...Religion and the State In The Social Contract, Jean-Jacques Rousseau concludes with a chapter on how religion lays an essential foundation in civil state that can both benefit and damage society. He claims that the gods were the first kinds of political leader, thereafter setting an example for the way government are run. However, his near-deification of the general-will is simply secularized Christianity. Rousseau is clearly not opposed to religion in essence: “no state has ever ben founded without religion at its base.” But he does list some aspects of religious practice not nearly as defective as others. Curiously, Rousseau states that there are two types of religions, but ends up identifying three types of religion that influences the...
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...TERRORISM I. Introduction II. Causes of terrorism A. Illetracy B. Injustice C. Poverty D. Food insecurity E. Madrasshs F. Unemployement G. Soviet invasion H. Iranian revolution I. Intolerance J. Extremism K. Geopolitical location III. IMPACT OF TERRORISM A. ECONOMIC LOSS B. SOCIAL BREAKDOWN C. PSYCHOLOGICAL DIORDERS IV MEASURES NEEDED TO CURB TERRORISM A. National commission B. Propagation of education C. Religious integration D. Employment for youth E. Dispensation of justice V . conclusion Pakistan is plagued with myriad problems, the gravest of them probably being terrorism. it has crippled the economy of the country and deteriorated the social fabric. it has also effected the psychological health of the citizens of the country. Many factors such as poverty, illiteracy, social injustice, madrassas, weakness of government among others have bred terrorism. Strickly speaking, there is no formal definition of terrorism. however, generally it is defined as the use of violence or threat of violence by individuals or groups, against non combatants, to further their vested interests. As is rightly said “ terrorism is tactic of demanding the impossible and demanding it at gun point” Illetracy is probably the most significant contributing factor of terrorism. according to the survey conducted, only one out of 5 aged 18-25 is capable of reading and writing and only one out of 20 individuals holds a college degree. with such a bleak picture, it is little...
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...edu Abstract. The notion of a clash of civilizations has gained notoriety since the terrorist attack on WTC on 9/11/2001. Professor Samuel P. Huntington has popularized the view that the coming global conflict will be among major civilizations, not among different political ideologies. He identifies eight major civilizations: the Western (Europe and North America), Slavic (Russia and Eastern Europe), Islamic, Confucian, Hindu, Japanese, Latin American, and the African. Of particular focus in the present paper is the threat to civilization from radical Islam. Three factors that foment radicalism are described: the Islamic theology of exclusiveness, the nostalgic memory of a Muslim empire that lasted nearly 1,000 years, and the consequences of oil boom in the Middle East. Population estimates for different civilizations are provided at the end. Introduction The theory of a clash of civilizations has been with us for some time. British historian Arnold Toynbee used the term in a series of lectures he delivered in 1953. The Middle East specialist Bernard Lewis wrote in 1990 that the Muslim rage against the West is “no less than a clash of civilizations” (Lewis, 1990, p 60). Samuel P. Huntington, a Harvard University political science professor, has given new currency to the notion of a clash of civilizations. His 1993 article in Foreign Affairs has gained global audience. A few years ago, I lectured to a political science class at Pondicherry University in Southern...
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...The short story "Dead Men's Path" is written by one of Africa’s most acclaimed writers, Chinua Achebe, who grew up in a Christian family. The main character in the story is Michael Obi, a young and energetic perfectionist who is excited about modernize everything of a traditional school after he got assigned as the new headmaster. Not a while into his job, Michael finds that along with his misguided enthusiasm, ignoring the traditions and beliefs of the villagers can have great consequences. The major theme of this story is the collision between new ideas and traditions. Society can move forward by adapting new ideas, but still maintain respect for past traditions and maintain cultural beliefs. The fact that Obi and his wife are obsessed with modernizing everything is pretty obvious in the story. After Obi was assigned the job of headmaster, he and his wife are both eager to bring new ideas and share the modern life with everyone. Chinua Achebe shows their modern enthusiasm when he writes: "We shall do our best,” Obi's wife replied. "We shall have such beautiful gardens and everything will be just modern and delightful…” (200). He also shows Obi's views of the traditionalist people by attacking their character referring to them as, "these old and superannuated people in the teaching field” (200). An unused path started the collision between new ideas and traditions. In time the gardens blossomed with beautiful red and yellow flowers. As Obi is admiring his work, he comes across...
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...1. Introduction Terrorism, Religious and Ethnic Intolerance are constantly affecting more or less every country of the world in the 21st century. These unexpected phenomena are all-pervading the stable economic and social, cultural and political aspects of the peace loving people. Therefore, these issues become the prime concerns for whole world especially after unexpected happening in 9\11, while after starting of war on terror by the United States of America and her allies. It is a method of employing violence in the quest of an ideology. The people of South Asia are constantly threatened by the varieties of terrorist activity. The convergence of limited institutional capacities in governments and law-enforcement agencies with grievances about widespread corruption, underdevelopment, socioeconomic marginalization, and the sometimes problematic role of the state, make South Asia an attractive operating base for terrorist groups. The recent horrific acts of terrorism, such as the November 2008 attacks in Mumbai, underscore the regional nature of the terrorist threat in South Asia, and they highlight the need for greater cooperation within the region to address it. There are no quick-fix solutions when it comes to combating terrorism. The aim of the paper to place the nature of terrorism in South Asia from Bangladesh perspective by analyzing the ways to counter terrorism and how can the threat of the phenomenon be reduced. 2. Terrorism in South Asia Every nation in South Asia...
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...oneself with the assistance of another who provides the knowledge, means or both. Voluntary euthanasia occurs when the act is done in accordance with the wishes of a competent individual or a valid advance directive. Non-voluntary euthanasia occurs when the act is done without knowledge of the wishes of a competent individual or with respect to an incompetent individual. Involuntary euthanasia, which is indistinguishable from murder or manslaughter, occurs when the act is done against the wishes of a competent individual or a valid advance directive. When talking in terms of the person to die, a competent individual is capable of understanding the nature and consequences of the decision to be made and capable of communicating this decision. An incompetent individual is not capable of understanding the nature and consequences of the decision to be made, and/or is not capable of communicating the decision. Because of advances in medical treatment, people are now able to live longer and delay death. But the ability to live longer often entails a diminished quality of life for those who suffer from degenerative or incurable diseases. The desire to achieve greater control over decisions relating to life and death has been fuelled by a number of factors, including: the desire to be...
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...of government, and even if we pretend to have a government, this government is paralyzed, ineffective or better described, the Nigeria government is at the state of apathy; emotional emptiness, where human life has and given no value, where we danced away our sorrows, where we replaced grief with merriment, where our leaders party away while we die in hundreds, where casualty is lied about, and where terrorism is politicized at the expense of human lives. We should expect further less from a country that has been characterized despite its acclaimed democratization with inept leadership, nepotism, electoral malpractices, bigotry, religious crises, dishonesty, immorality, and favoritism among others. The problems facing the Nigerian nation-state are too many to mention but a few, the failure of leadership, unemployment, ethnicity and religious intolerance further disunite us, the lack of capacity to utilize natural resources, corruption which permeates not only every aspect of our political system but also, every aspect of our lives, and not long ago, militancy which leads to kidnapping, bunkering, and recently terrorism which has caused us more woes than any other. Though, they weren’t borne out of nothing, and it was as a result of causality, the principle that every event must have a cause. We’ve always played blame-game, and while the government, who is supposed to take responsibilities, blames others for it woes, citizens chose to fault the process in which those in government...
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...Islam vs. the Rest of the World Islam vs. the Rest of the World Introduction There are hundreds of different religions and cultures throughout the world today and each is interpreted differently within the religious communities, families, or individuals and many of these cultures and religions have been morphed into a different form with different practices based on how each deems appropriate for them. There have been great strides in recent years to reduce discrimination and prejudice towards minority groups that are of a culturally different background than the dominant, more accepted groups and there is still a long way to go to meet total equality. While it is true there have been many improvements for some cultures in recent years, the opposite is true for those of the Muslim decent. Since the terrorist attacks starting from September 11 and since then, Muslims and those of the Islamic faith have been unfairly stereotyped negatively as demons and as many as 46 percent of Americans view the group as a whole as having terrorist tendencies. (Deane, Fears 2006) Not only are their religious practices criticized and viewed negatively, but nearly every other action they commit is thought to be “suspicious”, from the way they dress, to the way they talk, how they practice their religion, and how women are viewed and treated in their culture. Some view their form of lifestyle to be geared towards hatred and violence, with every action being held under a microscope and...
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...would not necessarily be sufficient for refusing a surgical procedure that would correct a life-threatening condition * The greater the risk relative to other alternatives—where risk is a function of the severity of the expected harm and the probability of its occurrence—the greater the level of communication, understanding, and reasoning skills required for competence to make that decision. * It is not always true, however, that if a person is competent to make one decision, then he or she is competent to make another decision so long as it involves equal risk. * Even if the risk is the same, one decision may be more complex, and hence require a higher level of capacity for understanding options and reasoning about consequences. * The evaluation of the patient’s decision-making will seek to assess how well the patient has understood the nature of the proposed treatment and any significant alternatives, the expected benefits and risks and the likelihood of each, the reason for the recommendation, and then whether the patient has made a choice that reasonably conforms to his or her underlying and enduring aims and values * Two broad kinds of defect are then possible: first, “factual”...
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...The French Revolution, which took place at the end of the 18th century, was perhaps the most significant revolution in history to date. Not only did it have an enormous impact on politics and social order within France but also across the European continent which was, at that period in history, the fulcrum of civilisation and modernity. A bitter dispute ensued about the French principles of ‘liberty, equality and fraternity’. This essay intends to focus on the impact that the Revolution had on Britain at that time and we will reflect on the influence that literary writings had upon shaping Britain’s views of the revolution and its espoused ideals, and in turn the consequences that they would have on British society into the 19th century. Leading up to the beginning of the French Revolution political and social unrest was spreading in Britain. The country was divided on one argument: the rights of man. On one side of the argument were the radicals who strongly supported a new form of government, that of elective democracy. This group were countered by the loyalists who adamantly opposed such drastic changes and remained allegiant to the church and the monarchy. Loyalists vehemently opposed what they saw as the threat against traditional British values. The radicals were part of a post-enlightenment movement that believed citizenship and its right derived from natural human rights such as that of all men being allowed to take part in politic regardless of their status or background...
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...heavily represented among the more powerful segments of French society o 2/5 of French aristocracy joined * They hoped to establish within France a principle of territorial sovereignty akin to the Peace of Augsburg * Calvinism served the forces of political decentralization. Calvinist conversations among powerful aristocrats as a means to achieve political goals o John Calvin and Theodore Beza saw this as a means to advance their cause o Beza converted Jeanne d‘Albert, the mother of the future Henry IV o The prince of Condé was converted by his Calvinist wife in 1558 o Calvinist religious convictions proved useful to their political goals Two main reasons to become a Calvinist with something to gain from the other o Religious Resistance made Calvinism a possible religion in Catholic France Secular/political reasons cast suspicion on religious intent Wanted to spread Calvinism, the religion As she had earlier sought Protestant support when Guise power threatened to subdue the monarchy, she now sought Guise support as Protestant influence grew. 1. Protestant Resistance Theory * Protestant leaders view on resistance against the emperor: o Luther: * approved resistance to the emperor after the Diet of Augsburg in 1530 o Calvin: * Condemned wilful disobedience and rebellion against lawfully constituted governments as un-Christian * He also taught that lower magistrates had the right and...
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...WHEN THE BLOOD TURNS SAFFRON OR GREEN SUMIT DALAL Assistant professor Delhi University Abstract – India being home to countless communities and religion, taking pride in its diversity, is yet to fulfil the dream of secularism in a real sense. Even in 21st century when communal riots can be the potent way to settle political scores, it takes no time to understand that there is something severely wrong at the top level. Therefore the masses need to understand that ultimately its they who suffer and mourn, the ruling elite class goes untouched as always. The solution can thus, only come from the mango people itself. Keywords- communal violence, bloodshed, caste and communities, religion, indifferent authorities. Right in the middle of the violent clashes, the critically acclaimed Bollywood movie released a way back in 1995, demands a mention to portray the recent communal turmoil. The hindu protagonist in the film cuts the wrist of himself and his muslim love interest to prove that the blood flowing is of the same colour, making it impossible to differentiate on any basis, leave alone religion. Mr. Mani Ratnam would have never thought that his plot would win the test of times and still stand relevant in the seventh decade of independence of world’s largest democracy. With an economy among the world’s ten largest India’s status as a re-emerging global power is now not just recognised, but is increasingly institutionalised with a seat in G-20 , increasing clout in international...
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...Freedom of Religion or Belief - how the FCO can help promote respect for this human right “The UK condemns all instances where individuals are persecuted because of their faith or belief, wherever this happens and whatever the religion of the individual or group concerned.”1 SUMMARY Freedom of religion or belief is a human right whose enjoyment is important to achieving the UK’s strategic priorities, particularly as regards conflict prevention and resolution. It is a sensitive issue in many countries. These guidelines, elaborated with the help of specialist stakeholders, aim to provide a simple introduction to the issues for FCO posts and desks, an analytical matrix to identify problems, some general responses to frequently raised issues, and other resources for those who wish to go deeper into the subject. 1 FCO Human Rights Annual Report 2007, p. 106 1 CONTENTS What is freedom of religion or belief? Paras 2-9 Why is freedom of religion or belief important to the UK? Paras 10-11 What is needed to achieve freedom of religion? Para 12 Vulnerable groups and freedom of religion Para 13 Children and freedom of religion Para 14 Freedom of religion and freedom of expression Paras 15-19 Restrictions on freedom of religion Paras 20 – 25 What problems are Posts most likely to encounter? Paras 26 – 32 How can Posts help to promote freedom of religion? Paras 33 – 38 Regional mechanisms Para 39 Some basic...
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...· Introduction · Homosexual Marriages Should Have the Same Rights as Heterosexual Marriages. · Comparisons to Other Countries · Europe · Africa · Background · First Argument with Gay Marriage · Changes in the Ability to Get Married · Hate Crimes · Identification of Policy Alternatives · Legalizing Gay Marriage Amongst All States · Legalizing Gay Marriage Amongst All States, but Naming it “Civil Unions” · Legalizing Gay Marriage/Civil Unions Against Some States, Recognizing it in All · Recommendation · References INTRODUCTION: Same Sex Marriages Having Same Rights as Heterosexual Marriages Gay marriage has been an active debate amongst politicians, religious figures, and the public. The debate has spanned over a decade with little change for either side. The issue of gay marriage is not just about the name of what the union is called, but the right to be able to legally join as homosexual couples with the same rights as heterosexual couples. Reasons for someone to be in favor of this topic are that there should be a separation of religion and politics, it deprives homosexuals of their natural rights, and this issue has escalated to violent hate crimes towards homosexuals. As it stands, currently 9 million adults are homosexuals, representing 4 percent of the 18 and over population in the United States with no signs of diminishing. Public administrators have done little in regards to helping...
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