...Capella University Psych 3500 Learning and Cognition Project Research Category The research category I have picked to do is instrumental conditioning. I think these will very important to learn because it has entails punishment and non-rewards and avoidance. I feel people learn from getting rewards or being punished. This is why I am doing this research so it can prove me wrong or prove me right. Research Topic The topic I have pick and will do research on will be the relationship between instrumental conditioning and learning. This will allow the readers to gin more information on instrumental conditioning and all the stuff that go along with it. Research Question What are the concepts that are involved in instrumental conditioning that facilitate learning, and does research support the relationship between instrumental conditioning and learning? -What is nonreward and how is it influential to learning? -What is punishment, when was it first being researched, and how is it influential to learning? -What is avoidance, and what theories and concepts are involved? -What research experiments have been conducted on instrumental conditioning? -What results have come about from the experiments being used in instrumental conditioning? Research Plan What are the concepts that are involved in instrumental conditioning that facilitate learning, and does research support the relationship...
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...Simple Stimulus Learning Detra Mathias PSYCH/535 Dr. Ming Zheng February 11, 2013 Simple Stimulus Learning Learning involves obtaining new knowledge. Learning involves exposure to various stimuli within one’s environment. An organism’s behavior is the result of learning to respond to stimuli. Animals and humans acquire knowledge through simple stimulus learning. The purpose of this paper is to explain the concept of habituation, evaluate issues affecting perceptual learning, and examine outcomes of stimulus exposure. In addition, this paper will discuss the application of simple stimulus leaning to two real life situations. Concept of Habilitation Habituation is a decrease in response after constantly introducing an unconditioned stimulus within the environment. It involves the basic changes that occur in an organism as a result of learning. An organism will respond less to a stimulus; the more it is introduced to the organism’s environment, and the organism becomes more familiar with the stimulus (Sullivan, 2009). For example, an individual receives a new cell phone and the ring tone alert for notifications initially startles him or her. However, after becoming familiar with the sound, the individual pays less attention to the sound and his or her response diminishes. Habilitation demonstrates...
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...Learning Experience Paper Learning experience Learning experience discussed in this paper will focus on how someone can learn how not become addicted to drugs. The discussion will also identify what could be learned from the time an individual started using drugs to the time they were no longer a drug user. There will be a discussion of the description of how someone’s learning could have occurred through classical conditioning, identify the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, the conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response. The operant conditioning, a description of the behavior, the consequences, and reinforcements will also explain. The discussion will address how the learning could have occurred cognitive social learning. Identifying the Learning Experience Let’s say a person has been a casual drug user, his lifestyle has been very carefree. Through his carefree lifestyle he is introduced to a new method of using drugs. The instant the drug is introduced becomes addicted. He experiences an overwhelming desire to have more to obtain the same sensation. He experiences a loss of control over his life. This loss of control is heightened when the drug cannot be obtained when his body desires it. The drug and its use becomes a part of his life much the same as taking a breath. Classical conditioning, Unconditioned Stimulus and Response, Conditioned Stimulus and Response Classical conditioning is a form of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes a...
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...Behaviorism is a learning theory based on the thought that all behavior attain when conditioned is considered behaviorism. Also, behaviorism is the scientific study of observable behavior. Behaviorism is more interested with behavior than with feeling or knowing. The main focus is the objective and observable components of behavior. The behaviorist theories all share some version of stimulus-response mechanisms for learning. Behaviorism originated with the work of John B. Watson, an American psychologist. Watson held the view that psychology should only concern itself with the study of behavior, and he was not concerned with the mind or with human consciousness. This paper will discuss the history behind behaviorism, the components of the theory, and how behaviorism develops new behavior. Behaviorism is conducted by stimuli and it decides to select one response instead of another due to the conditioning. It assume that the learner is passive and starts off with a clean slate. The behavior then goes threw and positive and negative reinforcement. Behaviorists study stimulus events that cause behavior to occur, stop occurring, or change in some way as a function of antecedents or consequences to behavior. Behavioral scientists recognize, however, that environmental events that affect behavior as antecedents or consequences often vary from person to person. John B. Watson and B.F Skinner originated the behaviorist approaches to learning. Watson thought...
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...Verbal Learning Amber Dauen PSYCH/550 October 27, 2014 Professor Weisz Verbal Learning Paper Every person has his or her own learning preference. There are many different learning styles to choose from. Learning style is the way in which each learner begins to concentrate on, process, absorb, and retain new and difficult information (Bjork, McDaniel, Pashler, & Rohrer, 2008). Research in verbal learning follows the work of Herman Ebbinghaus who identified verbal learning methods that are still used today. In this paper, the concept of verbal learning will be described. The similarities and differences of serial learning, paired associated learning, and free call will be discussed. Finally, the concept of mnemonics in the recall...
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...Learning and Cognition Lakeisha Jordan PSY/390 November 30, 2012 Ross Seligman Learning and Cognition Growing up there was always the phrase, “You learn something new every day.” Through learning more about psychology, this will deem to be true. Learning starts in the womb, being able to recognize their parent’s voices, and noises in the outside world. Learning is to gain knowledge, comprehension, or mastery through experience or study. Learning will lead to a change in behavior, in other words, the results of learning must always be translated into observable behavior. After learning, learners are capable of doing something that they could not do before the learning took place (Olson M. H. & Hergenhahn, B. R. 2009). To study learning, behavior is required or there is no way for it to take place. Behavior is changed through conditioning, and there are two types of conditioning mentioned in this paper. Classical Conditioning was discovered by Pavlov during the 1890s, and it was discovered by accident with him doing something as simple as feeding his dogs. Another type of learning is through Operant Conditioning, discovered by B. F. Skinner. This conditioning is described as the behavior being followed by a consequence, and it occurs through the tendency to repeat the behavior. Classical Conditioning is the type of learning introduced by Ivan Pavlov. To summarize...
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...Bowden Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explore how phobias can be developed through classical conditioning, explore how addictions can be developed through operant conditioning, to distinguish between classical and operant conditioning, and to explain what extinction means and how it is achieved in both classical and operant conditioning. * . Phobias and Addictions are two very emotional learning difficulties. Phobias are defined as being an enduring, abnormal, and unfounded fear of a specific thing or situation that compels one to avoid it, regardless of the awareness and reassurance that it is not dangerous. Addictions are defined as conditions of being consistently or compulsively occupied with or involved in something. Classical Conditioning is defined as a process of behavior variation by which one comes to respond in a preferred manner to a previously neutral stimulus that has been repetitively presented along with an unconditioned stimulus that elicits the desired response. (Dictionary.com, 2010) Fear of heights, spiders, closed spaces (claustrophobia) and other specific or simple phobias are sometimes caused by a type of learning known as classical conditioning. (DeLuca, 2009) Precise phobias or simple phobias are thought to be caused or predisposed by genetics and/ or childhood disturbance. These phobias can be learned through the learning type of classical conditioning. Ivan...
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...Behaviors Tina Marie Saunders American Intercontinental University February 1, 2015 Abstract In this paper, I will show how behaviorist theories have shaped and molded new behaviors. I will talk about the origins and a central component of each action theory, including Classical Conditioning, Law of Effect, and Operant Conditioning. Both Classical condition and operant conditioning are the central focal point in my paper. I will present a brief assessment of Classical Conditioning, Law of Effect, and Operant Conditioning experiments and how they directly link to learning new behaviors. I argue there is a direct relationship to how we learned behavior, is the foundation for building a new practice by performing a task repeatedly. Keywords: Behavior, conditioning, stimulus, shaping, prompting, fading How we learn From Doing has been the Foundation for Behaviorism and its Effect it has thrown on New Learning Explanations Behaviorism was a virtuoso among the most, sketchy, and most tried speculation in the field of psychology in the twentieth Century. Man has dependably been attractive with this "tell me, and I disregard" learning. The idea individuals can change conduct or adjusted, or spread out or diminished is the heart of behavior hypothesis. I will demonstrate how we learn from doing has been the foundation for behaviorism and its effect it has thrown on new learning explanations (of why things work or happen the way they do) we are using today. Watson (1913), published...
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...Verbal Learning Verbal Learning Verbal learning regard a series of processes that support learning thorough memorization. The construct of verbal learning involves learning and memory of data through repetition that is recalled in the forthcoming. Through the process of repetition one can learn serial, paired-associate, or free recall learning. Each process assists to reproduce data either freely learned or learned through arrangement of methods like Mnemonics. These processes valuable in aiding verbal learning and exampling verbal learning. Concepts of Verbal Learning Herman Ebbinghaus introduced the verbal learning as a cognitive learning approach. According to Terry (2009) verbal learning happens through the memorization of short syllables word list. Mostly, the words were not full words; instead a vowel and two consonants. Ebbinghaus study centered on serial learning, “or memorizing lists in sequence until they could be recalled perfectly” (Terry, 2009, p. 158). Transferal learning in which one transfers a list of words is to another list, the amount of time between, and the number of repetitions between words are components that affect verbal learning. For illustration, Zimprich and Rast (2009) conducted a study whereas subjects were given a 27 two or three syllables word list. Every word on the list were shown on a computer monitor for about two seconds with subjects reading all words aloud and later asked to recall the words; however not in a particular...
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...page of my paper. | | The “Title Page”, which is formatted in accordance with APA Guidelines, is the second page of my paper. | | The page following the Title Page is marked page #2 and subsequent pages are numbered sequentially. All page markings appear in the lower, right hand corner of the each page. | | My entire paper (everything) is double spaced. | | I have not included an “introduction” or “opening paragraph” and have instead launched right into the review of the assigned topic. | | Each claim or fact presented in my paper is supported with a reference citation. | | For each quotation, there is a citation of the page number(s) from the original source. | | On average, there are no more than one quotation every two pages. | | I have not cited or mentioned the first and last names of authors in the body of my text. I have included first initials and last names of authors on the “Reference” page, which is the last page of my paper. | | I have not cited or mentioned the title of an article or book in the body of my paper, but have instead included this information on the “Reference” page. | | I have made sure that when citing a reference at the end of a sentence that I have placed the period after the parentheses which contains the reference (example). | | My paper does not include any personal stories from my own life or experience. | | I have carefully proofread the entire paper and have ensured that my paper is free from...
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...Humanistic, Physiological, Psychodynamic, and Structuralism (Editorial Board). Throughout his paper I will discuss and compare three of these theories which are: Behaviorism, Structuralism and Functionalism. Behaviorism was founded by a man named Ivan Pavlov who was a psychologist that was researching dogs digestion (Editorial Board). Through his research he was able to prove that learning results from rewards or punishment that are associated with a specific behavior his theory was called the behaviorist approach (Editorial Board). John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner continued to research the behaviorist approach in shaping behavior. It is based on the belief that individuals behaviors can be measured, trained and changed (Cherry). In simple terms the Behaviorism theory believes that all behaviors are learned. To be more specific Behaviorism is a theory of learning that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment (Cherry). There are two major types of conditioning: Classic Conditioning and Operant Conditioning. "Classic conditioning is a technique where a naturally occurring stimulant is occurred with a response. Next, a previously neutral stimulant is paired with the naturally occurring stimulus. Eventually, the previously neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response without the presence of the naturally occurring stimulus (Cherry)." These two parts are then called a conditioned...
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...Abstract Behaviorism is often referred to as behavioral psychology in which its’ theory of learning is focused on the notion that all behaviors are attained by way of conditioning, as conditioning takes place within the environment (DeGrandpre, 2000). Behaviorism focuses heavily on the utilization of conditioning as well as the study of observable behavior which can be scientifically and objectively measured. This paper will; (1) summarize the four conditioning theories of behaviorism, (2) analyze the strengths and weaknesses of behaviorism in general, (3) apply behaviorism to a practical situation in your specialization, describing the situation, how the theory can be applied, and what the expected outcomes would be, as well as (4) describe the relation of behaviorism to self-regulation. The four conditioning theories of behaviorism Connectionism- Thorndike’s connectionism theory explains that as an individual experiences life, the feelings that they develop during the experiences allows that individual to modify their behavior. According to Schunk (2012) the theory of connectionism was developed by Thorndike and is a theory that involves formation associations between responses and stimuli. Thorndike’s theory is composed of three primary laws; (1) the law of effect, (2) the law of readiness, and (3) the law of exercise, it is these three laws that connect the sensory experiences and neural impulses (Schunk, 2012). The law of effect indicates that...
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...(p. 158). * Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable behavior, as opposed to internal events like thinking and emotion. Observable (i.e. external) behavior can be objectively and scientifically measured. Internal events, such as thinking should be explained through behavioral terms (or eliminated altogether). * People have no free will – a person’s environment determines their behavior * When born our mind is 'tabula rasa' (a blank slate). * There is little difference between the learning that takes place in humans and that in other animals. Therefore, research can be carried out on animals as well as humans (i.e.comparative psychology. * Behavior is the result of stimulus – response (i.e. all behavior, no matter how complex, can be reduced to a simple stimulus – response association). Watson described the purpose of psychology as: “To predict, given the stimulus, what reaction will take place; or, given the reaction, state what the situation or stimulus is that has caused the reaction” (1930, p. 11). * All behavior is learnt from the environment. We learn new behavior through classical or operant conditioning. s Introduction Why is this topic important? What is the history of this topic? What are the related theories or findings? What is your claim or thesis statement? s Body What is the evidence that supports your claim? What evidence runs contrary to your claim and how do you reconcile that with your claim? The...
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...A Reflection Paper on the Article : Little Emotional Albert In the history of psychology, we can see how the tsunami-like waves of Freud’s Psychoanalytic theory engulfed most of the study of human behavior and mental processes in mid 1900’s. such breakthrough provided convincing explanations about he dimension of man in accordance to the discipline of psychology. Freudians’ conception that we are governed by our unconscious desires and repressed emotions prove to be cunning enough to leave the rest of the world agrees to their claim. Freud’s brainchild stood up like invincible walls – until an attempt to shake and bang the wall down took place. Although we can say that the wall was not completely toppled down, we cannot deny the fact that it left huge cracks and holes to it, paving the way for another dogma to emerge. With an agitate esprit to counter Freud’s theory, Watson and his colleagues delivered the birth of Behaviorism. Banking on the idea that behavior is generated outside the person through various environmental or situational stimuli, Watson was eager to provide justice to his point. Through his works, he figured that the environment played a very significant role in shaping one’s behavior. Watson and company espoused on the idea that emotional responses exists in us because we have been conditioned to respond emotionally to a certain stimuli in the environment. Therefore, emotional responses and all other human behavior are learned through conditioning...
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