...and performance/health claims that go along with them. Many claims come and go without a lot of hassle, but none has generated the commotion of the interest or debate surrounding creatine (Cr). Many people believe Cr is another weight gaining powder or steroid alternative (Plisk and Kreider, 1999). What those people do not know is Cr is also found in the human body naturally as opposed to supplementation. Individuals know the name creatine but may not understand the science behind it. The use of Cr has become very widespread, usually in the supplement form Cr monohydrate. Every since the discovery of the ability to increase Cr and phosphocreatine (PCr) inside the human muscles by oral ingestion of supplemental Cr has led to many studies showcasing the benefits of exercise performance. Cr monohydrate supplementation shows significant results to increase the human body’s ability to maintain power output during high-intensity exercise and increase the rate of PCr to resynthesis during the recovery phase of intermittent high intensity exercise (Volek and Kraemer, 1996). My goal is to provide significant information on natural Cr functions, Cr as a supplement, ways the human body utilize Cr to enhance athletic performance, and how society views/uses Cr. Effects of Creatine in the Human Body Creatine was discovered by a French scientist named Chevreul in 1832 but it was not until 1847 did another scientist Lieberg discover that Cr in the body was directly involved in producing...
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...Muscle Strength Increase Muscle Endurance Enhances Recovery You have liquid creatine, creatine candy, creatine gum, creatine capsules, and even stomach-bloating effervescent creatine (Give this a try, I guarantee you'll only do it once!). With all these "tricks" thrown at trying to market a "different" creatine - little has actually improved upon the effects of creatine monohydrate. "AST Sports Science 'Micronized Creatine' Delivers More Creatine to Your Muscles Faster!" The problem is, companies are trying too hard to make their creatine different instead of developing a creatine that is actually better. In doing so, some are even selling outright fraudulent...
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...Creatine phosphate energy system- Adenosine triphosphate and creatine phosphate make up the ATP-CP energy system. ATP Adenosine triphosphate is made of one adenosine molecule and three phosphate molecules. Energy is stored in the chemical bonds in the molecules and when this is broken down energy is then released. In this process one of the phosphate atoms is no longer in the chemical bond. This forms adenosine diphosphate which is made of one adenosine molecule and two phosphate molecules. When ATP is broken down it gives energy for a muscle contraction too occur; it is the only molecule that can do this. This all happens in the muscle cells. CP This is a high a high energy compound, when the exercise levels are high creatine phosphate (which...
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...Intensity versus Speed 4. Protein Supplementation a. Protein supplementation b. Combining Protein Supplementation 5. Cellular Respiration & Effect on Weight Training a. Glycolysis b. Aerobic Respiration c. Anaerobic Respiration (inc. lactic acid) d. Carbohydrate Loading 6. Creatine Supplementation a. An Introduction b. Lab: Effect of Phosphocreatine on Lactic Acid 7. Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids a. Reactions within the Body involving steroids b. Side Effects of Steroid Intake c. Detecting Steroids in the Human Body 8. Conclusion 9. Works Cited 10. Miscellaneous Bodybuilding Page 2 of 59 I. Introduction Exercise (essentially any form of physical exertion which results in the contraction of a muscle) has become a widespread interest over the past several years, especially in areas of weight training. While exercise is generally intended to promote good physical health, bodybuilding more specifically concentrates on building muscle mass and many individuals in society today begin bodybuilding to present a good image of themselves. Many different companies have grasped on to this concept of muscle mass growth and have formulated products which can enhance the process of muscle enlargement. For example, creatine monohydrate, a product advertised to “boost muscle size and strength” and “improve athletic performance”, is available over the counter and has...
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...University Insufficient Sleep: The Silent Enemy of Fitness 2 It can be seen on television, read in the paper, and heard on the radio that it's time for America to get into shape. Obesity is up and engaging in healthy exercise is down. The obvious thing to blame is poor food choices and if that's coupled with working long hours then it's no wonder. Nevertheless, despite those issues people are finally deciding to make fitness a priority in their lives by watching what they eat and exercising more. However, they may find that the weight's not coming off, physical performance is going down, or they can't seem to put on any muscle. The culprit behind these issues may be surprising: sleep. A lack of sleep, which is becoming the norm in our society, is being proven to negatively effect several key areas of one's physical fitness. First, studies show a connection between sleep deprivation and weight control including less fat loss, changes in metabolism, and increased hunger. Next, research conducted on sleep restricted athletes resulted in less stamina, slower reaction times, and changes in mood. Finally, tests on sleep deprived subjects showed lowered testosterone, growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels which all play major roles in building muscle. Getting enough sleep every night is more important to your fitness than you may think. Research suggests that an inadequate amount of sleep is detrimental to weight control, physical performance...
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...Anatomy and Physiology 2, SCI 136 Research project # 40904000 Muscular Dystrophy Definition Muscular dystrophy (MD) refers to a group of more than 30 genetic diseases that cause progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles used during voluntary movement. The word dystrophy is derived from the Greek dys, which means "difficult" or "faulty," and troph, or "nourish." These disorders vary in age of onset, severity, and pattern of affected muscles. All forms of MD grow worse as muscles progressively degenerate and weaken. Many patients eventually lose the ability to walk (“National Institute,” 2011). Some types of MD also affect the heart, gastrointestinal system, endocrine glands, spine, eyes, brain, and other organs. Respiratory and cardiac diseases may occur, and some patients may develop a swallowing disorder. MD is not contagious and cannot be brought on by injury or activity (“National Institute,” 2011). Method(s) of diagnosis Muscular dystrophies are diagnosed through both the patient’s medical history and a complete family history to determine if the muscle disease is secondary to a disease affecting other tissues or organs or is an inherited condition. It is also important to rule out any muscle weakness resulting from prior surgery, exposure to toxins, current medications that may affect the patient's functional status, and any acquired muscle diseases. Thorough clinical and neurological exams can rule out disorders of the central and/or...
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...POLYMYOSITIS The following paper presents a summary of the latest information available on polymyositis physiopathology, the symptomatology, diagnosis, and treatment options and research protocols. History: Through medical history there have been reports of different ailments related to the muscular system. In the case of Polymyositis, the first case of a rare muscle disease was reported in 1863, with cutaneous lesions by E. Wagner in 1863 . He described a muscular disorder with a diversity of symptomatology and immunological alterations. In 1887, Hans Unvericht , wrote of an acute weakness, and pain in the arms, and legs, and back, including facial edema with swelling in the extremities, and evening fevers. The illness worsened rapidly to shortness of breath, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing and death. This became known as...
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...school track. I live for competition and know that health and nutrition in bodybuilding is vital. To be a winner, one must be the fastest, strongest, and most trained. Our bodies are our engines, and we must put the correct fuel in them to keep them going to work at their full potential. The three well-known, tested workout meal plans that I have researched are: Arnold Schwarzenegger, P90X, and Johnny Ahl’s plan. This paper seeks to explore what each bodybuilding meal plan entails and how these popular plans compare and contrast. I will begin with the history of bodybuilding and nutrition; then I will break down each meal plan one by one and compare the plans. The goal of this research will be to find out what it requires to gain lean muscle mass for strength and performance in sports. In fact the website, www.bodybuilding.com has 162 articles on how bodybuilding can improve sport performance in many different sports. Giving clear studies and research on how muscle strength and training play a significant role in the performance of the athlete. This research will provide guidance for all male bodybuilders and athletes between the ages 14-60 to help them reach their peak performance. The History of Bodybuilding: In the 1920’s and 1930’s, it was made clear that health nutrition and physical appearance were closely connected. It was found that weight training was the best route for muscular...
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...of premium-priced “enhanced waters,” which competes on the product category level, and increases profits dramatically when purchased over traditional [non-premium] bottles of water. The aggressive advertising campaigns for bottled water and premium-priced “enhanced waters” coupled with health-related trends provide for a greater proportion of market-share for water companies who utilize their ability to expand their product line on the generic competition level. II. Four Types of Competition (& Competitors) for the Bottled Water Industry: Competition is the driving force in any and every industry. There are four different types of competition which, [each] in their own way, affect the sales of any given industry. This section of this paper will analyze the four different types of competition, and how each type affects the market share of the bottled water industry. The typical bottled drinking water’s product form competition includes but is not limited to: Fiji, Evian, Arrowhead, Sparklett’s, Dasani, Dannone, and Aquafina water. All of these companies directly compete at the consumer level for the same...
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...University, College Station, Texas, USA Radiation hazards in outer space present an enormous challenge for the biological safety of astronauts. A deleterious effect of radiation is the production of reactive oxygen species, which result in damage to biomolecules (e.g., lipid, protein, amino acids, and DNA). Understanding free radical biology is necessary for designing an optimal nutritional countermeasure against space radiation–induced cytotoxicity. Free radicals (e.g., superoxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radicals) and other reactive species (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrite, and hypochlorous acid) are produced in the body, primarily as a result of aerobic metabolism. Antioxidants (e.g., glutathione, arginine, citrulline, taurine, creatine, selenium, zinc, vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin A, and tea polyphenols) and antioxidant enzymes (e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidases) exert synergistic actions in scavenging free radicals. There has been growing evidence over the past three decades showing that malnutrition (e.g., dietary deficiencies of protein, selenium, and zinc) or excess of certain nutrients (e.g., iron and vitamin C) gives rise to the oxidation of biomolecules and cell injury. A large body of the literature supports the notion that dietary antioxidants are useful radioprotectors and play an important role in preventing many human diseases (e.g., cancer,...
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...appropriate amount of detergent and urea. Samples of the natural milk with synthetic milk were analyzed for concentration of urea and detergent and their effect is assayed through survey in different population in Uttar Pradesh, India. Children’s had different range of intake of milk. Children of age group 1-5 years consumes about 50-250 mg of milk daily, while of age group 6-18 years of children consumes about 250-1000 ml milk/day and children’s of age group 19-22 consumes milk about 500-1000 ml milk /day. Addition of synthetic milk is on large scale in Meerut district of U.P. and mostly urea in such milk creating huge problem of headache, eyesight and diarrhea in children. Keywords: Milk adulteration; Synthetic milk, detection, urea 1. Research Scholar, Faculty of H.Sc, Sri. A.K.A.P.G. Collage Varanasi. 2. Head, Department of Food & Nutrition, Sri. Agrasen Kanya Autonomous P.G. College. Parmanandpur, Varanasi. 3. School of Biochemical Engineering, Institule of Technology B.H.U. Varanasi. Corresponding Author Email: sheel_bhu@yahoo.co.in 1 Introduction Liquid milk is an essential nutritional food for infants as well as the aged. Adulteration of natural milk with a chemically synthesized milky liquid (synthetic milk) is a matter of serious concern. The dairy industry employs various checks these tests commonly include determination of fat and total solids by chemical or physical analyses; estimation of sediment by forcing milk through filter pads and noting the residue left;...
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...Assignment Each student will present a written case study of a selected patient with schizophrenia and provide a critical evaluation of the assessment, treatment and management of the patient utilizing relevant research evidence. The work should include the following areas: 1. A critical analysis of the assessment and diagnostic process 2. A critical analysis of the management/ rehabilitation-medical, nursing and other management 3. Appropriate referencing Methodology A random method was used to select the patient for this study. The patient was chosen from a cohort of patients on a psychiatric ward. The aim was to critique the assessment, treatment and management of a patient medically diagnosed with Schizophrenia. Various sources of information were utilized in the collection of information for this project. A research of this caliber demands that sources of information are peer reviewed current and of scholarly sources. Therefore it was with this in mind that the information was collected using internet medical portals, journal article and appropriate text books with a wide variety of information on the topic of choice. The patient’s docket was also used because it is a primary source of information about the management of the condition. Introduction Schizophrenia is a serious psychiatric disorder characterized by impaired communication with loss of contact with reality and deterioration from previous level of functioning at work, social...
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...A2 Biology Unit 5 page 1 AQA A2 Biology Unit 5 Contents Specification Human Nervous system Nerve Cells The Nerve Impulse Synapses Receptors Muscle Animal Responses Control of Heart Rate The Hormone System Homeostasis Temperature Homeostasis Blood Glucose Homeostasis Control of Mammalian Oestrus Plant Responses The Genetic Code Protein Synthesis Gene Mutations Stem Cells Control of Gene Expression Biotechnology DNA sequencing Southern Blot In vivo cloning Genetically Modified Organisms Gene Therapy Genetic Screening and Counselling 2 4 6 0 14 17 24 28 30 33 34 38 42 44 48 50 54 57 63 66 71 76 80 85 89 92 Molecular Genetics These notes may be used freely by A level biology students and teachers, and they may be copied and edited. Please do not use these materials for commercial purposes. I would be interested to hear of any comments and corrections. Neil C Millar (nmillar@ntlworld.co.uk) Head of Biology, Heckmondwike Grammar School High Street, Heckmondwike, WF16 0AH Jan 2010 HGS Biology A-level notes NCM 8/09 A2 Biology Unit 5 page 2 Biology Unit 5 Specification Control Systems Organisms increase their chance of survival by responding to changes in their environment. The Nerve Impulse The structure of a myelinated motor neurone. The establishment of a resting potential in terms of differential membrane permeability, electrochemical gradients and the movement of sodium and potassium ions. Changes in membrane permeability lead to depolarisation and the...
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...FSU Winner Florida State’s Caitlin Quinn has been named the NSCA’s Assistant Strength Coach of the Year. http://www.seminoles.com/sports/w-softbl/spec-rel/112613aaa.html Critical Condition A California high school football player is in critical condition after suffering neck and spinal cord injuries during a game. http://www.pe.com/local-news/riverside-county/corona/corona-headlines-index/20131124-santiago-football-player-remains-in-critical-condition.ece State Total More than 4,400 middle and high school student-athletes in Massachusetts suffered head injuries last year, according to reports filed by the schools. http://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/11/25/mass-schools-report-head-injuries-among-athletes-compliance-with-concussion-law-rises/njPFK6a92knIhcvY9UGxdN/story.html Refueling Product A new product can allegedly help athletes refuel during competition by providing precise carb and electrolyte recommendations based on a quick analysis of their sweat. http://www.prweb.com/releases/FuelstripMMA/UFCBellator/prweb11284260.htm Vegan Praise Several top athletes credit veganism with playing a key role in their success. http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/health/elite-athletes-reveal-the-vegan-diet-secret-behind-their-success/story-fneuzkvr-1226768537898 Baseline Challenges Three new studies of baseline testing highlight the difficult of accurately assessing an athlete’s true baseline ability. http://www.momsteam.com/studies-show-pitfalls-in-baseline-neurocognitive-testing ...
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...TENNIS RECOVERY A Comprehensive Review of the Research Editors: Mark S. Kovacs, PhD Todd S. Ellenbecker, DPT W. Ben Kibler, MD A United States Tennis Association Sport Science Committee Project Tennis Recovery: A Comprehensive Review of the Research Copyright © 2010 United States Tennis Association Inc. ISBN 978-0-692-00528-6 Editors: Mark S. Kovacs, Todd S. Ellenbecker, W. Ben Kibler TENNIS RECOVERY A Comprehensive Review of the Research A United States Tennis Association Sport Science Committee Project Editors: Mark S. Kovacs, PhD Todd S. Ellenbecker, DPT W. Ben Kibler, MD Introduction In the last two decades, physical training and competitive opportunities have increased dramatically in junior, collegiate and professional tennis. This arose due to a multitude of factors, but much of it has stemmed from an increase in knowledge and understanding of scientifically based training programs focused on improving performance. As this focus on performance has increased, the area of recovery has received relatively limited focus. Recovery is a multi-faceted paradigm focusing on recovery from training—session to session, day to day and week to week. Recovery is also vitally important during training as well as in competition between matches and between days during multi-day tournaments. As more information is needed in the area of tennis specific recovery, the Sport Science Committee of the United States Tennis Association (USTA) sponsored an extensive evidence-based...
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