...European Journal of Marketing 33,5/6 450 Received October 1996 Revised May 1997 Revised December 1997 Success factors of line extensions of fast-moving consumer goods Nijmegen Business School, Nijmegen, The Netherlands and Stern School of Business, New York, USA Keywords Brand extensions, Brands, Consumer behaviour, Marketing strategy, Product variety, Success Abstract Among the range of strategies available to a company, line extensions are an important way to keep a brand alive and to realize incremental financial growth. In order to be successful at introducing new extensions managers should understand line extensions' key success factors. In this study three market-related factors' impact on line extension success were investigated, i.e. the level of competition in the market place; retailer power; and consumers' variety seeking behavior. Data collected from 49 marketing and product managers in the fastmoving consumer goods industry showed that line extensions have very little added value over existing products, and that cannibalization is very much related to a line extension's success. Of all line extensions, those involving new flavors and new packaging/sizes were most successful. Extensions that improved product quality were found to be unsuccessful. The market-variables: level of competition; retailer power; and variety seeking behavior all had a negative influence on line extension success. Dominant brands were hurt more by variety seeking behavior's negative impact...
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...American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 3 (February 2011): 1–36 http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/mic.3.1.1 Strategic Entry Deterrence and the Behavior of Pharmaceutical Incumbents Prior to Patent Expiration† By Glenn Ellison and Sara Fisher Ellison* This paper develops a new approach to testing for strategic entry deterrence and applies it to the behavior of pharmaceutical incumbents before patent expiration. It examines a cross section of markets, determining whether behavior is nonmonotonic in market size. Under some conditions, investment levels will be monotone in market size if firms do not invest to deter entry. Strategic investments to deter entry, however, may result in nonmonotonic investment because they are unnecessary in small markets, and impossible in large ones. Consistent with an entry-deterrence motivation is the finding that incumbents in medium-sized markets advertise less prior to patent expiration. (JEL D92, G31, L11, L21, L65) T he insight that firms may make “strategic investments” to alter future competitive conditions is one of the most fundamental ideas in industrial organization. Jean Tirole’s (1988) chapter reviewing arguments about how excess capacity, capital structure, advertising, contractual practices, learning-by-doing, and other actions can be used to deter entry is easily the longest in the text.1 Strategic investment models are difficult to test directly, however, and the vast majority of this literature is theoretical...
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...The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/0265-1335.htm IMR 28,2 The role of context in assessing international marketing opportunities Susan P. Douglas and C. Samuel Craig Stern School of Business, New York University, New York, New York, USA Abstract Purpose – The choice of which country or countries to enter is a critical decision and needs to be made with considerable care and deliberation. Initial market entry decisions have typically focused on country evaluations based on macro-economic data. While appropriate in providing an initial screening of countries, other factors, notably contextual factors, can provide important insights in assessing international market opportunities. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of context at four distinct levels. Design/methodology/approach – The literature on the influence of context on consumption and purchase behavior is reviewed to provide a framework to understand contextual factors as a means to refine entry strategy and develop effective segmentation strategies. Findings – A wide range of contextual factors exert influence on consumption choices and contribute to within-country heterogeneity. These are typically examined at the macro-level, but also need to be examined at the meso-level, micro-level and situational level to fully assess market opportunities and establish viable market segments. Practical implications – Examination of contextual factors...
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...Entry/Exit Demand Analysis [ to cite ]: Peter R. Dickson and Alan G. Sawyer (1984) ,"Entry/Exit Demand Analysis", in NA - Advances in Consumer Research Volume 11, eds. Thomas C. Kinnear, Provo, UT : Association for Consumer Research, Pages: 617-622. Advances in Consumer Research Volume 11, 1984 ENTRY/EXIT DEMAND ANALYSIS Peter R. Dickson, The Ohio State University Alan G. Sawyer, The Ohio State University ABSTRACT Past methods of measuring consumer response to the price of a branded good are reviewed and critiqued. A new approach- Entry/Exit Demand Analysis--is described. The method borrows from and improves past methods. Some initial evidence about the technique's test-retest reliability is presented. INTRODUCTION One of the most troublesome problems that confronts management is estimating the responsiveness of demand to changes in price. In the past, experienced managers may have been able to intuitively assess price elasticity based on a history of strategic price increases and decreases. However, over the last decade, many of the street-wise managers may have lost their touch because consumer demand has become much more volatile. Inflation, recession and cultural trends are three factors that have made the tracking of demand curves and price elasticity an even more elusive exercise. Inflation has changed the real purchasing power of the dollar and consequently required consumers to frequently change their reactions to price. Consumers have to adjust to both changes in...
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...Defending a Domestic Position against Global Entries Abstract The paper offers a systematic review of strategic options available to incumbents coping with threats and attacks by a global firm. The framework makes it possible to review and analyze action alternatives based on the entry stage, the attack focus and defense tactics. Even though the globalization process has exposed domestic incumbents to greater threats, incumbents’ options have also increased. The doors of trade liberalization swing both ways. Opportunities for collaboration increase while anti-globalization movements and national patriotism can be mobilized for effective defense.. The framework presented in this paper builds on existing strategic theories and concepts in addition to published case studies. It offers a flexible and dynamic approach for reviewing alternative strategies for implementation and research. Key words: Defensive strategies, Incumbents, Global threats, Global opportunities, Globalization trends. Defending a Domestic Position against Global Entries Yaron Timmor; Samuel Rabino; Jehiel Zif Introduction In the age of globalization, many domestic firms are threatened by the entry of global firms (Baker and Ballington 2002; Beardsley et al. 2002; Roberts Nelson and Morrison 2005; Thoumrungroje and Tansubaj 2004). Equipped with mega brands, know-how and economies of scales, global and multinational firms shove aside and even trample local players (Douglast, Quelch and Taylor 2004;...
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...Kampala International University Abdifatah Adan Egeh Course work material +256718275925 caloolgeele@hotmail.com Introduction The analysis of barriers to entry and exit is fundamental to the assessment of market power and market efficiency. A firm or firms may exercise market power for a significant period of time only if barriers to new entry exist. Thus in determining whether or not a proposed merger is against the public interest, or whether a firm (or firms) is abusing monopoly or market power in antitrust cases, analysis of entry conditions is of primary importance. One might therefore expect to see rather extensive and sophisticated analyses of entry conditions, or barriers to entry, in monopoly and merger cases that come before competition authorities in the United States, United Kingdom, or member states of the European Union (EU). One might also expect that competition authorities would have placed a great deal of emphasis and effort on achieving a coherent and consistent framework for the analysis of entry barriers in a manner that makes use of the latest thinking on the subject by industrial organization economists. However, until very recently no competition authority that we are aware of has attempted to formulate a coherent and detailed framework for the analysis of barriers to entry, despite the significant degree of effort that has been put into clarifying the related problems of market definition and the measurement of monopoly or market power....
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...Dutch Food Company Pursuing the Chinese Market Research paper Authors: Nicole Elze, Gediminas Gargasas, Weili Gu, Francia Solórzano Class: MIBM Group A, 2015 - 2016 Group name: SEHCH Date: 11 January 2016 Place: Groningen 0 Abstract The consumer demand for high quality healthy food in East China is increasing and is thus attractive for businesses in the food industry. This paper assessed the Chinese food market from a perspective of a Dutch food company, which is willing to export. Four aspects of international business were covered, namely the involvement in international markets, value chain, dynamic capabilities and marketing. Both perspectives, current theoretical body of knowledge and most recent market information, have been combined to provide a complete and current situation of the food market in China. In the current literature, little is found regarding the Chinese consumer behavior especially towards foreign high quality food. The paper presents the most relevant information on four aspects of international business with an additional focus on marketing and potential clients and distributors in order to lay a foundation for any food exporter willing to export to China. 1 Table of contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 3 2. Methodology ................................................................................
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...The Strategic Decision of Foreign Market Entry by Service Firms Name Institution Table of Contents Abstract 4 Chapter One: Introduction 5 Research Question 9 CHAPTER 2 – Literature review 10 Literature review 10 Definition of Terms 11 Motives for Foreign Market Entry 11 External Forces 11 Internal Forces 13 Entry Modes 16 CHAPTER 3 – Methodology 17 The Research approach and hypothesis 18 Sampling 19 Procedure 21 Focus groups 21 Interviews 22 Analysis plan 22 Validity and reliability 24 Assumptions 25 Scope and Limitations 27 Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations 32 References 36 Summary This research aims to study and clearly express why firms joins foreign markets. In addition, the paper also shows the whole process of entry. This is whereby firms have to make strategies before they join these foreign markets. The paper shows how firms can survive after they finally make this decision. To expound on this, it is of great importance that firms regularly explore and join foreign markets. This helps them with significant number of benefits, among them coping with stiff competition. In addition, firms gain more knowledge based on these strategies on the survival means in the new markets. This makes it important for firms to speculate on how to make entries to foreign markets. In addition, the paper expounds further on this whole procedure. Abstract This research paper aims to find out more about the operations of a service firm. This mostly...
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...market, making China a lucrative market for Australian to enter. Both countries’ consumer behavior is important to understand as by exploring the way consumers think and the physical actions that result from these feelings, the crucial reasons behind how they spend their money can be established. This report examines the differences in consumer behavior of Chinese and Australia wine consumers. The purpose of the report is to strategically analyze the effects of consumer behavior theories, market segmenting, targeting, positioning and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in order to provide recommendations for further opportunities for Australian exporters. PART 1: THEORIES 1. SEGMENTATION, TARGETING AND POSITIONING Market segmentation, targeting and positioning are part of key elements of marketing most consumer goods. Through consumer research, marketers of brands uncover specific market segments with distinct needs (Schiffman et al, 2011). Then the marketers develop products and devise strategies to price, promote and distribute them. Key issues relating to segmentation in order for a successful target. Need to be identifiable, sizeable, stable, Accessible, congruent with company objectives and resources Australian Market Segmenting and Positioning In Australia, the wine industry covers a very broad demographic of consumers from working class to the very wealthy upper class. Consumers are also of varying age groups with the most prominent group of wine drinkers...
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...Literature Review BRM 1 Abstract This paper seeks to identify the customer’s preferences, behavior and shift of behavior in the Chinese food market and how they can influence foreign companies’ marketing strategy. This literature review shows that, pushed by a multitude of factors, the Chinese food consumption and food consumer’s behavior have strongly changed over the past 10 years, both in quantity and quality demand, creating a lot of opportunities for foreign companies. Moreover, the Chinese cultural background and preferences are identified as playing an important role in the willingness to buy (WTB) and shopping habits which prompts for a more adaptive approach of marketing. Introduction In the past decade, China has seen a lot of both positive and negative factors influence its food consumption and its society as a whole. Three main socio-economic factors are identified by the previous literature. Urbanization has been growing fast, more than 50% of the population lived in urban areas and it is expected to reach 75% by 2035. Moreover, the average income has been continuously rising and contributes to the growth of the middle upper class granting an easier access to goods. Finally, the demand or the need for imported goods rocketed, fueled by the recurring food scandals. (Gale, Hansen, Jewison, 2014) This evolution largely contributed in turning the Chinese food market, now the largest in the world, into a very attractive potential market for foreign...
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...IKEA internationalize into Japanese and Chinese markets? And what factors did influence IKEA’s success in Chinese market but failure in the Japanese market of the first round? The aim of thesis is to understand the internationalization of IKEA in Asia by comparing between Japanese and Chinese markets. This master thesis based on qualitative approach in order to investigate the internationalization of IKEA in Asian markets as a case study since it is beneficial in understanding the observation and explanation of behavior in the certain cases. IKEA is considered as retailer internationalization who expands into Japanese market as a result of deregulation and asset-based advantage while internationalize into Chinese market because of supporting environments such as political, social and economic conditions as well as transaction advantage. To success and failure, psychic distance and learning, strategic decision making process, degree of adaptation of retail offer, entry strategy, characteristics of organization and management characteristics are the influencing factors on internationalization of IKEA in the Japanese and Chinese markets. Internationalization, IKEA, retailer internationalization, influencing factors Title Supervisor Problems Purpose Method Conclusion Keywords Internationalization of IKEA in the Japanese and Chinese markets 2008 Master thesis- Group 2022 i Acknowledgement Our thanks are due to our advisor, Assistant Professor Leif Linnskog...
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...Chinese markets? And what factors did influence IKEA’s success in Chinese market but failure in the Japanese market of the first round? Purpose The aim of thesis is to understand the internationalization of IKEA in Asia by comparing between Japanese and Chinese markets. Method This master thesis based on qualitative approach in order to investigate the internationalization of IKEA in Asian markets as a case study since it is beneficial in understanding the observation and explanation of behavior in the certain cases. Conclusion IKEA is considered as retailer internationalization who expands into Japanese market as a result of deregulation and asset-based advantage while internationalize into Chinese market because of supporting environments such as political, social and economic conditions as well as transaction advantage. To success and failure, psychic distance and learning, strategic decision making process, degree of adaptation of retail offer, entry strategy, characteristics of organization and management characteristics are the influencing factors on...
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...is placed on the development of marketing strategy and the major components of the marketing mix (product, price, promotion, and distribution). Reviews the critical environmental factors of markets, domestic and international, and customer behavior characteristics that affect marketing operations. Highlights the integration of marketing with other functions in a business organization. INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS Required Resources Pride, W. M., & Ferrel, O. C. (2013). Foundations of marketing (5th ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Supplemental Resources A comprehensive list of supplemental resources is located at the end of the course guide. COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. Identify the key concepts of marketing and its function in society. 2. Explain the fundamentals of marketing, including product, price, distribution, and promotion in a global environment. 3. Determine the marketing planning process, market segmentation, and the development of the key elements of a marketing strategy. 4. Identify ethical issues involved in marketing. 5. Understand customer relationship management. 6. Determine the elements of marketing research. 7. Determine the factors affecting the behavior of consumers and commercial / organizational buyers. 8. Understand the key elements of business marketing, including product, price, distribution, and promotion. 9. Identify the key factors in establishing price. 10. Describe logistics and marketing...
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... Semester: 1st. [√ ] 2nd. [ ] Course title International Marketing Course type Compulsory[√ ] Specialized [ ] Optional[ ] Textbook(s) Marketing / International Marketing Major or sub-major IET Students classification Non-mainland[ √ ] Mainland[√ ] Department International Economy & Trade Instructor(s) Xia Jing Wen ( 夏京文) Academic position Professor [ ] Associate Professor [√ ] Lecturer[ ] Others[ ] Printed and issued by the Academic Affairs Department Date__4/8/2009__ (dd/mm/yy) Instructions 1. Print in Times New Roman, font size 12. If necessary, the space for each item may be enlarged or reduced in exactly the same format. 2. One form is required for each lesson（excluding the cover）. 3. “Course type” refers to Compulsory, Specialized or Optional; “Student Classification” refers to Mainland student or Non-Mainland student. Note: Common Optional courses are applicable to all majors. 4. “Department” refers to the College, Department or the Teaching and Research Section that offers the course. 5. “Form of Lesson” refers to lecture, discussion, experiment, social practice, internship etc. 6. “Contents of Lesson” should be a brief but concrete description of the contents, together with details of Chapter, Section...
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...Thesis topic: Changing Consumer Preferences from Traditional Retail Channel (TTC) to Modern Retail Channel (MTC): A Study in HCM City. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The introduction section will look at the retail market nowadays in Vietnam that is reason and factors from initiated this study. This part will show you the background of research, problem statement, research methodology, implication and scope and limitations which expect from the research and structure of this study. Those parts help you capture the content of this study to understand clearly what this study did. 1.1 Background and Rationale: Vietnam's retail market is considered as one of the dynamic retail market and the annual growth rate is quite high in the area. In 2012, despite Vietnam's retail market slipped to number 32 in its annual index global retail markets (GRDI) announced by AT Kearney (2011 ranked 23). However many experts have identified this market still has great potential and opportunity. According to international organizations, Vietnam is still considered one of the countries with attractive retail market in the 2013-2015 period. Nielsen – Organization of market research evaluation, forecasts retail sales in the period 2013-2015 will have the average increase of about 8.5% / year. However, revenue growth will depend mainly on the disposable income of the people and the rise of the middle class (http://www.nhandan.com.vn/kinhte/). According to a survey by the market research company and...
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