...1. Introduction Poverty, which is measured by the household income lower than poverty line has been identified as the dependent variable in this project. It is important to know which elements are associated with poverty. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the key determinants of American household poverty in 1980. The four possible determinants will be analyzed in this project, the average numbers of every family (FAMSIZE), URB is the percent of people live in urban, UR is the level of people have no job over 16 years and the median family income in US dollars (INCOME). Descriptive statistics, correlation and regression will be used in this project. 2. Descriptive statistics Variable | Mean | Median | Mode | VAR | STDEV | URB | 58.76034483 | 66.15 | 0 | 1012.828049 | 31.82495953 | FAMSIZE | 3.140172414 | 3.135 | 2.93 | 0.033377163 | 0.182694178 | UR | 9.293103448 | 8.95 | 5.8 | 10.92696915 | 3.30559664 | INCOME | 19240.43103 | 18512 | N/A | 10889936.04 | 329.990309 | POV | 9.120689655 | 9.05 | 8.8 | 6.230792498 | 2.496155544 | 3. Correlation Correlation and regression are techniques for investigating the statistical relationship between two, or more, variables (Barrow, 2013, pp. 238). * Correlation defines the degree to which there is a linear relationship between pairs of variables. Firstly, it is useful to graph the variables to see if anything useful is revealed. In this case, XY graphs are the most suitable and they are shown in following...
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...The question whether poverty breed violent conflict or violent conflict cause poverty is very complex and difficult to answer. Many scholars have different views. Some are in the favor of poverty led violence other having different opinion. This phenomenon is interlinked. In some situations, poverty and under development is caused by violence and on the other hand violence is been the main source of destruction of poverty and underdevelopment .It is observed that those people who live in poverty and belong to poor class are more prone to violence. There could be a number of provocations; poor/limited housing space, excessive and close interaction with lots of people, homelessness, distressed neighborhood, noise pollution, disrupted families, high crime rate, disease etc. Simply hunger can push a teenager to steal...
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...| Crime in the United States | Data Analysis Project | | Brad Davidson | | 12/2/2010 | | Executive Summary This purpose of this report is to answer the question, “what variables affect the level of crime in the United States?” With so many possible influences, the goal of this analysis will be to narrow the scope to the items which we feel will be most statistically significant when gauging the effect on the level of crime. The regression analysis methodology is best suited for this analysis since it can identify the influences of the different variables from past data and provide an equation to predict future values with an associated level of accuracy. The result of the analysis could then be shared with local and national representatives to help focus efforts on reducing the overall crime level and improve public safety. This report contains the following: (1) Brief introduction of the study, (2) Statistical Methodology, (3) Preliminary Analysis of the Data, (4) Regression Analysis, (5) Forecast, and (6) Conclusion. Introduction The current social climate in the United States was the motivation behind this analysis. With the current mid-term elections, there were many topics that would seem unsettling to most individuals and it’s our perception that most feel more unsafe now than say 10-15 years ago. Granted there are many factors that contribute to this type of fear or uneasiness, but one that we decided to investigate was related to crime...
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...Participating Countries of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative for Economic Growth | Introduction: Economic growth is vital to any countries livelihood. Economic growth within a country affects every industry, market, and household. In 1996, the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and several other small creditors created the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative (HIPC) to help provide economic growth to poor and developing countries. The direct purpose of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative was to offer low interest loans and debt relief to countries that meet the criteria for the initiative. Countries would have to be selected by criteria, which included, a countries past economic growth, amount of debt, poverty rate, lack of development, with many other factors. In creation of the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative, was in hopes that in could spur economic growth in development in many improvised nations. The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative has only invited thirty-nine countries to participate in the initiative since its creation. Africa has had the majority of the countries, while the rest were located in Southeast Asia, and the Middle East. The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative uses a two point system to meet the seven requirements the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank requires to receive debt relief. There are only two points that all participating countries in the Heavily Indebted Countries Initiative...
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...Introduction I will address the following question: How does poverty affect obesity? I will use three articles that will support my answer as to why I think poverty affects obesity. First, I will discuss the articles. Second, I will state the author’s main points and identify how they address my research question. Next I will discuss the evidence does he/she use to make this point and discuss what research method they author used to gather data and address the which sociological perspective the author would state their viewpoint to fit and discuss the authors finding support contradict and/or complement one another. Authors Main Point Article Summary One In childhood and adolescent obesity, which is defined as body mass index at or above...
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...personal prejudice, cultural assumptions and structural power relations ignite oppression and discrimination. I have chosen to look at this in relation to poverty and race. This essay aims to define discrimination and oppression, and relate this to what is evident when talking about poverty and race and discuss the implications for the young people I work with. The literal meaning of discriminate is to identify a difference. When the term is used in a legal, moral or political sense it is generally used to refer to unfair discrimination, this refers to the process where a difference is identified and used to impose unfair treatment. Oppression is the outcome of unfair treatment. associated with discrimination has oppressive consequences for the people so affected. It is important to note the differences between anti/discriminatory and anti-oppressive practice are primarily semantic, rather than theoretical or ideological. What is paramount is that as care and social workers we all must tackle this issue head on, without fear of opening a can of worms. Poverty is an issue that has been talked about for many years in Scotland. Nethetheless, in despite severity of the situation, and regardless of the impact on our youth, and ultimately the future of our country. Even though legislation put in place to ensure the well being of our children, it can be argued that not enough is being done to tackle the issue. Poverty is an issue which raises much debate but little seems...
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...capitalist development, which discriminates and creates an increasing gap between the rich and poor. The role of the state is to provide funds in order to ensure the welfare and to comply with the established constitutional right that is the guarantee to health, education, work and food for every individual. The state comes as a provider of these needs by creating social policies that ensure the survival for those living in extreme poverty. Based on this, income transfer programs were created, with the purpose of, in the short term, alleviate the problems arising from poverty and in the long term, investing in human capital, breaking the poverty cycle. A conditional cash transfer (CCT) is a type of income transfer program with the aim to reduce poverty by creating welfare programs conditional to the beneficiary’s actions. The government only transfers the money to people who meet certain conditions, which may include the enrolment of children in school, going to the doctor and receiving vaccinations, among others. Bolsa Familia is the largest conditional cash transfer in the world and it was implemented in Brazil (World Bank, 2005). and it consists in the financial aid to poor families as long as they keep their children often at school and vaccinated. The program aims to reduce poverty in the short and long term through conditional transfers of capital, which, in turn, aims to break the generational cycle of poverty from generation to generation. The elements that determine the outcome...
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...little or minimal benefits to economic growth and development, especially when compared with the developed countries of the world. Technological advancement is known to impact fast rate of economic development. In Nigeria, policy on adoption of Information and Communication Technologies was initiated in 1999, when the civilian regime came into power of government. The operations of the licensed telecommunication service providers in the country has created some well-felt macroeconomic effects in terms of job creation, faster delivery services, reduced transport costs, greater security and higher national output. This study intends to investigate the emerging roles of ICTs on Nigerian economy, and to evaluate the factors that influence the decisions of investors in the Nigerian telecommunications sector. Ordinary Least Square Method of Regression for the period 1999 – 2004, shall be employed. This period is considered appropriate in that, it was the time that policy on ICTs was adopted. The paucity of data prior to this time also poses restriction on meaningful econometric analysis. Significant and positive relationship between ICTs and economic growth is expected as it is portrayed in some economic literature. While telecommunication service providers receive commensurate profit on their investment efforts, the regulation from the government should ensure competitiveness. This strategy will increase the quality of the services offered, and possibly at cheaper price...
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...every pregnancy occur in women of younger age. They go ahead to explain that annually, the United States among other countries with high rates of teen pregnancy record approximately one million teenage pregnancy. The purpose of this essay is to provide a claim of evaluation that critically examines the statistics of teenage pregnancy and the relationship between depression and poverty on teenage pregnancy. Given the establishment of how bad the prognosis for teenage pregnancy is, this claim of policy intends to establish the link between this public health issue and depression and poverty. Relationship between Teenage Pregnancy and Poverty One of the steps towards with any issue that appears to be a predicament is to establish the root cause of that particular problem. In this case, therefore, the main purpose of this claim of evaluation is to find out the relationship or link between teenage pregnancy and the victim’s socio-economic status. In as much as it has been named among the consequences of teenage pregnancy, Tripp and Viner (2006) observe that there is a correlation between the teenage pregnancy and high rates of poverty. In as much as teenage pregnancy is said to be prevalence in some countries than others, it is also necessary to be specific and mention that it...
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...Why are tropical countries so poor? Countries with historically rich colonial backgrounds, including fair political institutions and profitable economic institutions, seem to have faired off better than colonies in tropical countries that lacked them. This can be rationalized since European countries set up institutions in different locations with varying intentions. (Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson 1370). By identifying the characteristics and the resulting influences of various colonial institutions, in addition to why different locations were more suitable for these separate institutions, it will become apparent as to why tropical countries turned out poorer than areas with temperate climates today. One type of colony set up by Europeans was an extractive state. “The main purpose of the extractive state was to transfer as much of the resources of the colony to the colonizer” (1370). These colonies were exploited by Europeans and didn’t offer institutions that protected their native citizens against the ruling government. Their existence was solely to produce profit for the elite, which was done through extracting the lands’ gold, silver, and cash crops (Easterly and Levine 8). The ruling government would generally extract these colonies valuables, then “set up a complex mercantilist system of monopolies and trade regulations to extract further resources from the colonies” (Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson 1375). Since there was an overwhelming economic motive behind the...
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...come into the forefront of development agenda due to the recognition of their contribution in fostering growth, sustaining global economic recovery, generating employment and reducing poverty (OECD, 2004). But this sector is facing severe problem in financing, regulatory aspects, access to non-financial inputs. Some recent trends show that Government policies have discriminated against small-scale enterprises. There is nothing wrong with a situation in which inexperienced entrepreneurs are unable to get institutional credit (Little, 1987). It shows that the relative decline of small-scale enterprises in most developing countries has been accelerated by the industrialization policies adopted in these countries. Protection, regulatory constraint, investment incentives, credit control, and the promotion of industry in the public sector have all discriminated against the small. The common idea that the cost of capital is very high for small enterprises is overly simple (Little, 1987). From A research of World Bank suggests the existence of financial constraint because formal banks do not lend to the smallest firms in most countries. It has also severe impact on the smallest firms (Levy, 1993). In Bangladesh, small and medium enterprises have been facing multifarious problems related to raw materials, power, land, marketing, transport, technical facilities and finance (Ranjit & Rashid, 1996). Due to their weak capital structure and other regulatory constraint, it is getting more difficult...
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...Chapter 4, Article 21, Clause 1. 7 8 Ibid, Chapter 4, Article 21, Clause 1. Ministry of Human Resource Development, G.S.E. 301(E), Part II, Ch. 3, Article 5. 9 Government of India, RTE, Chapter 4, Article 22, Clause 2(a) and 2(c). 10 Ibid, Chapter 4, Article 22, Clause 2(b). For both upper and lower primary schools. OECD. Public and Private Schools: How Management and Funding Relate to their Socio-economic Profile. PISA. OECD Publishing. 2012. Web. 12 11 Figure 2 - Source: 2007 and 2011 and 2012 ASER Reports Authors' calculations of average attendance in Primary Schools and Upper Primary Schools (weighted by number of schools in each category). Figure 3 - Source: 2011 and 2012 ASER Report Figure 4 – Relationships between grants, material inputs, attendance, and learning outcomes. Arrows indicate some evidence of a statistically significant relationship according to authors’ analysis of ASER-PAISA, PAISA-DRC, and DISE datasets. 13 Demographic variables controlled for include: percentage of urban population in the district, percentage of the population belonging to a scheduled caste or tribe, district-wide sex ratio, district-wide literacy rate, girls as a percentage of enrolled students in the district, OBC as a percentage of enrolled students in the district, Muslim students as a percentage of enrolled students in the district,...
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...American Journal of Economics 2012, 2(3): 57-60 DOI: 10.5923/j.economics.20120203.06 Linear Function Application: Enlightment to the Impact of Fuel Subsidy Removal in Nigeria Abang I. S.*, Elufisan T.O., Okwubunne A. C. National Centre for Technology Management, an Agency of the Federal Ministry of Science & Technology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria Abstract This paper adopts a linear function approach to analyse the effect of fuel subsidy removal on the value of Nigerian Naira and local production in the country. Data for about eight different periods where fuel hike occurred in Nigeria was used, and a mathematical model with the aid of a graph, was also developed to aid estimated calculation of Naira’s value. We also deduced from this study that increase in fuel pump price has an adverse effect on the standard of living of the people, since fuel is essential for the transportation of major Nigerian commodities, such as Agricultural produce and other market product. The significant impact of the upsurge of petroleum pump price on the price of goods transport initiates this study; with the aim of checking its effect on the purchase value of naira. Though this study is totally neutral about the subsidy removal, its just to enlighten us on the topic and let viewers decide. Keywords GDP, Subsidy, Data, Scarcity calls for a quick intervention. In a bid to averting the continual occurrence of this problem, Nigeria government have decided to intervene by deregulating...
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...The goal being to understand how modern economics is rooted in the political economy throughout history. Farmer defines structural violence to be a form of systematic control and manipulate with a direct correlation to those in power. Farmer argues that an unbalanced economic and social dynamic prolongs and normalizes systematic control. The situation in Haiti was brought to light by farmers. A key part of Farmers' argument about structural violence is the extreme poverty, total fall of the health care system and the daily life strain on the population. The structural violence argument made by Farmer suggests history, geography, and biological contexts, considering the nature of structural violence in Haiti, farmer argues that these things are needed in research on structural violence. Farmer states that structural violence has a direct correlation with racism, slavery, and social and gender inequalities, using the case studies of tuberculosis and HIV as two diseases that kill the poor disproportionately. "the concept of structural violence is intended to inform the study of the social machinery of oppression"...
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...Trends of Foreign Direct Investment in Bangladesh CHAPTER ONE Background of the Study 1. Introduction 1.1 Introduction Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is considered as one of the vital ingredients for overall development process of a developing Bangladesh. country like Industrial development is an important pre-requisite growth country. of for a economic developing is Bangladesh basically a country of agrarian economy. For her economic development, industrial economy is imperative. So Bangladesh is gradually moving from agrarian economy to industrial economy. In the age of globalization, it has become a burning issue to exchange views, ideas, capital and human resources. Government of Bangladesh is trying to create a favorable investment environment through introducing economic policies, incentives for investors, promoting privatization and so on. Therefore, the contribution of FDI is necessary in the enhancement of a country‟s economic growth. Researchers have marked FDI as an important factor in accelerating economic success and wealth of a country as well as a door in creating jobs, facilitating economy, and creating more competitive environment and contributing productivity to the host country. 1 Trends of Foreign Direct Investment in Bangladesh In Bangladesh, FDI plays a significant role in GDP acceleration and economic growth (Mottaleb 2007). FDI has a mentionable role in the modernization of the Bangladesh economy for last two decades. It helps the country...
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