...Jose Ignacio Espinoza Flores Profesor: Lic. Juan Pablo Arias Mantenimiento Productivo Total Marzo 03, 2013 Metodología Six Sigma Muchos nos hemos preguntado cómo funciona la metodología Six Sigma, o tal vez nos hemos preguntado cómo es posible que lleguen a ser tan pocos errores por tanta cantidad de producción, o será una tecnología como Six Sigma fácil de implementar… Para empezar es necesario conocer el significado de lo que es esta metodología, conocer cuáles son sus objetivos y metas y aprender porque es tan valiosa esta herramienta para nuestras industrias. En primer lugar la metodología Six Sigma, es una herramienta que se basa en conocimientos y procedimientos como el análisis para desarrollar mejoras y de esta forma evitar que se presente la variabilidad. Utiliza herramientas que le facilitan la obtención de datos así como herramientas estadísticas para la caracterización y el estudio de los procesos. Esta ideología fue iniciada en Japón, primariamente por la marca Motorola y es una evolución de otras herramientas que buscaban la mejora de la calidad de sus servicios. Si hablamos de los beneficios que esta metodología nos puede brindar son muchos, pero principalmente podemos decir que busca reducir o eliminar los defectos, fallas o errores en la entrega de un producto o servicio al cliente. Su principal meta de seis sigma es llegar a un máximo de 3,4 defectos por millón de sucesos, eventos u oportunidades (DPMO). Y uno de sus beneficios es que mejora la rentabilidad...
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...Universidad Iberoamericana Finanzas 6° Semestre Análisis Estadístico Multivariado Trabajo 1 - Sector Construcción 24 de Marzo de 2011 Estadística Descriptiva: Calcularemos por año desde el 2007 hasta enero del 2011 los estadísticos descriptivos mas importantes para las empresas de nuestro sector, los cuales nos servirán de guía para suponer pruebas de hipótesis y así comparar el desempeño de las empresas. Tras haber calculado los estadísticos más importantes, haremos pruebas de hipótesis para poder comparar los rendimientos diarios de las acciones del sector. Comenzaremos con la comparación de CEMEX e ICA en cada año. Para 2007: No tienen distribución normal Ho: µica = µcemex H1: µica>µcemex Como son muchos datos, sabemos que el promedio de los rendimientos se distribuye normal, además de que son muestras dependientes por ser tomadas en las mismas fechas, por lo que aplicamos la siguiente prueba: Paired T-Test and CI: ICA 07, CEMEX 07 Paired T for ICA 07 - CEMEX 07 N Mean StDev SE Mean ICA 07 251 0.00252 0.02195 0.00139 CEMEX 07 251 -0.00057 0.01998 0.00126 Difference 251 0.00308 0.02155 0.00136 95% lower bound for mean difference: 0.00084 T-Test of mean difference = 0 (vs > 0): T-Value = 2.27 P-Value = 0.012 Como el valor de P es muy pequeño se rechaza la hipótesis nula, ya que alfa tendría que ser menor a 0.012 para que la aceptaramos. Por lo tanto se acepta...
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...Covarianza: Mide la fortaleza de la relación entre dos variables aleatorias Coeficiente de correlación: Mide la dirección y cercanía de la relación lineal entre dos variables. TEOREMA 1. Si (x,y) distribuyen conjuntamente normal y su Cov (x,y) es igual a cero, entonces (x,y) son estadísticamente independientes. (A la inversa: Si Cov (x,y) es cero, no necesariamente (x,y) son estadísticamente independientes). NOTA: si dos variables distribuyen conjuntamente normal, todas las distribuciones marginales son normales (su varianza es idéntica). La probabilidad de caer encima de la recta es CERO, ya que el área de una recta es CERO. TEOREMA 2: La p(y|x) es también normal si la p (x,y) distribuye normal. Continuación del teorema 2: si el par de (x,y) distribuye conjuntamente normal, el E(y|x) se escribe como una relación lineal: y= α + βx + U (Ecuación de la recta de regresión poblacional) Hipótesis: E(u) = 0 Var (u) = σˆ2 es una constante. U - variable aleatoria Homocedasticidad: se da en una población, si las probabilidades marginales no varían (supone la misma volatilidad) y tienen el mismo ancho o este es constante (que es la varianza poblacional de los errores) var (y|x) = σ2y (1-ρ2) es una constante, no depende de la variable x Ecuación de la recta de regresión para una muestra: y = a+bXi+εi (estimadores insesgados cuyos valores se aproximan a los valores poblacionales α y β de la ecuación de regresión poblacional). Esta es la recta que minimiza la suma de los...
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...Problemas: Tipos: Puntual Inferencia Estadística Estimación (tema 3) Por Intervalos Contraste de Hipótesis Paramétrico (Temas 4 y 5) No Paramétrico (Tema 6) TEMA 3: ESTIMACIÓN DE PARÁMETROS • Consiste en la obtención de valores aproximados para las características desconocidas (parámetros) de la distribución poblacional. • Tipos de estimación: - Puntual: un valor. Apartado 1 - Por intervalos: un intervalo con garantías de contener al parámetro. Apartado 2 • Estimadores y Estimaciones: 1) ESTIMACIÓN PUNTUAL Estadísticos Estimadores de θ • Estrategias de búsqueda de estimadores de un parámetro θ: - Proponer estimadores con buenas propiedades (sub-apartado a). - Aplicar un método de construcción de estimadores: Estimadores MáximoVerosímiles (EMV) (sub-apartado b). Para elegir entre diferentes estimadores para estimar un mismo parámetro θ nos basaremos en una medida, el ERROR CUADRÁTICO MEDIO (ECM): 2 ˆ ˆ ˆ ⎡θ ⎤ = Var ⎡θ ⎤ + E ⎡θ ⎤ - θ El criterio: elegir el estimador que ECM ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ tenga el menor ECM. 2 sesgo ( ) PROPIEDADES DE LOS ESTIMADORES PARA TODO TIPO DE MUESTRAS: ESTIMADOR INSESGADO significa que su media o valor esperado coincide con el parámetro θ, esto es: ˆ ˆ E ⎡θ ⎤ = θ y por lo tanto, su sesgo=E ⎡θ ⎤ - θ = 0 ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ˆ ˆ ˆ Consecuencia: Si θ es insesgado, entonces ECM ⎡θ ⎤ = Var ⎡θ ⎤ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ESTIMADOR EFICIENTE: si para estimar un mismo parámetro, disponemos de varios estimadores insesgados, el estimador eficiente...
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...to maintain position through security needs by task-related activities. After taking the LSI survey my primary and secondary styles of thinking fall under aggressive/defensive thinking. My limiting style of thinking falls under passive/defensive thinking. My primary thinking style, power, measures your self-worth to a degree that we can control and dominate others. Power thinkers lack confidence in others and try to establish their feelings of self-importance. Power thinkers are characterized to be aggressive and to have a rigid way of thinking. Power thinkers have a high need for control, power, prestige, and status. Power thinkers dictate the actions of others and they are threatened by undermined authority. Consequently, the qualities I found to be true about me regarding power is that I have a lot of aggression, lack confidence in others, and I have a high need of control and influence. At work I like to influence my coworkers to strive high and push towards things that they will improve their lives. I like to try and control my relationships and daily activities. Also, I have a tendency of trying to control situations that I have no control over. Furthermore, I disagree with the power style characterization. I use power to keep my daughters in line and my life in order. I...
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...levels are at analyzing the environment? 2. “To manage transactions with the organizational environment effectively, managers should chart the forces in the organization’s specific and general environments, noting (a) the number of forces that will affect the organization, (b) the pattern of interconnectedness or linkages between these forces, (c) how rapidly these forces change, and (d) the extent and nature of competition, which affects how rich or poor the environment is.” (Managerial Implications, p. 73) Conduct a specific analysis of Yahoo’s environment, identifying each of the 4 factors listed above. 3. “Taking that analysis, managers should plan how to deal with contingencies. Designing inter-organizational strategies to control and secure access to scarce and valuable resources in the environment in which they operate is the first state in this process” (Managerial Implications, p. 73) 4. How is Resource Dependence Theory illustrated in Yahoo’s relations with its environment? 5. Illustrate the concepts of symbiotic and competitive interdependence, using Yahoo’s case history. Did Yahoo effectively manage its interdepencies? 6. As a consumer, how would you rate Yahoo against its major competitor Google? Why? Part I. Identification of Problems (2-4 pages) Using only the information provided in the case, identify and explain the problems that the company is having. In...
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...Telstra suffered from an embarrassing situation which risked losing its position of dominance. The main reason for this is that its management structure, that is, classical management. The report will argue that the problem of classical management and offer a recommendation for this situation. From this case, it is clearly to identify the management problem is that classical management. There are some facts, which can prove this. One of the fact is that the organization assets were privatised in a way that allowed the organization to function as a monopoly. In addition, another fact is that Telstra block competitors' access to the network. Both of these examples emphasize Telstra aimed at controlling others. Telstra control market by controlling competitors in order that it is a monopoly. According to William C, the classical management focus is controlling others(1992). In terms of investment, Telstra invest $300 million in upgrading network, and they want to get all providers to use this network. This means Telstra maximize return on investment, they also focus on short-term goals. William C stated that the classical management revolves managers are seen as keepers of scorecards who manage toward short-term goals and they maximize return on investment(1992). All of this facts are in accordance with classical management models. In view of the above-mentioned facts, a recommendation is provided. Telstra should adopt new paradigm management. According to William C, the...
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...the storage of products, and their primary purpose is to maximize the usage of available storage space. Distribution centers emphasize the rapid movement of products through a facility, and they attempt to maximize the throughput. 4. Cross-docking is a process where a product is received in a facility, occasionally married with product going to the same destination, then shipped at the earliest opportunity, without going into long-term storage. This could affect warehousing design as cross-docking is more desirable by allowing more receiving and outgoing delivery doors, or a bigger floor space to handle more product movements. 6. The advantages of private warehousing are: cost is spread over more units of inventory, more control over storage needs, control over product placement within the facility, and access to product whenever the company needs. A few disadvantages are: initial cost is very high, fluctuating demand means loss of productive space, high interest rates cause more cost for financing, and a reduction in the company’s flexibility in relation to their external environment. 11. The trade-off between order-picking versus stock-replenishing is: keeping both teams working on the same floor at the same time will save on managerial personnel being needed, it will also cause congestion. 18. To start with, hazardous materials means that enhanced security focusing on people, facilities, and processes must occur. Secondly, proper documentation and signage needs to be able...
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...INTRODUCTION Every human been has several needs and desires. But no individual can satisfy all his wants. Therefore, people work together to meet their mutual needs which they cannot fulfill individually. Moreover, man is a social being as he likes to live together with other people. It is by working and living together in organized groups and institutions that people satisfy their economic and social needs. As a results there are several types of groups, eg..; family, school, government, army, a business firm, a cricket team and the like. Such formal groups can achieve their goals effectively only when the efforts of the people working in these groups are properly coordinated and controlled. The task of getting results through others by coordinating their efforts is known as management. Just as the mind coordinates and regulates all the activity of a person, management coordinates and regulates the activities of various members of an organization. Every organization, regardless of size, has developed and implemented its own management in order for it to run smoothly and accomplish the vision, goals and objectives it has set forth. As such, the basic function of management, broken down into four different areas, allow for it to handle strategic, technical and operational decisions for the organization. The four function of management are: planning, organizing, directing and controlling. PLANNING Planning is the core area of all function of management. It is the foundation...
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...in our Contemporary Management textbook, our class was assigned to determine if Mr. Edens’ behavior was ethical and acceptable or unethical and unacceptable. Secondly, we needed to provide the rationale for our answers and provide examples. Mr. Edens has created a highly controlled workplace with close manager supervision and surveillance. Even though I don’t agree with this environment, I think Mr. Edens’ behavior has been ethical and acceptable. Lockbox Processing: No Place to Hide Mr. Edens’ company, Electronic Banking System Inc., specializes in “lockbox processing.” Due to the sensitive nature of this financial service, Mr. Edens has implemented many controls to monitor his employees. Workers handle thousands of dollars in checks and cash, and thus they need to be monitored closely. These controls are designed to limit theft which reassures customers that their money is safe. Managers sit at the front of the room on raised platforms; other supervisors watch employees from the rear. While some may consider this approach intrusive, these techniques exist in many workplaces today where employees come in direct contact with money. Mr. Edens’ employees work in an area called “the cage.” No talking is permitted, the windows are covered, and many common items that workers usually have at their desks are banned. Mr. Edens is able to monitor this environment with a series of eight cameras which have the ability to zoom in closer on employee’s activities. Personally...
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...scientific management which is a scientific approach to management that requires all tasks in organizations are analyzed, routinized, divided and standardized in depth instead of using rules of thumb (Buelens et al, 2011). The scientific management was developed because that production at his time was controlled by the workers in terms of the pace and nature of production, which was viewed by him as the cause for inefficient production. He then divided tasks into subtasks and eliminated the unnecessary subtasks to get an optimal time. Each task had to be performed in the best way and workers have no right to choose how to do their tasks (Buelens et al, 2011). Thus, through removing employees’ discretion over the work, managers were able to control over the method and pace of working, and to take the responsibility for planning each activity to ensure that every step was in line with business objectives. Moreover, based on the assumption that workers can not be trusted to perform their jobs diligently, work activities were tightly controlled through supervision and monitoring. However, Taylor believed that people were rational beings who could be motivated through financial incentives. Piece rate reward system was used to reward people when they reached a certain target (Buelens et al, 2011). Critiques of Taylorism mostly come from humanistic side. Although social scientists agree that modern management methods have led to greater material wealth and thus a higher standard of life...
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...with the number of products that are produced for sale. Example of these costs includes wages of production, electricity power to run machines, raw materials and the cost of maintaining inventory. These costs fluctuate depending on the activity of the business and should be controlled for the business to accrue profits. Various strategies can be employed to control variable costs (Bragg, 2011). Products and service provided need to be scrutinized in order to find out the most cost effective one. The costs can be reduced by reducing the production of products that provide least profits while at the same time investing in products that are more lucrative. For example, raw material can be scrutinized to find out the best sources that will be more cost effective in the production of various products. Another way to control the costs is to cut expenditure on fluctuating costs such as employee salaries and advertising costs before targeting the fixed costs like utilities and rent. Reducing fixed costs can put strain on the operational and financial status of the business compared to when variable costs are cut. This control strategy may be challenging especially in the case where there is stiff competition. For instance, to be able to compete favorably in...
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...------------------------------------------------- life is good (case study) FOM September 6, 2014 utban ali I13-0862 September 6, 2014 utban ali I13-0862 Q1.As the top managers of the company what types of issues might Bert and john have to deal with? Be as specific as possible. What management functions might be most important to them? Why? A1. The number of issues and problems they might face may vary from time to time as they depend on a number of things. As the top managers of the company they have to make very important and big decisions such as which market are they going to target and also which partners they have to cooperate. They might face issues relating to communication as if a company wants to progress the top managers have to make sure that their message is delivered to the employees and also that the message of employees is delivered to them. Effective teamwork depends on a culture of open communication, where superiors and subordinates can freely discuss progress and problems. Employees who feel that their bosses are distant or somehow “off limits” have a tendency to make mistakes that could have been avoided had parties felt more comfortable talking to each other. Being Leaders they are often responsible for helping build unity between staff members. It can take a bit of time for workers to develop trusting relationships with one another, and the role of a supervisor or managers is to set the proper framework to encourage these relationships to...
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...manager knows its organizations structure very well and also analyzed the structure, he/she handle the required approach for change process. Achieving the desired outcomes for the change process are crucial. Using change images helps to achieve the desired outcomes from the change process. Reaching planned and intended outcomes will be easier with the change images approaches. Six images of change helps to control and shape the changing process. Change manager as a director indicates controlling process. Several steps should be followed for a successful change process. If director follows the certain steps for change, intended outcomes will be achieved. These several steps should be used for change managers. In this first image, control is the heart of the change process. In the second image change manager as a navigator, change manager is not have the all control authority. Outcomes are at least partly emergent rather than completely planned and result from a variety of influences, competing interest and processes. A change manager can establish a team, but can not control the effective work of...
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...Valley Wide Utilities Case Study Problems Macro The company was faced with financial inefficiencies resulting from an expansion of its facilities. Three years prior, under advisement from outside firm, Valley Wide implemented an MBO program to evaluate department managers, sales engineers, and consumer service employees. President Delgado appointed John Givens and Hilda Hirsh to provide a broad outline of MBO performance standards, identify key standards controlling performance, and more specifically, isolate goals not easily attained. Micro At the beginning stages, negative feedback was received, but eventually departments came around. During the first year participation was encouraged, employees set high goals, productivity increased, and rewards were obtained. However, in the course of the past year, performance evaluation problems are surfacing, dissatisfaction is emerging, managers are stating MBO standards are too tight and unfair, and workers are threatening to leave. Causes John and Hilda may not have the knowledge or skills to evaluate and change performance levels of individuals or teams. Manager and line supervisors should be participating in MBO programs. They can assist by identifying deficiencies, facilitating process improvements, and measuring goals and objectives Other departments started complaining that Hirsh was only looking for failure to report under the cover of the MBO system. There is no trust in this company due to management...
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