...University of Phoenix Material Funding Terrorism Worksheet Complete Parts I and II of this worksheet. Part I Watch the Counterfeits: Funding Terrorism video located on the student website. Complete the table by including the following: • Left column: Identify 2 or 3 funding strategies used by terrorists or terrorist organizations to fund their activities. • Middle column: Identify the threat the funding strategy poses to homeland security and to legitimate businesses. • Right column: Identify strategies used in counterterrorism to combat the funding strategy. Funding Strategy Threat Counterterrorism Strategy Criminal activities Globalization the Money Laundering Control Act of 1986 Foreign supporters money laundering The Bank Secrecy Act of 1970 Revenues from legal companies Transnational organized crime The USA PATRIOT Act Part II Write a 350- to 700-word summary, in the space below, about the funding and counterterrorism strategies listed in the table. Include the following in your summary: • Identify the threats that funding strategies pose to legitimate businesses. This kind of funding strategies will cause a legal business to subject to sanctions and regulations in laws that can help businesses from being profitable. If the government they are part of a terrorist organization, they can freeze the business accounts and other assets. Like for example government following the events of 9/11 the government did not...
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...Homeland security is often something taken for granted by United States citizens and policy makers. Many felt that the United States was inherently immune to acts of terrorism until the tragic events that occurred on 9/11. Though time has elapsed since then, the impact of terrorism on the nation must not be forgotten. The importance of Homeland Security must continually be emphasized in order to make it a top priority for governing officials and citizens of the United States for the safety of its citizens and the ability to thrive as a nation. Now, more than ever, United States policy makers play a drastic role in Homeland Security. The threat of various WMD proliferation is growing exponentially with the numerous technological advancement...
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...Explain what is meant by 'counterterrorism'. What policy objectives are usually pursued within a counterterrorism grand strategy? Provide suitable examples to illustrate your answer. Counterterrorism involves the “detection and prevention of violent dissident activities by governments, police, security agencies, and military forces to more involved efforts to eliminate support within society for the dissident groups” (Lutz, J & Lutz, B. 2008). Thus, counterterrorism is a combination of multiple façades of government and law enforcement which interact to form a counterterror grand strategy. It is important to draw attention to the differences between a “strategy” and a “grand strategy”. A strategy requires a precisely specified political objective – strategy is a scheme for making the means produce the desired ends (Betts, 2000). A grand strategy on the other hand is far more complex. A grand strategy explains how a state’s full range of resources will be utilised to achieve security (identifying threats and how to minimise or eliminate them) - essentially a grand strategy is “complex, multifaceted, and directed toward a distant time horizon” (Crenshaw, 2004). This essay will explore and discuss the key issues considered while designing a counterterrorism grand strategy, and will provide relevant examples of these issues that have been applied in grand strategies. The major component of an effective counterterrorism grand strategy is the ability of law enforcement and the...
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...Terrorism is defined under as violent acts that violate both state and federal laws intended to intimidate and coerce the civilian population and retaliate and influence government policy. See Federal Bureau of Investigations, Terrorism. The main difference between international terrorism and domestic terrorism is the jurisdiction in which the act takes place. Domestic terrorism take place within the United States territorial jurisdiction, while international terrorism occurs outside the United States. Unfortunately, terrorism is an all too common word in today’s society that brings fear into the hearts of the people both abroad and here at home to influence social, ideological, or political agendas. Terrorism involves felony crimes violating the criminal laws of the United States or states as if committed within the U.S. jurisdiction. Strom, 355, (2012). These acts often affect the civilian population or government conduct...
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...3 COUNTERTERRORISM EVOLVES In chapte r 2, we described the growth of a new kind of terrorism, and a new terrorist organization—especially from 1988 to 1998, when Usama Bin Ladin declared war and organized the bombing of two U.S. embassies. In this chapter, we trace the parallel evolution of government efforts to counter terrorism by Islamic extremists against the United States. We mention many personalities in this report. As in any study of the U.S. government, some of the most important characters are institutions. We will introduce various agencies, and how they adapted to a new kind of terrorism. 3.1 FROM THE OLD TERRORISM TO THE NEW: THE FIRST WORLD TRADE CENTER BOMBING At 18 minutes after noon on February 26, 1993, a huge bomb went off beneath the two towers of the World Trade Center.This was not a suicide attack.The terrorists parked a truck bomb with a timing device on Level B-2 of the underground garage, then departed.The ensuing explosion opened a hole seven stories up. Six people died. More than a thousand were injured. An FBI agent at the scene described the relatively low number of fatalities as a miracle.1 President Bill Clinton ordered his National Security Council to coordinate the response. Government agencies swung into action to find the culprits.The Counterterrorist Center located at the CIA combed its files and queried sources around the world. The National Security Agency (NSA), the huge Defense Department signals collection agency, ramped up its communications...
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...: TERRORISM AND COUNTERTERRORISM COURSE CODE : SECU. 715 COURSE TITLE: TERRORISM AND COUNTERTERRORISM SUPERVISOR : MADAM LOUISE MACHARIA DATE OF SUBMISSION: 16TH NOVEMBER, 2014 ACRONYMS CJM – Criminal Justice Model WM – War Model ECJM – Expanded Criminal Justice Model MACP – Military Aid to Civilian Power SIGNT – Signal acquired Intelligence HUMINT – Human acquired Intelligence ELINT - Electronic Communications Intelligence 1.0 INTRODUCTION Terrorists commit acts of great atrocity and inhumanity, and many affected by such acts may be tempted to take “an eye for an eye” approach, but it is important that any response or emergency powers follow democratic principles. By retaliating harshly, the state runs the risk not only of looking like an oppressive bullying regime but also of alienating the public, thus perhaps causing sympathy for the terrorists and making it harder for the state to refuse their demands. The counterterrorist approach/capability needs to have a preventive (before), responsive (during), and “post” or “after” approach to deal with incidents and eventualities afterward. If conflict prevention and deterrence fails, then there must be an effective law-enforcement, military, and emergency/ contingency services combination to react to events and a strong accountable and clear criminal justice system to punish perpetrators fairly afterward. 2.0 MODELS FOR A COUNTERTERRORISM RESPONSE In combatting...
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...of September 11 has instilled fear to passengers when using various categories of transportation. The use of aircraft was a weapon to cause the September 11 mayhem and therefore, the emergence of travel restrictions an airport and airline tight security. It is very clear that, controlling individual and organized terrorism could be difficult considering the September 11 terrorism attack. Easy access to information as a result enhanced information age by ICT has made fighting terrorism difficult due to their global presence and the quick and easy information sharing. Therefore fighting terrorism must be a concerted effort and long lasting battle and taking note of new dynamics of terrorist groups that effectively exploited communications technologies to weaken state security. 5.0 Risk Management before 11/9 5.1 Federal Bureau of Investigation...
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...This paper seeks to create a hypothetical task force to respond to cyber terrorism. The task force is informed by the scenario of Jim, the computer hacker who enjoys into breaking into other people’s accounts and corporate accounts. The hacker knows how to access confidential government documents and social security numbers of millions of Americans. To avert this problem, it is crucial to come up with a task force that will work in conjunction with local, state, and federal agencies to ensure safety for Americans and corporate entities. The National Counter-terrorism Task Force This task force will be mandated to strengthen the coherence and coordination of counterterrorism efforts in the country. It will consist of agencies, such as Federal...
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...Background Terrorism is a strategy and tactic, a holy duty and a crime, an unacceptable response to oppression and an intolerable abomination. A common definition is that terrorism is an illegal act that affects an audience further than the direct victim. The tactic of terrorists is to perform acts of bloodshed that draw interest of the government, population and the world at large. Terrorists prepare their attack to get the largest publicity, selecting targets that signify what they resist. The success of a terror attack lies, not on the attack, but in the government’s or public’s response to the act (Larry, 2011). There are three views of terrorism; the victim’s, the terrorist’s and the public. The expression “one person’s terrorist is another person’s” freedom fighter’ is perspective terrorists would embrace. Terrorists do not regard themselves as wicked. They consider themselves as fighters, fighting for what they trust in, by any means possible. Victims of terrorist acts view the terrorists as evil with no consideration to human existence. The public’s perspective is the most unbalanced because people view terrorism acts differently. Terrorism is an essential part of mental warfare and requires to be opposed vigorously (Weisburd, 2009). Law makers, scholars and security experts have defined different forms of terrorism. These forms of terrorism vary according to the attack means the attacker uses (for instance biological) or by what they are opposing (eco-terrorism). State...
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...America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism.” On October 26, 2001 George W. Bush signed the USA Patriot Act, an act passed in response to the September 11th attack of the Pentagon and World Trade Center. USA Patriot Act bears ten sections and/or titles. The purpose of the USA Patriot Act is to deter and punish terrorist acts in the United States and around the world. The act enhanced the law enforcement investigatory tools and resources. “The law was intended, in Bush’s words, to “enhance the penalties that will fall on terrorists or anyone who helps them.” (Staff, 2009) Even though, the act increased intelligence agencies...
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...Terrorism has been around for as long as people can remember, but for the past ten years there's been a dramatic rise in activity. Terrorists use murder, kidnapping, hijacking, and bombings to pursue a political agenda.(Encarta, Par 1) These criminals are not just subject to the United States, terrorism happens all over the world, in every way, shape and form. There are many types of terrorism and terrorists with many different purposes. (Mockaitis par, 1) The primary reason for terrorist actions is to force a change in their nation's government. If terrorists are not satisfied with there government's political positions, they may end up taking the matters into there own hands. Another reason for terrorist acts is because of hate towards a race, nationality, or religion. In recent years, terrorism seems to be at a new high and attacks are more violent than in the past. Many groups operate within a single nation or region. (Wilcox, page.1) Others have branches and operations in many countries. Because terrorists generally cannot match the strength of conventional military forces, they often rely on guerrilla warfare. (Mockaitis, Par 3). New groups are sprouting all over the place and terrorism being so secretive and having no forewarning, governments from all over the world have form alliances to combat terrorism and terror cells in hope of thwarting any further threats. While terrorist threats are numerous in today's world, the methods used by the United States to deter those...
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...Egypt’s regional impact can primarily be broken down into immigration and counterterrorism. Egypt’s impact on immigration, primarily from Libya and Sudan, effects the surrounding countries by allowing African immigrants into the middle east. Since the early 2000s, Egypt has encountered major problems with immigration from Africa. Millions of poor Africans from Libya and Sudan flee to Egypt to escape poverty and war. Egypt’s border control methods are harsh and sometimes lethal to immigrants according to the Human Rights Watch (2016). Egypt’s laws addressing the treatment of immigrants are severely lacking in any type of criminal protection and do not guarantee their rights will not be infringed. Despite its laws being harsh, Egypt is also considered a stepping stone for the rest of the middle east. Many immigrants only pass through Egypt to get to Israel or Jordan....
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...As Morgan (2004) declared “while globalization has helped remove many of the restraints that state sponsorship once imposed, terrorists can still enjoy the funding and protection that sponsorship provides”. The control of communication lines, extensive military capabilities, command of infrastructures such as pipelines, sophisticated military operations, management of complex administrative structures by the terrorist entities result of the terrorist group’ abilities to build a self-sustaining financial model. Recent terrorist attacks in Lebanon, France, Belgium and other places have demonstrated the ability to challenge the current international order, which already faced confidence and conscience crisis. Since the globalization has defied...
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...Terrorism and Homeland Security: The Impacts on Preventative Measures Abstract This paper explores four different topics on homeland security and anti-terrorism policies. The creation of the Department of Homeland Security or (HDS). What policies had to be implemented and what did the creation of a new agency affected or benefit. The impact that international terrorism has caused the United States of America and how this policies and changes help build a stronger defense against them. The implementation of local enforcement agencies and the community in the fight to deter terrorist attacks. The Federal Emergency Management Agency or (FEMA) and how organizational bureaucracy hindered cooperation and communication among local and federal agencies. This paper will address what measures have been and can be taken in the future to improve inter-agency cooperation and communication. Table of Content Terrorism and Homeland Security: The Impacts on Preventative Measures Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………2 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………..4 Terrorism and the creation of the DHS………................................................................................4 USA PATRIOT ACT……………………………………………………………………………...5 Appropriate roles of agencies and community………………………………………………….5-6 Preventative plans…………………………………………………………………………………6 Community Emergency Response………………………………………………………………...6 FEMA……………………………………………………………………………………………..7 National Response Plan…………………………………………………………………………...
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...ORGANIZED CRIME: CASE STUDY NIGERIA. Introduction Organized Crime can be categorized as a transnational, national or among local groupings, of enterprises or organizations highly centralized and run by criminals. They are themed by engagement of illegal activity with the purpose of making money and profit. Not all organized crime systems are monetarily motivated, some of these systems purely operate with a political purpose driving their mandate or their very existence. Terrorist organizations, for example fit this caliber. These criminal organizations force people to do business with them i.e. a gang extorting small businesses for money so as to offer them ‘protection’. ‘Organized’ would be the term to describe these syndicates for these gangs, mobs and organizations are mostly disciplined with high levels of professionalism and expertise. These systems cannot be categorized with your average crime operations. (Macionis& Gerber 2010) States, militaries, police forces and even corporations sometimes use organized crime methods to conduct their business. (Tilly, 1985) According to the UNODC (n.d.). Organized crime threatens peace and human security, violates human rights and undermines economic, social, cultural, political and civil development of societies around the world. Organized crime manifests in a variety of forms, drug trafficking, firearms, human trafficking. Every year, countless individuals lose their lives at the hands of criminals involved in organized crime...
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