilitate learning, and does research support the relationship between instrumental conditioning and learning? -What is nonreward and how is it influential to learning? -What is punishment, when was it first being researched, and how is it influential to learning? -What is avoidance, and what theories and concepts are involved? -What research experiments have been conducted on instrumental conditioning? -What results have come about from the experiments being used in instrumental conditioning? Research Plan What are the concepts that are involved in instrumental conditioning that facilitate learning, and does research support the relationship...
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...Simple Stimulus “Habituation is a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations” (Cherry, 2013). For example, the sound of a telephone ringing may initially draw your attention, but as a person becomes more accustomed to the sound he or she pays less attention to the noise and the initial response becomes less. The diminished response is habituation. When I was younger I used to work in a customer service, call center setting. I got used to the phones ringing day in and day out. It became easier for me to not react to answering the phone and almost ignore the sound of a ringing phone. Even when I was not at work, I would hardly realize that my own phone was ringing. Perceptual learning occurs when a person is repeatedly exposed to specific stimuli; in this case, it would be information (The Institute of Perceptual Learning, 2013). It involved changes to perception that can improve one’s ability to respond to the environment. Perceptual learning involves long lasting and amazing changes to the human perceptual system that incredibly improve one’s ability to respond to the environment (The Institute of Perceptual Learning, 2013). The factors that affect perceptual learning are presenting contrasting stimuli, transfer from easy to difficult stimuli, and attention and feedback. Presenting contrasting stimuli deals with presenting both positive and negative instances. The transfer from easy to difficult stimuli talks about the experiences with...
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...LEARNING Learning is often defined as a relatively lasting change in behavior that is the result of experience. It may also be defined as a relatively enduring or permanent change of behavior that results from previous experience with certain stimuli and responses. Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning is also called instrumental conditioning, is a kind of learning in which an animal or human performs some behavior, and the following consequence (reward or punishment) increases or decreases the chance that an animal or human will again perform that same behavior. The law of effect states that behaviors followed by positive consequences are strengthened, while behaviors followed by negative consequences are weakened. Shaping is a procedure in which an experimenter successively reinforcers behaviors that lead up to or approximately the desired behavior. Note: There is an important difference between a reward and a reinforcer in operant conditioning. • A reward is something, which has value to the person giving the reward, but may not necessarily be of value to the person receiving the reward. • A reinforcer is something, which benefits the person receiving it, and so results in an increase of a certain type of behavior. Skinner identified three types of responses or operants that can follow behavior. Neutral operants: Responses from the environment that neither increase nor decrease the probability of a behavior being repeated. Reinforces are any event that strengthens or increases...
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...Learning Psychologist Edward C. Tolman predicted learning to become a major focus of study in psychology during the early part of the twentieth century as behaviorism was rising to become a major discipline of thought. Today, learning remains an important concept in numerous areas of psychology, including cognitive, educational, social, and developmental psychology. In school or around the comfort of family and friends, we are always learning whether we know it or not. Psychologists suggest that learning is a relatively lasting change in behavior that is the result of experience and knowledge, be it educational or philosophical. Needless to say, we adjust the style in which we learn to the different situations in which we are learning. In the Second Edition of “Visualizing Psychology” by Dr Siri Carpenter and colleague Karen Huffman, these styles of learning or learning techniques vary in great detail and summarize in full capacity in which we, humans, learn. One form of learning is known as conditioning. Conditioning emphasizes the relationship between stimuli and responses. There are two basic forms of conditioning: classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning refers to a simple form of learning, which occurs through the repeated association of two or more stimuli. Learning is only said to have occurred once a particular stimulus is always producing a response which it did not previously produce. Classical conditioning involves an unconditioned...
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...physical appearance. Psychology is the study of cognitions, physiology, emotions, personality, behavior, and theory. Two sub-disciplines of psychology are behaviorism and cognitive psychology. Behaviorism originated from the learning theory and uses concepts such as operant and classical conditioning. Cognitive psychology involves the scientific investigation of mental processes, such as memory, perception, attention, problem-solving, judgment, and decision making. Behaviorism Psychology The foundation of the behaviorist perspective is the learning theory. Learning refers to and enduring change in the way an organism responds based on its experience (Kowalski & Westen, 2009). Humans are naturally logical and rational thus making decisions and choices that make the most sense. A law of contiguity proposes that two events will become connected in the mind if they are experienced close together in time (such as a vehicle skidding and then crashing). The learning theory explores the behavioral concepts of associative learning (also known as classical and operant conditioning). Phobias and addictions share commonality with responses to a stimulus through the basics of classical and operant condition. Classical conditioning occurs when the stimulus is paired with and precedes the unconditioned...
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...University of Phoenix Material Learning and Memory Worksheet 1. Write a 450- to 700-word essay to describe the relationship between classical and operant conditioning. Explain their elements and how they differ from one another. Additionally, provide an example for how learning can occur through each mode of conditioning. Explain how Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner contributed to the study of learning and conditioning. Describe the relationship between classical and operant conditioning. Explain their elements and how they differ from one another. Additionally, provide an example for how learning can occur through each mode of conditioning. Classical and operant conditioning are two important concepts central to behavioral psychology. While both result in learning, the processes are quite different. In order to understand how each of these behavior modification techniques can be used, it is also essential to understand how classical conditioning and operant conditioning differ from one another. Classical conditioning theory involves learning a new behavior via the process of association. In simple terms two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal. There are three stages of classical conditioning. At each stage the stimuli and responses are given special scientific terms. In stage one the unconditioned stimulus produces a unconditioned response in an organism. In basic terms, this means that a stimulus in the environment has produced...
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...University of Phoenix Material Week 2 Review Worksheet The Process of Memory In the spaces provided beneath the flowchart, list the term that corresponds with the definition in each box. [pic] 1. Store____________________ 2. Encoding_________________ 3. Short term memory________ 4. Consolidation______________ 5. Declarative Memory________ 6. Chunking_________________ 7. Segmentation________ 8. Rehearsal Computing IQ Essay Consider the following scenario: Kara is 10 years old. She has been given an intelligence test. Her mental age is 13. According to Sternberg, what is Kara’s IQ? Conduct research and interpret her score. Choose two theories of intelligence. Write a 150- to 200-word discussion on the components of each theory, and how they differ in relation to Spearman’s g factor. According to Sternberg, Kara’s IQ is 90 because at ages 10,11,12,13 the level of IQ is more than ages above 17 because of initiation to adulthood. Kara’s scores will be high because children with elevated levels of intelligence are more likely to learn in the school setting comparatively to their peers with lower scores. This gives evidence to the relationship between IQ scores and school performance. The triarchic theory of intelligence was created by Sternberg while he was piloting research on human intelligence. The triarchic theory is made up of three components. The first component addresses the relationship between intelligence and experience...
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...LEARNING THEORY homework 1. The three main characteristics of behaviourist perspective in psychology are * They believe learning is more to do with nurture for instance people learn from the environment and are controlled by the environment which determines their behaviour. We learn new behaviour through classical or operant conditioning. * There is little difference between learning that takes place in humans and that in other animals so research can be carried out on animals as well as humans for instance Pavlov carried out a conditioning experiment on digestion on dogs * They believe all behaviour can be reduced to a stimulus and response association. Watson carried out an experiment which conditioned little Albert to fear a white rat and his hypothesis was “To predict, given the stimulus, what reaction will take place; or, given the reaction, state what the situation or stimulus is that has caused the reaction.” He 2. Classical conditioning is a process of behaviour alteration in which a subject learns to respond in a preferred manner such that a neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) is repeatedly presented in association with a stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus) that causes a natural response (the unconditioned response) until the neutral stimulus alone stimulates the same response (now called the conditioned response). For example, in Pavlov's experiments, food is the unconditioned stimulus that produces salivation, a reflex or unconditioned...
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...Learning Experience Paper Learning experience Learning experience discussed in this paper will focus on how someone can learn how not become addicted to drugs. The discussion will also identify what could be learned from the time an individual started using drugs to the time they were no longer a drug user. There will be a discussion of the description of how someone’s learning could have occurred through classical conditioning, identify the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, the conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response. The operant conditioning, a description of the behavior, the consequences, and reinforcements will also explain. The discussion will address how the learning could have occurred cognitive social learning. Identifying the Learning Experience Let’s say a person has been a casual drug user, his lifestyle has been very carefree. Through his carefree lifestyle he is introduced to a new method of using drugs. The instant the drug is introduced becomes addicted. He experiences an overwhelming desire to have more to obtain the same sensation. He experiences a loss of control over his life. This loss of control is heightened when the drug cannot be obtained when his body desires it. The drug and its use becomes a part of his life much the same as taking a breath. Classical conditioning, Unconditioned Stimulus and Response, Conditioned Stimulus and Response Classical conditioning is a form of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes a...
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...work environment to learn how that behavior have their impact within the organization for the goodness of the organization itself. In learning those behaviors, there are three type of theory that can be used in studying human behavior. They are classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning. All of them are theories that learn and study how, why and when human behavior is made. Each of these theories has their own characteristic that differ one to another. Classical conditioning is the first type of learning theory that learn human behavior by giving neutral stimuli before the expected respond. This type of conditioning is used to learn simple and ordinary behavior by the association of two neutral stimuli. The real example of these classical conditioning is a dog that connect the bell ringing with the food given to create a respond which is producing saliva. When the bell ringing(conditioned stimulus) is followed with the food given (unconditioned stimulus), the dog will make such a respond in producing saliva. When the unconditioned stimulus is omitted, the bell ringing without the food given will still create the same respond which is the dog producing saliva. The dog behavior in producing saliva happens as the same respond by relating the bell ringing with the food given. In this classical conditioning we can study simple behavior created after neutral stimuli given. The behavior is usually a reflex or involuntary behavior that happens directly as an ordinary...
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...Behaviorism is a learning theory based on the thought that all behavior attain when conditioned is considered behaviorism. Also, behaviorism is the scientific study of observable behavior. Behaviorism is more interested with behavior than with feeling or knowing. The main focus is the objective and observable components of behavior. The behaviorist theories all share some version of stimulus-response mechanisms for learning. Behaviorism originated with the work of John B. Watson, an American psychologist. Watson held the view that psychology should only concern itself with the study of behavior, and he was not concerned with the mind or with human consciousness. This paper will discuss the history behind behaviorism, the components of the theory, and how behaviorism develops new behavior. Behaviorism is conducted by stimuli and it decides to select one response instead of another due to the conditioning. It assume that the learner is passive and starts off with a clean slate. The behavior then goes threw and positive and negative reinforcement. Behaviorists study stimulus events that cause behavior to occur, stop occurring, or change in some way as a function of antecedents or consequences to behavior. Behavioral scientists recognize, however, that environmental events that affect behavior as antecedents or consequences often vary from person to person. John B. Watson and B.F Skinner originated the behaviorist approaches to learning. Watson thought...
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...Applying Learning Theories Drew T. Laird PSY/103 September 4, 2013 Thomas Grebouski Applying Learning Theories Learning has been described as “relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes because of practice or experience.” (Cherry, 2013). During the early 20th Century, psychologists became interested in turning psychology into a more scientific endeavor. It was argued that more needs to be more studies conducted with results that could be quantified. This is where learning theories began and were able to be applied to, a useful behavior, but also could be applied to emotions such as hatred, or even to bad habits. The three theories that are most common are the Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, and Social-Cognitive Conditioning. Classical Conditioning is a form of learning in which the conditioned stimulus comes to signal the occurrence of a second stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus. Researchers have used “many model systems that have been developed to explore classical conditioning, including conditioned eye blink, conditioned taste aversion, and conditioned approach/avoidance.” (Domjan, 2003). An example of this type of conditioning would be someone who has been involved in a bad accident at a certain intersection. As a result of this accident, every time they drive through this intersection they become exceedingly uncomfortable and nauseous. This particular case has an unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned...
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...Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning theory involves learning a new behavior via the process of association. In simple terms two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal. There are three stages to classical conditioning. In each stage the stimuli and responses are given special scientific terms: Stage 1: Before Conditioning: * In this stage, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) produces an unconditioned response (UCR) in an organism. In basic terms this means that a stimulus in the environment has produced a behavior / response which is unlearned (i.e. unconditioned) and therefore is a natural response which has not been taught. In this respect no new behavior has been learned yet. For example, a stomach virus (UCS) would produce a response of nausea (UCR). In another example a perfume (UCS) could create a response of happiness or desire (UCR). This stage also involves another stimulus which has no affect on a person and is called the neutral stimulus (NS). The NS could be a person, object, place etc. The neutral stimulus in classical conditioning does not produce a response until it is paired with the unconditioned stimulus. Stage 2: During Conditioning: * During this stage a stimulus which produces no response (i.e. neutral) is associated with the unconditioned stimulus at which point it now becomes known as the conditioned stimulus (CS). For example a stomach virus (UCS) might be associated...
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