...Crenshaw says ‘the waiver is formally available to all women’ (Crenshaw). This is linked to more modern society in terms of the recent #Yestoallwomen trend. Both areas claim to be inclusive but are not truly all inclusive. The waiver is open to immigrant women but however it is not accessible for non-English speakers or the illiterate- limiting its impact. Similarly the social media trend was not accessible to all women either as there were limitations on who can see the trend- those with social media- and who was involved with the trend thus illustrating that Crenshaw’s article is still relevant in today’s society despite it being written over 20 years...
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...“Queer Aztlan” by Cherrie Moraga and “Mapping the Margins” by Kimberle Crenshaw, reveal not only how multiple categories of identity impact women of color, but also the ways in which social movements fail to acknowledge and understand their experiences. By illuminating the establishment of Queer Aztlan in the Chicano queer community and the exclusion of violence against women of color in anti-racist and feminist discourse, Moraga and Crenshaw distinctly address the marginalization of women of color. Of course, Moraga specifically points out how Chicano Nationalism and the Gay and Lesbian Movement pose limitations to most gay and lesbian Chicanos. Moraga moves the process of Queer Aztlan forward in order to form a space that encompasses an inclusive...
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...Define Feminism. Is feminism still relevant in the 21st century? Why? According to Jessica Valenti’s Full Frontal Feminism, feminism is “the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes” and the movement is centered around the practice of this belief. Feminism is still very much relevant in the 21st century because, on a national and global scale, there is no social, political, and economic equality. Most countries and societies are still very much socially, politically, and economically male dominated. An example of social inequality among the sexes is evident in “That time of the month” by Dinsa Sachan. Sachan discusses how little girls in India are raised to believe that their menstruation cycle something to be ashamed of because they are considered to be impure (Dinsa Sachan, 2015). As a result, girls and women in India stay away from religious icons and rarely leave their home during their menstrual cycle. Dinsa Sachan then goes on to discussing how a young couple, Gupta and Paul, use comedic comics to educate little girls on what the menstrual cycle is and how they can take care of themselves during that cycle. The idea of the menstrual cycle being an “impure” is not just found in India -- many other countries and individuals across the globe use this belief to put women at a social disadvantage. An example of political inequality and economic equality is evident in Terry O’Neill’s “Layers of Injustice”. O’Neill discusses how women are politically misrepresented...
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...Elizabeth Carrillo Professor Kuroki STACC English 10 November 4, 2013 Racism and Discrimination The novel Southland by Nina Revoyr is a very emotional story about a family that has many more problems than what meets the eye. The story jumps through the perspectives of characters like Jackie, Lois, Rose, Frank, Curtis and many more. Two concepts that seemed to be focused on were racism and discrimination. Throughout the novel there are many events that occur that show both racism and discrimination, Jackie uncovers many of her families secrets and even figures out who killed the four boys in her grandfather’s store in Crenshaw, California. This story takes place different places of Los Angeles for example, Gardena, "Compton, Watts, Crenshaw, and even in the bay area like San Francisco and Oakland. However, there were many things that were being kept a secret because of racial connections, whether it was one race with another or even interracial. Some things were kept secret due to the judgment from society or even judgment from ones family. There is still racism and discrimination that occurs now in everyday life. In Southland, the main character Jackie shows some forms of racism, she had arranged to meet with James Lanier who was the cousin of one of the boys who was found in the freezer of Frank’s store. While “sitting in the lobby of Marcus Garvey Community enter, Jackie couldn’t...
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...Madeline Steffey Intersectionality with Kimberle Crenshaw and Gloria Anzaldua Intersectionality can be described as the study of the intersection of different forms of discrimination experienced by individuals who are members of multiple minority groups. For example, a Hispanic woman faces barriers in society not only because she is Hispanic, but also because she is a woman and one could not fully understand her oppression without taking both of these aspects into consideration. Kimberly Crenshaw and Gloria Anzaldua both provide accounts of intersectionality and utilize different approaches in their explanations. I will begin by analyzing their approaches separately, then I will explain how Crenshaw might object to Anzaldua’s account because it does not contain adequate factual evidence or realistic solutions. As a response from Anzaldua to Crenshaw’s objections, I will assert that Anzaldua effectively used personal and cultural experiences to reflect on intersectionality. Throughout her life, Anzaldua felt like she lived within borders. That in order to live and survive, she had to cross borders continuously. This is because multiple aspects of her life typically result in societal discrimination. She is unique in that she is a minority in several ways such as being a mix of Mexican and Anglo-Saxon, as well as being a lesbian. These aspects overlap and intertwine, which results in intersectionality. When crossing borders, one has to adapt to the different norms that are...
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...such as rape and battery were seen and treated as isolated scenarios. However, as the need to foster gender equality took pace, such oppressive actions are now perceived as elements of a wider system of dominance in the society that that needs to be addressed as a whole rather than in singularity (Crenshaw et al., 2013). Intersectionality is a concept that was developed by Kimberlé Crenshaw to describe the interconnections between oppressive institutions such as sexism and racism and their interaction in propagating discrimination and oppression in the society (Crenshaw et al., 2013). The concept of Intersectionality therefore, argues that, the oppressive institutions in the society cannot be handled separate from each other but rather should be addressed as a system that collectively form a system of oppression in the society. Gender inequality entails unequal treatment of individuals on the basis of their gender (Crenshaw et al., 2013). This form of discrimination has roots in social constructions and cultural norms and values which dictate gender roles. Gender discrimination is experienced in all facets of life, and the degree of such discrimination varies with country (Crenshaw et al., 2013). Less democratic nations and less developed nations have a high prevalence of gender discrimination. Moreover, religious doctrines that dictate the role to be played by a given gender in the society is another major cause of gender...
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...Crenshaw describes several employment discrimination-based lawsuits to illustrate how Black women’s complaints often fall between the cracks precisely because they are discriminated against both as women and as Blacks. The ruling in one such case, DeGraffenreid v. General Motors, filed by five Black women in 1976, demonstrates this point vividly...
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...article, “Faces at the Bottom of the Well: The Permanence of Racism,” to inform the world on how racism will always be here, in America. Bell proved points on how racism is still prominent, just less obvious. The absence of the dreadful “Whites only” signs all throughout town at local restaurants and shops have lead most whites to believe that racism has been erased but it actually just has been covered up. Bell explains that through allegory, fables and dialogues with a fictional black woman named Geneva Crenshaw. Bell blames the slow progression of African Americans in America on racism. Even though racism has slowed down a bit, whites are still somehow finding ways to stay many steps ahead of blacks. America portrays the image as the land of opportunity. More like the land of opportunity for whites, with the exception of a few others. Blacks may have the same opportunities for success, but the road to success is filled with way more obstacles to overcome. Dinesh D’Souza, an Indian-American filmmaker and author, objects Derrick Bell’s point of view on racism. D’Souza’s article, “The End of Racism,” explains how racism is not the cause of the slow progression of African Americans. According to D’Souza, the obstacles blacks face today were created within the African American culture itself. Single parenthood, welfare dependency, drug use and violence would not cease in some black communities even if racism was to end today. These are key factors that lead to civilizational...
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...Women’s Rights Convention was originally an answer to White men doubting the ability of women to partake in politics due to stereotypical images of White womanhood (Crenshaw, 1989, p. 153). The speech perfect-ly introduces the problem of intersectionality as early as in 1851. Since then changes have been made, the situation of Black people in the United States now differs greatly from the Post-civil war period of the 19th century and even from the 1950s, which were marked by Jim Crow and wildly accepted racism of that time, as well as an atmosphere of violence and oppression. For women as well things have changed, the suffragette movements of Europe and the United States established political...
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...Patricia Hill Collins is apart of the sociological community and she also happens to be the first African American woman to hold her role (Higginbotham 2008). Her leadership and independence lead African American woman today. During the 1900’s, Collins and Kimberly Crenshaw conceived the concept of intersectionality that dealt with the lives and experiences of individuals in their diversity (Hobbs, Rice 17). Intersectionality was described as women and men living multiple layers of identities and were experiencing oppression and privilege (Hobbs, Rice 18). Intersectionality explores gender, sexuality, race, class, disability, age, and much more but it is evident to men and women to display the positions of power. Patricia Hill Collins published,...
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...RUNNING HEAD: Pre-Prospectus An Exploration of the Reproduction and Perpetuation of Socio-historical Oppression in U.S. Schools: Pre-prospectus La’Quaria Barton Georgia Southern University Dr. Delores Liston, Dissertation Chair Dr. Daniel E. Chapman, Committee Member Dr. Lorraine S. Gilpin, Committee Member Dr. Robert Yarbrough, Committee Member TENTATIVE CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter 1: Introduction * Background of the Problem * Statement of the Problem * Purpose of the Study * Research Questions * Importance of the Study * Scope of the Study * Definition of Terms * Limitations Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework Chapter 3: Review of the Literature Chapter 4: Research Methods * The Qualitative Paradigm * Qualitative Methods * The Researcher's Role * Data Sources * Data Collection * Data Analysis * Ethical Considerations Chapter 5: Research Findings Chapter 6: Conclusions, Discussion, and Suggestions for Future Research * Summary * Conclusions * Discussion * Suggestions for Future Research Towards A Phenomenology of Liberation From the very start, I am thus fully endorsing the premise that no account of race can be dissociated from a critique of power and a social historical ontology of ourselves (de Oliveira, 2010, 209). INTRODUCTION I grew up in rural North Carolina. When I was in the third grade, I watched as five of my white peers were pulled from class to attend gifted courses. I always wondered why, I, who had always worked...
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...RUNNING HEAD: Pre-Prospectus An Exploration of the Reproduction and Perpetuation of Socio-historical Oppression in U.S. Schools: Pre-prospectus La’Quaria Barton Georgia Southern University Dr. Delores Liston, Dissertation Chair Dr. Daniel E. Chapman, Committee Member Dr. Lorraine S. Gilpin, Committee Member Dr. Robert Yarbrough, Committee Member TENTATIVE CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter 1: Introduction • Background of the Problem • Statement of the Problem • Purpose of the Study • Research Questions • Importance of the Study • Scope of the Study • Definition of Terms • Limitations Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework Chapter 3: Review of the Literature Chapter 4: Research Methods • The Qualitative Paradigm • Qualitative Methods • The Researcher's Role • Data Sources • Data Collection • Data Analysis • Ethical Considerations Chapter 5: Research Findings Chapter 6: Conclusions, Discussion, and Suggestions for Future Research • Summary • Conclusions • Discussion • Suggestions for Future Research Towards A Phenomenology of Liberation From the very start, I am thus fully endorsing the premise that no account of race can be dissociated from a critique of power and a social historical ontology of ourselves (de Oliveira, 2010, 209). INTRODUCTION I grew up in rural North Carolina. When I was in the third grade, I watched as five of my white peers were pulled from class to attend gifted courses. I always wondered why, I, who had always worked...
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...remedying other social disadvantages suffered by black minority communities in British society’ (Solomos 1989:2). Equality of opportunity in this sense is associated to the concept of racial equality, which can simply refer to ‘social equality for peoples of all races’ (Crenshaw 1988). In spite of this however, there remain deeply entrenched processes of discrimination resistant to legal and political interventions throughout society (Solomos 1993). This essay will discuss the claim ‘there ain’t no Black in the Union Jack’ in relation to these processes of discrimination which have encouraged the mis representation and exclusion of Black people within British society. The first part of the essay will outline the meaning of race and racism in the 21st century. It will then go on to discuss processes of exclusion, which are reinforced by the media and politicians representation of black migrants and the existence of so called ‘White spaces’. These exclusions of black people can be seen to prevent them from identifying as British thus excluding them from being part of ‘the Union Jack’. Whilst the concept of racism has been restricted by the notion of ‘colour’ as it has concealed the full range of ways in which racism has operated in Britain, including against Jews, Gypsies and the Irish (Jewesbury 2008), throughout this essay the term will only be discussed in the political sense to ‘denote people who self- identify, originate or have ancestry from global majority populations (i.e...
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...cast to defy all racial and demographic boundaries. More important, it managed this feat while presenting an educated, upper-middle-class African-American family devoid of any shuckin' and jivin' stereotypes. Until ''The Cosby Show", the primary image of black family life on TV was the Evans family of the 1970s sitcom ''Good Times." The Huxtables family was the result of the civil rights movement and its fight for racial equality. Cliff, an obstetrician-gynecologist, and Clair, an attorney, owned a fabulous Brooklyn townhouse. “The Cosby Show” was able to convey the importance of education and family values. “The Cosby Show” altered the perception of Blacks on television and doors opened for the black television shows that followed. (Crenshaw 1) “The Cosby Show” is the predecessor for black television, such as “Parenthood and Black-ish” in the post racial...
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...that their layoff policy was based on seniority, with those who have worked for the company the longest having a greater chance of keeping their job. This explanation was unsatisfactory due to the fact that all Black women hired after 1970 had lost their jobs but no Black women had been hired before 1964, leaving them with a lack of seniority within the company. Before 1964, both Black men and white women had been hired by General Motors and because of this the case was subsequently dismissed on both claims of race discrimination and gender discrimination. But in this case “the intersectionality of multiple oppressions is greater than the sum of racism and sexism” and because of a lack of understanding of the intersection between race and gender, the suit was unable to base their action on both sex and race discrimination together (Crenshaw, 265). Audre Lorde further supports the importance of intersectionality as a school of thought by explaining that “the master’s tools will never dismantle the master’s house” (Lorde, 259). Middle-class white women cannot free women of color or poor,...
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