...behavior holds that people are more likely to pursue illegitimate means to attaining culturally prescribed goals when they are blocked from accessing the institutionalized means to these goals, allows us to consider deviance as the result of the social pressure, but not of the negative attitude to the social values, standards, and goals attaining, highly appreciated within the measures of this culture. This means that the theory leaves the chance for criminals, implying the necessity of reorganization or society in order to approach to the ideal of democracy and equality of rights. Still comparing this concept with the Cultural Transmission Theory we can see several disadvantages of the previous one. First, strain theory was determined by the author to analyze different pattern of adaptation (conformity innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion) to the disjunction between the emphasis on cultural goals and institutional means. Saying that conformism, in particular, implies adjustment to the accepted ways of achieving the goals, whereas conformity in different subcultures may cause adaptation to the previously accepted deviant norms within this community. That means that previous conception does not work in the community where deviant behavior, norms, values are considered as favorable, in this way settling definite rewards or punishment that determine a type of behavior. And all previous indexes make no cense when person gets to the society different sub-cultural features are...
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...SAMPLE OF CHINESE ESL STUDENTS by JUN QIAN A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Education in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada August, 2009 Copyright © Jun Qian, 2009 ii ABSTRACT This qualitative study investigated Chinese ESL students’ use of host mass media and how such use enabled them to acquire host communication competence and acculturation from their perspective. It was grounded on Kim’s theory of communication and cross-cultural adaptation and the uses and gratifications theory, and employed a phenomenography approach. Nine participants at a university in Ontario were involved in this study. Data obtained from media use logs, think-aloud protocols, and follow-up interviews provided a fairly far-reaching and detailed description of the participants’ uses, reasoning, and effects of using host mass media. The analysis of data illustrated that these students used a variety of media as sources of information, language acquisition, culture learning, entertainment, and communication. Findings suggest that host mass media were the major influence on these students’ acquisition of host communication competence, perceptions of and acculturation to Canada. Their reliance on mass communication went into the later years of their acculturation process, and complemented their language and culture learning, which was somewhat limited through insufficient or reluctant participation in host...
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...term, which are discussed below. Behavior that violates norms. Deviant behavior is behavior that violates the normative rules, understandings, or expectations of social systems. This is the most common usage of the term and the sense in which it will be used here. Crime is the prototype of deviance in this sense, and theory and research in deviant behavior have been concerned overwhelmingly with crime. However, normative rules are inherent in the nature of all social systems, whether they be friendship groups, engaged couples, families, work teams, factories, or national societies. Legal norms are then but one type of norm whose violation constitutes deviant behavior. It is important to note that although deviance, in this sense, and conformity are “opposites,” they represent the poles within the same dimension of variation;...
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...8………………………………………………………….…………….. 23 Tutorial 1: Question 1. In this paper, Collinson discussed based on shop-floor humor, particular its relationship on the organization. To purpose is to gender identify and working class resistance. 3 main points Collinson made in this paper: * Human as resistance * Human as conformity * Human as control Each element that author gave some exactly examples and databases in the work place and then he analyzed his opinion depend on Willis case study Question 2. There are 3 parts in structure of the paper: * Human as resistance * Human as conformity * Human as control Human as resistance * Shop-floor humor was in part a form of resistance both to the tightly controlled repetitious work tasks and to the social organization of production within a company * Some nicknames come from exaggerated and stereotyped personal characteristics. * Human was shown to operate as one medium through which collective solidarity to resist boredom, the organizational status system and managerial control emerged. Human as conformity * The joking culture was based on such on the internal demands of group conformity as on collective resistance * Shop-floor joking was found to embody considerable social pressure to conform to its central preoccupation with working-class masculinity Human as control * Conflict was often the result of veiled was transformed into worker strategies of mutual...
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...also a commentary on the warped view of Western hedonism and idealized lifestyles. The dream is portrayed strongly through the characters, depicting undignified ways to obtain wealth, the amoral social interactions and the illusion of affection and false fellowship. Thus exposing the unscrupulousness, self-absorption and disillusionment that lie at the wake of the American Dream. Fitzgerald critiques on the ideal of ‘self-made’ men (financially) and how through sheer desperation, men stray from conformity and followed a deviated path in order to reach wealth. The American Dream is the belief that regardless of one’s socio-economic background, an individual could still reach financial triumph through hard work, education and drive-which has been the belief of the American society. According to American sociologist Robert K. Merton, American society has generated common desires and pressures for material possession-which is how success was measured- those who fail to succeed by conformity or valid means, resort to devious acts to do so. Fitzgerald comments on this aspect of his society through the portrayal of Gatsby in the novel; who employed unorthodox ways of obtaining wealth in order to gain his incommunicable desire for Daisy’s affection. His illegal background was hinted by Gatsby himself: “… You see, I carry on a little business on the side, a sort of sideline, you understand. And I thought that if you don’t make very much—you’re selling bonds, aren’t you, old sport?”...
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...conditions and resource availability. Previous research has demonstrated in the case of independent small firms that local geographical conditions influence business strategy. This paper examines whether variations in the local geographical environment, notably in terms of demand and supply side conditions, affect format implementation and whether franchisors permit franchisees to make local adaptations of the format in response to local environmental conditions. The study is based on interviews with 40 UK-based franchisors, all of whom were at the later stages of roll-out or in the consolidation stage of network development. Local variations in the business environment do create a conflict with the need to maintain the uniformity of the franchise format. Adaptation was restricted to peripheral format components. No changes were made to the core format components. Most franchisors recognise that their franchisees are an important source of new innovation. However, implementation of franchisee ideas across the system is found in only a minority of cases. Key words: franchising, geography, adaptation, standardisation Please direct correspondence about this paper to Colin Mason 1. Introduction Business format franchising operates on the principle of ‘cloning’ a standardised tried and tested business format based around a trade name or trademark product or service, in different locations (Julian and Castrogiovanni, 1995; Kaufmann and Rangan, 1990; Stanworth et al, 1996)...
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...The theory I have chosen to discuss is the strain theory. Before Agnew had developed his adaptation of strain theory, Durkheim had introduced the term “anomie” – the break down of social order as a result of the loss of standards and values – before the end of the nineteenth century. After Durkheim, came Merton. He also related his theories to anomie, but his predictions slightly differed from those of Durkheim's. Merton argued that “The real problem is created not by sudden social change but by a social structure that holds out the same goals to all its members without giving them equal means to achieve them. This lack of integration between what the culture calls for and what the structure permits, the former encouraging success and the latter...
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...Psychological theory The issue of human violence is also a major topic within the academic discipline of psychology. As biosocial theorists do, psychologists focus on how individual characteristics may interact with the social environment to produce a violent event. However, rather than focus on the biological basis of crime, psychologists focus on how mental processes impact individual propensities for violence. Psychologists are often interested in the association between learning, intelligence, and personality and aggressive behaviour. In this section of the report, we briefly review some of the major psychological perspectives that have attempted to explain violent behaviour. These perspectives include the psychodynamic perspective, behavioural theory, cognitive theory and personality theory. We will also explore the possible relationship between mental illness and violence. Social learning theory Social learning theory is a theory that attempts to explain socialization and its effect of the development of the self. There are many different theories that explain how people become socialized, including psychoanalytic theory, functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interaction theory. Social learning theory, like these others, looks at the individual learning process, the formation of self, and the influence of society in socializing individuals. Social control theory gained prominence during the 1960s as sociologists sought differing conceptions of crime. It...
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...2/17/2016 Culture Class 1 of 2 February 17, 2016 Organizational Culture • The set of values, attitudes, beliefs, and expected behavior shared by members of an organization – The ‘internal personality’ of an organization – Similar to national culture: common values, shared understandings – What is really important or accepted (can differ from what management says) Levels of Culture • Assumptions (Lowest Level i.e., what is “under water”) – Taken for granted beliefs about human nature, “reality” – Often unspoken and typically reside out of immediate awareness – Discerned from how people explain and justify what they do • Espoused Values – Shared principals, standards, and goals • Artifacts (Highest Level i.e., “tip of the iceberg”) – Tangible aspects that can been seen, heard, observed Example: • Assumption: • Espoused Values: • Artifacts: 1 2/17/2016 Content Dimensions of Organizational Culture • Competitiveness: whether members tend to compete vs. cooperate • Individual initiative: degree of responsibility, freedom, and independence that members have • Innovativeness: extent to which members are encouraged to think outside the box and challenge the status quo • Tolerance of failure: whether the organization accepts failure vs. demands success • Conflict tolerance: degree to which members are encouraged to air conflicts and criticism openly • Power distance: extent to which formal hierarchical differences are ...
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...Examine the role of access to opportunity structures in causing crime and deviance (21 marks) Deviance is an act that goes against the norms and values of social construction. There are many different factors to be considered when examining opportunity structures in causing crime and deviance. Functionalists, especially Durkheim sees society as a stable system based on value consensus-shared norms, values, beliefs and goals. This produces social solidarity, binding individuals together into one harmonious unit. To achieve this, society must participate in socialisation and social control. These functionalist concepts easily link to the functionalist explanation of crime where crime is portrayed as inevitable and functional for society. Whilst crime disrupts social stability, functionalists see it as inevitable and universal. Durkheim sees crime as healthy for social as society needs some individuals who are inadequately socialised and prone to deviate. Also in highly modern societies, there is a specialized division of labour and a diversity of subcultures. Individuals and groups become increasingly different from one another, and the shared rules of behaviour become less clear. This is what is known as anomie. An example of where anomie occurs is in suicide, where rapid social change in modern society, leaves individuals unsure as to where they fit in. For Durkheim, crime fulfils two important positive functions, the first of which is boundary maintenance. Crime produces...
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...and these forces were natural results of the decline of mechanical solidarity and the slow rise of organic solidarity due to the division of labour and industrialism. Also of importance was Durkheim's discovery that these forces affected all social classes. A major figure in the development of Criminal theories is Robert K. Merton. He introduced his social theory of deviance first in 1938 and extended and revised it in 1957. Merton argued that individuals in different social class positions in the social structure do not possess the same opportunity of realizing the shared values of success, and this situation generates deviance in terms of an individual’s adaptation to the goal of success. He went on to identify social class as casual factor in the generation of deviance (Newburn, 2007). Merton believed that conformity leads to crime and deviance. This is the opposite of Durkheim’s conception of Anomie where he suggests that crime and deviance is a result...
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...Creative problem-solving styles in the USA and Japan [pic] The Authors Paul Herbig, Texas A&M International University, Laredo, Texas, USA, and Laurence Jacobs, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii Abstract Explores the cultural differences between Japan and the USA as they influence in the practice of creativity. Western logic reflects its Cartesian heritage of a clear, linear path of reasoning or the “scientific method”. The western approach to creativity is innovation through sponteneous originality. The Japanese approach, by contrast, is through the adaptive process. Implementing the innovation for effective production and marketing is their greatest strength. Japanese value the consensual more than differences. Proposes that US-Japanese partnerships would be the merging of opposites, the perfect complement of two diameterically opposite ways of creative thinking. If these partnerships are properly conceived and implemented, a highly efficient combine would result. Article Type: Conceptual Paper Keyword(s): Creativity; Japan; Methods; USA. Journal: International Marketing Review Volume: 13 Number: 2 Year: 1996 pp: 63-71 Copyright © MCB UP Ltd ISSN: 0265-1335 Creativity may be the most important tool in a marketer’s arsenal. Without creativity, the firm becomes predictable. The predictable firm may be at a competitive disadvantage. Creativity goes further than creative...
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...2012 AIU Online 6/23/2012 ------------------------------------------------- Theories of Crime Causation Unit 3 Ind. Project The Sociological Theories Abstract The author of this paper focuses on the mainstream of criminology and the sociological theories of crime that have dominated the landscape for decades. The author focuses specifically on the social control theory, strain theory, differential association theory and the neutralization theory. These theories are often spoken due to their historical significance which was discovered during research in an attempt to examine delinquency and deviant behavior. Included in this paper the author shares with you her opinion as to the strengths and weaknesses of each theory. Further, she provides you with an example of a recent criminal arrest as it pertains to one of the aforementioned theories and the relevance that it has in explaining the offenders criminal actions. The first and most influential strain theorist is Robert K. Merton (1938). His original statement of anomie/strain theory is the basis for all of the theoretical developments. The strain has two associate components the first component is strictly focused on the concept of anomie (abnormalities), while the second is centered on the social structures, and the influences that society contributes to the strain theory. If you were to separate or combined these two components either way can lead an individual to a higher level of deviance...
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...bounds of what is widely considered as normal in a certain culture. The concept of abnormality is defined differently in different cultures as behaviors of a particular culture may be abnormal to another culture. In order to clearly understand what abnormal psychology is, it is very imperative to first understand what is defined as abnormal. The concept of abnormality is defined in relation to norms of a particular group or culture and hence anything (behavior, thought, or emotion) that is outside the norms of a particular group of people, gender, or age is considered as abnormal. Many people can follow under the normal curve where many human beings are clustered around the highest point of the curve called the average point. Any person who follows far from the average point in the normal curve is considered as abnormal. Different elements of abnormal psychology have brought about differences in definition, approaches, and treatment. These elements include; suffering, adaptation failure, incomprehensibility, vividness, violation of moral and ideal standards, unpredictability and loss of control, and incomprehensibility as well as irrationality. This study indicates how these elements bring about differences in definitions, approaches, and treatment of abnormality. Suffering is generally defined as the aspect of feeling pain or being discomfort. Happiness and comfort are the norms of many social groups and even cultures and hence when one is feeling pain he is considered abnormal...
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...from the basic question ‘what is strategy anyway?’. Four basic conceptions of strategy are introduced which all have different implications for how to go about ‘doing strategy’. Each perspective has its own view of strategy and how it matters for managerial practice. The Classical approach gives the textbook answers. - Classicists broadly see strategy as a rational process of long-term planning, vital to securing the future. - Evolutionists usually regard the future as too volatile and unpredictable to plan for, and warn that the best strategy is to concentrate on maximizing changes of survival today. - Processualists too doubt the value of rational long-term planning, seeing strategy best as an emergent process of learning and adaptation. - Systemic theorists take a relativist position, arguing that the forms and goals of strategy-making depend particularly on social context, and that strategy should therefore be undertaken with sociological sensitivity. These are four starkly different perspectives (p. 119), but it is the Systemic sensibility that helps us finally to choose. For the Systemic strategist, effectiveness depends upon understanding context and playing by local rules. Classical, evolutionary, processual, they can all take place in some conditions. There is no one best way. The key is to match strategy to market, organizational, and social environments. They all work best in different contexts (p. 120). Strategic management: A set of conceptual frameworks...
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