...universities. The French Society was divided into three estates– First Estate: Clergy Second Estate: Nobility Third Estate: Big businessmen, merchants, court officials, lawyers, peasants, landless labourers and servants. The first two estates enjoyed certain privileges by birth which also excluded them from paying any taxes to the French government. The members of the third estate had to pay taxes to the State that included a direct tax called taille and a number of indirect taxes levied on the articles of daily consumption. Peasants served in the fields and houses of the privileged classes and they also built the roads and served in the army. The Church collected taxes known as tithes from the peasants. The price of the food grains increased with an increase in the demand for the same. Fixed-waged workers could not afford the expensive food grains. Hence, the gap between the poor and the rich widened. A growing Middle Class 18th century: France witnessed the emergence of social groups and middle class, who earned through an expanding overseas trade and from the manufacture of goods such as woollen and silk textiles. Philosophers such as John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau envisaged a society based on freedom and equal laws and opportunities for all. Locke refuted the doctrine of the divine and absolute...
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...amendments White people did not want blacks to stand up and participate in political or any kind of issues or freedom or become educated 1. When the 13th Amendment abolished slavery in 1865, and the black people embraced education, built their own churches, reunited with their broken families and worked very hard in the sharecropping system, nothing was enough for the Reconstruction to succeed. 2. Whites never gave total freedom to African Americans. Blacks were forced to endure curfews, passes, and living on rented land, which put them in a similar situation as slaves. In 1866, the KKK started a wave of violence and abuse against 3. Negroes in the south, destroying their properties, assaulting and killing them in different ways, just because anger white people do not want the blacks to stand up and join in political or any kind of issues or freedom. The Reconstruction Amendment freed African American from slavery and stablish some key rights for them. 13th Amendment 1. Lincoln had issued the Emancipation Proclamation declaration. all people that were...
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...did not like their place in social society and wished for change which was a long term cause for the Revolution. Causes of the French revolution- It was caused by factors such as the bad governing system of France at the time, weak superiority within the government system and inequality of the classes of people in France at the time. The first estate consisted of the church officials, priests. •They collected church tax. •They supervised education (decide about the education) •Registered births, deaths, marriages •They collected tax (feudal dues), from the peasants. The first estate did not need to pay taxes. The third estate, who did not own any privileges, was forced to pay taxes. This angered the third estate because they were the poorest group and thought that the church ought to be taxed more. Ideas of freedom and equality were growing throughout the middle classes. They disliked the idea of absolute rule by the royalty and nobility. They wanted to be much like the new country America, where people had more influence on the government. Which is the opposite of what an absolute...
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...Based on the four freedoms outlined by FDR in 1941, people should have right to worship or leave in any religion, right to express anything that they want no matter that will harm themselves or offence others, right to live without fear and right to get basic needs for living, such as education, shelter or medical care. However, the situations about human rights still remain concerning in many countries including in the United Kingdom where, for many years, holds the standard of democracy to others. In many views, the UK is a developed country and it is on top list of one of the most strongest economy country in the world. For a developed country like the UK, it should not have any problem with any four freedoms. The UK has democracy that makes people have the right to vote, worship, live without fear or get good living standard. Even Though these things are positive, there is still one human right...
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...Rukun Negara (National Principles) INTRODUCTION OF RUKUN NEGARA The Rukunegara or sometimes Rukun Negara (Malay for "National Principles") is the Malaysian dec-laration of national philosophy instituted by royal proclamation on Merdeka Day, 1970, in reaction to a serious race riot known as the May 13 Incident which occurred in 1969. The incident proved at that time that Malaysian racial balance and stability was fragile at best. Immediately thereafter, the Malay-sian government sought ways to foster unity among Malaysians. One of the methods used to encourage unity is the Rukunegara. BACKGROUND OF RK ----was formulated with the purpose to serve as a guideline in the country’s nation-building efforts. ---was proclaimed on August 31, 1970 by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong IV. OBJECTIVE OF RK • Achieving a greater unity for all her peoples • Maintaining a democratic way of life • Creating a just nation shall be equitably distributed • Ensuring a liberal approach to her rich and diverse cultural traditions, and • Building a progressive society which shall be oriented to modern science and technology. Recitation It is a norm for primary and secondary public schools in Malaysia to recite the pledge weekly during a compulsory assembly. Pledge reading follows immediately after the singing of the Malaysian national anthem, Negaraku. Of some interest, the Rukun Negara could usually be found behind the cover of every exercise book that is typically used by primary and secondary...
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...Question 9 To determine whether a public employee receives First Amendment protection from speech (and therefore cannot be fired for it), the Supreme Court has stated that all of the following are important except: Answer The employer must have a justification for treating the employee differently than it would treat a member of the general public. The speech cannot be about political topics. The speech must be about something of great public concern. The speech cannot be made as part of the employment (such as an internal memorandum). 5 points Question 10 Select the best definition of whistleblower: Answer the sole goal of modern ethics training originated from the Latin "qui tam pro domino rege quam pro sic ipso in hoc parte sequitur" meaning "who as well for the king as for himself sues in this matter." a narrow exception under the general rule of at-will employment people who report unethical or illegal activities under the control of their employers 5 points Question 11 According to the article excerpted in the text entitled, The Functions of Privacy, by Alan Westin, privacy has several functions in today’s society. These include: Answer Total freedom in the private life with no consequences to the work life. The ability to express dissatisfaction without risk of exposure. The ability to be post critical information on the Internet without consequences at work. The ability to spend...
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...Pentadic analysis incorporates five basic elements of drama called pentads. These include act (what is being done), agent (who is doing the act), agency (the means employed by the agent to do the act), scene (the backdrop against which the act occurred), and the purpose of the action (the reason why it happened). Act is the artifact itself whatever it may be such as speech, poem, monument, event, etc as it stands for what is actually being done or happening. Agent refers to the main communicator of the artifact which could be an actor, orator, writer or manager of the act. Agency refers to the main medium of communication which includes a book or televised film, presentation or personal communication. Scene is the backdrop against which the action occurs including the actual, physical scene and the context in which something happens and is meant to be understood. Lastly, purpose is the motive or the message which is conveyed and understood. Pentadic analysis has its roots in Burke's Theory of Dramatism which looks at life as a play where symbols and language are used to express thoughts as a way for humans to comprehend the reality of the world. Burke developed this theory as a way to attempt to understand the bases of human conduct and motives. Thus, the purpose of a pentadic analysis addresses the content of what is being done and what are the motives of a certain artifact as crafted by a rhetor. Burke believed that ratios interconnect important terms and map out a clearer...
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...Study Guide: Adopted by Great Britain, their form of common law Constitutional: establishes basic character, concepts and principles of government, its organization, individual rights and privileges. Outlines duties of branches Federalism: Bill of Rights: Common law: Discovered law because magistrates discovered solutions to disputes by looking to situations in the past. Inductive. Laws because they have always been laws. Equity law: decisions of chancery court were made on the basis of fairness. Equity law begins where common law stops. Laws designed to address justice without criminal intent. (fairness) Administrative law: Rules that govern industry. Ex. FCC Statutory law: Created by government rep. Written law formally enacted by city, county, state and federal legislative bodies. Executive orders- orders from executive branch Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. Freedom of speech, press, religion, petition, assembly Laws establish boundaries and allow for punishment of violators, they limit government power, and establish fundamental rights/liberties. They carry sanctions. Policy is adopted to achieve a social goal,they lack sanctions. Laws are passed in the U.S. to support policy. FCC- Federal Communication Commission is an...
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...Hon'ble Judges: S. C. Agrawal, G.N. Ray, A.S. Anand, S.B. Bharucha and S. Rajendra Babu, JJ. Counsels: Ashok H. Desai, Attorney General for India, T.R. Andhyarujina, Solicitor General, P.P. Rao, Kapil Sibal and D.D. Thakur, Sr. Advs., Ranjit Kumar, Anu Mohla, I.C. Pandey, C. Paramasivam, Ajay Talesara, Jamshed Bey, Rakhi Roy, Bina Gupta, Surat Singh, Ashok Mahajan, P.P. Singh, Chandrashekar, Girish Ananthamurthy, B.Y. Kulkarni, Navin Prakash, Arun Bhardwaj, K.C. Kaushik, Manish Sharma, D. Prakash Reddy, L. Nageshwara Rao, Indu Malhotra, Rajiv Dutta, Akhilesh Kumar Pandey, Bharat Sangal, R.P. Wadhwani, P.K. Manohar, P. Parameswaran, A. Mariarputham and S.C. Jain, Advs Subject: Media and Communication Subject: Criminal Acts/Rules/Orders: Privileges of Parliament Act, 1512 ;Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 - Section 108, Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 - Section 164, Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 Section 173(8), Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 - Section 190, Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 - Section 193, Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 - Section 195, Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 - Section 196, Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 - Section 197, Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 - Section 306; Constitution of India - Article 1 (6), Constitution of India - Article 13(2), Constitution of...
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...government and it is a system that promotes dictatorship. Below are key benefits of fascism. 1. Enhances security The military plays a vital role in a fascist system since it is required for protecting national security as well as fighting enemies. Most of the nation’s resources are given to the military in spite of domestic problems and policies. Fascism gives more significance to the state in contrast to the citizens’ rights and thus military productivity is a vital state interest. This leads to a better military, thereby increasing security. 2. Promotes patriotism Fascism is essential concerned with the protection of national agendas. Individual rights normally take second place, while national policies are provided first priority. Since patriotic symbols, flags and slogans can be seen everywhere, fascism encourages patriotism. The citizens will thereby be united so as to eliminate any perceived threat to the state. 3. Limits media Sometimes media are credited with reporting biased news that causes conflicts amongst the population. In the fascist system, the government has great control over mass media. There are very strict polices placed on media and the government typically does not desire to showcase its conflicts and problems on an international or national forum. This promotes peace in the society. 4. Economic growth Since fascism involves total authority of the nation with control of major parts of commerce, it can boost economic growth. A better economy...
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...1. What do you understand by the terms Civic Life and Ethics? * Civic life is the public life of citizens concerned with affairs of the community and the nation as compared to the private and personal internet. * Ethics is the study of moral standards and how they affect conduct. 2. Why is this course introduced now in our educational system? * Civic life and ethics course is introduce now in the educational system because of the importance of moral values. Teachers at training would understand moral standard and how they affect conduct. 3. What is the relationship between democratic citizenship and education? * Democratic citizenship and education both involved equal right and opportunity, gaining knowledge to implement various strategies to undertake issues in the society. 4. Define ethics and Meta ethics. * Ethics is the study of moral standards and how they affect conduct. * Meta ethics is seeking to clarify the meaning and use of our ethical expressions and their origin. 5. List four (4) philosophers who dealt with morals. * Socrates * Plato * David Hume * Aristole 6. Differentiate between moral realism and moral relativism. * Moral realism is that moral values are spirit like realms, absolute abstract truths while moral relativism is the opposite point of view which denies that moral values exist a spirit like object as divine command. 7. Values and ethical issues should be emphasized in school, family,...
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...ideology called "Juche” enforce by Kim Il Sung. The ideology “Juche” will be presented in more detail below. North Korea is known as the hermit kingdom because it has been cut off from the rest of the world (Yi, Sun-Kyung, 2004). It is known to be one of the most isolated countries on earth (Lisa Ling). North Korea, Cruelly colonized by Japan early in the 20th century, and split from the south after World War II by cold war politics; it has suffered repressive governments and frequent famines (Yi, Sun-Kyung, 2004). Even with high numbers of famines in North Korea, nothing is imported or exported; this does not benefit the country or its people. This documentary shows the hardships the people have to go through. For example they have no freedom, there’s famine, they do hard labor, are isolated from the world, are punishment, killed, controlled, not allowed to even travel with-in their own country and cannot own a cell phone. It also shows the brainwashing and fear Kim Jong Il, known as The Great Leade, has created his very own people. No one is allowed to talk bad about him, better said to even think bad thoughts about him. He makes North Koreans think he is a supreme being and their God. SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY The political ideology in North Korea is called "Juche”. This idea was developed by Kim Il Sung in the 1940s and it replaced Marxism as the predominant ideology in the North Korean constitution in 1977 (Locher). Juche is seen by its followers not as a political ideology...
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...constitutionality of Judiciary Act c) Decision: i) John Marshall declares Judiciary Act unconstitutional ii) The Supreme Court has the right of judiciary review d) Significance: i) Impact of Marshall Court ii) Strengthened the judiciary in relation to other branches of government iii) Allows Supreme Court to interpret the Constitution and declare laws unconstitutional II. McCulloch v. Maryland a) Issue: i) Supremacy v. State Rights ii) Elastic Clause iii) Whether the state of Maryland had the right to tax a federal agency b) Background: i) 1819 ii) Maryland attempts to tax the national bank of the United States iii) Supreme Court must decide whether the national bank is legitimate under the elastic clause and whether Maryland can tax it c) Decision: i) Federalism ii) National power...
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...including equal opportunity in employment, housing, and education, as well as the right to vote, the right of equal access to public facilities, and the right to be free of racial discrimination (Law, 2005). This movement sought to restore to African Americans the rights of citizenship guaranteed by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. The words civil rights often raise images of Martin Luther King Jr. delivering his soul-stirring “I Have a Dream” speech before the nation’s capital. "The practical cost of change for the nation up to this point has been cheap," Martin Luther King Jr. conceded “(LITWACK, 2009). Martin Luther King Jr., and other leaders of the movement anticipated, the movement provoked gains not only for African Americans but also for women, persons with disabilities, and many others. Organized efforts by an African American, W.E.B. Du Bois, who exhorted blacks to fight for the rights was one of the leading figures of this early movement for civil. Du Bois’s movement led, in part, to the formation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), a civil rights organization that brought together lawyers, educators, and activists as a group fight for black civil rights. In Sacramento, the NAACP led Black organizations in the struggle for group rights...
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...The French Revolution The people of France suffered many hardships before, during, and even after the French Revolution, which “was a period of major political and social change.”[1] Desperate for some relief to the adversity that many faced each day, groups began to meet and ideas began to form as to how the unhappy people could bring a reformation to the country that they believed was possible of greatness. Between the years of 1789 and 1815, France was a country ripe with upheaval in a series of trials and triumphs. To better illustrate the events that occurred during the French Revolution, one might attempt to examine three of the most important proceedings, which are the social background of French society leading up to the revolution, the ambitions of the people, and the various chaotic dictatorships and temporary solutions that France endured. French society consisted of three main groups of people who adhered to a hierarchical system each with different ideas of what their country should aspire towards. The First Estate, also known as members of the clergy, was one of the wealthier groups, as it was able to derive incredible amounts of money from the French administration by employing ministerial fees and by being absolved from payment of most taxes. The First Estate also possessed approximately ten percent of the land in France. The Second Estate, also known as the nobility, was fairly wealthy and governed an area of thirty percent. The Third Estate...
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