...Unit 12: Crime and its Effects on Society Unit code: Y/600/6030 QCF Level 3: BTEC National Credit value: 10 Guided learning hours: 60 Aim and purpose The aim of this unit is to give learners a knowledge of current UK crime and disorder legislation and the sentences and orders available to the criminal justice agencies. Learners will also develop knowledge of the effects of criminal behaviour on communities and an understanding of how society works to reduce crime, disorder and antisocial behaviour and to support the victims and witnesses of crime. Unit introduction This unit introduces learners to the legal framework that exists to prevent crime and deal with offenders. They will look at the powers of the courts, including the orders and sentences that the courts can impose. They will look at the theories of the causes of criminal behaviour and other contributory factors that may lead to criminality and antisocial behaviour, for example socio-economic and environmental influences, lack of education and negative family influences. Learners will explore the problems resulting from criminal activity and antisocial behaviour. They will explore the costs of crime, to local authorities, the community and individuals. Learners will also investigate the ‘fear of crime’ and how this manifests itself in both individuals and communities and the impact this can have on quality of life. Learners will learn how their local police proactively tackle crime using problem-solving models...
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...When it comes onto the on going increase of crime and violence, one can’t help but think, what are some of the main contribution to this vast increase? The effects of drugs and alcohol on our society are becoming more and more evident as the years pass. Even though drugs and alcohol have been around for centuries, they are becoming more popular. Along with the major drugs like cocaine, crack, and heroin, the alternative or "designer drugs like ecstasy, and GHB are becoming increasingly popular with the younger generations. Drugs and alcohol can have major effects on a person's life and of those that are involved with him/her. Today drugs are becoming more like everything else in our society, popular and expensive, which usually instigates criminal activity. When it comes to drugs and alcohol there are many different crimes that are associated with them. Whether it's selling drugs, stealing to get money for drugs, or committing a crime while on drugs, they are all drug related crimes. As you will see in this paper drugs and alcohol play a major role in crime world. In the United States the use and abuse of alcohol and drugs have had dramatic effects on the number of crimes that are committed. According to Joseph Califano Jr., President of the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA), as he states in his article, "Most Crimes Linked to Drugs and Alcohol, eighty percent of crimes committed in the United States are alcohol or drug related. Of the 1.7 million people...
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...It is commonly accepted that our perception of any social phenomenon is directed to a large extent by the media, including newspapers, television programs and the internet (Williams, 2012). Chadee (2001) conducted research, attempting to reveal the effect that media has on people, and discovered that the primary source of information on crime had been both television and newspaper reports (Jones, 2009). This encourages the notion that media influences what people perceive to be criminal trends (Jones, 2009). It is observed that media coverage can arouse fear and insecurity by sensationalizing and exaggerating crime, in an attempt to achieve popularity and secure material gains (Marsh and Melville, 2011). In this respect, “the media does distort...
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...impact of Crime and Disorder Act 1998 and … Crime and Disorder Act 1998 had the main aims of giving more responsibility to police officers and to help keep communities safe and reduce crime rates. The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 had an impact on offenders, victims, individuals, communities and the public services, this is because the rules of the act made changes to crimes, the way crimes are dealt with and the impact of crimes have on the community. Firstly the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 made an impact on offenders, especially sex offenders, this is because the sentence for a sex offender has changed and now you can be given the title ‘Sex Offender’ if you have been cautioned with a sex offence but were found not guilty or committed a sex offence outside of the UK, also the rules have changed with giving an ASBO or a Parenting order. To give someone an ASBO now they must carry out anti-social behaviour and harassment to another person, an ASBO is given to protect people of the community, whereas a Parenting order can be issued when a child has been given an ASBO or a warning about their behaviour and they do not stick to the rules or conditions. The reason the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 effect these types of criminals is because they are put into categories, this categorisation then warns people in the future for example in job interviews what crime they committed. The main aim is to protect the public and to stop the offenders from reoffending. The Crime and Disorder...
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...Over the six month period from July to December, the several interactions with the clients at UURISE revealed that immigrants are painfully aware of the “spillover effect” of perceptions of crime onto immigration laws as well as of the crimmigration (Arriaga 2016) going on in their neighborhoods. Many clients expressed how Escondido police stop them with just about any excuse they say, to investigate their legal standing in the country (i.e. Escondido police engages in pretextual stops). The immigrant community is well aware of the partnership the local authorities have with Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) which according to Nguyen and Gill (2015) is detrimental to the trust, communication, and cooperation of the community with the...
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...Fear of Crime & its effects in a Community Introduction The fear of crime creates negative psychological effects in a community. Consequently, stakeholders in the crime prevention sector need to equip themselves with knowledge surrounding this topic. They need to know factors linked to the fear of crime and the magnitude or relative importance of each. But this will only examine two factors; gender and prior victimization is really important in crime prevention strategies. Rational for the research is to answer the question does fear of crime create negative psychological effects in a community. The research question will require validation of two major factors then it will eventually necessity linking those factors together. At this point, there will be a need to move from theory to operationalization of the concept. It’s been established that there is a link between gender and fear of crime but the link is not clearly understood. Additionally, it has been assumed that prior victimization is related to fear of crime but the extent of this relationship needs to be established, Gender, fear of crime and prior victimization .(Babbie,2005) It should be noted that various methods of asking one question are possible and each approach would result in totally different responses thus different analyses and results. This research questions may be asked in such way that they give open ended responses. For instance, the respondents may be asked what their fear of crime is in...
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...Hate crimes will likely continue to exist in our society based on the socio-economic factors that influence the nature of these crimes. Hate crimes have long been a problem in American society. This paper will look at some incidents of hate crimes and how they are classified. In this paper, I will also explore who the perpetrators are and how socio-economic factors affect the types of motives that are responsible for these crimes. I will also examine how the legislature chooses which prejudices they want to associate with hate crimes. In order to understand hate crimes, there are a number of factors that you must consider and understand. Primarily, you must first understand what a hate crime is and how it is classified. When considering both crime and law, hate crimes occur when a perpetrator targets a person or group because of their perceived social group. This could be racial, religious, sexually orientated or gender based. The term “hate crime” generally refers to criminal acts that are motivated by a perpetrators conscious or unconscious prejudices. While there are many different classifications of hate crimes, racist anti-black bias is the most frequently reported hate crime motivation in the United States. Of the 8,208nhate crimes reported to the FBI in 2011, 48% were race related- 70% having an anti-black bias. Hate crimes are classified based on whether the crime is motivated by the victims actual or perceived personal characteristics. It must be prove that the perpetrator...
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...similar crimes. In the 70s the focus was on rehabilitation and the idea that inmates can reintegrate back into society without detrimental effects. After numerous cases in which serial offenders were paroled early from prison and quickly re-offended the socio-political milieu shifted from one of rehabilitation to one of retribution. The ideas of how to sentence and punish criminals completely flipped from the time of Gacy’s crime to the time when Davis shocked the world by kidnapping...
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...According to “The American Press Institute” the purpose of journalism is to provide citizens with the information they need to make the best possible decisions about their lives, their communities, their societies, and their governments. We may add or subtract the roles and purposes but the core remains the same, to educate and inform the masses in a way that they can build a progressive and peaceful society. Rajab proposed in Gulf news that media production across all its forms has the most significant impact on the behavior of the individual and society, and it is the main source for the formation of public opinion. The most critical factor important for security and stability in any society is a community awareness that can be achieved through multiple means, the most important of which is the media in its various forms and shapes,” she said on Sunday evening as she addressed a gathering of media professionals in Kuwait. Passion plays and pageants remind us that in the broadest sense of the term, reenactment is not new. The recent spate of "reality"-type reenactment programs like 1900 House, Regency House, and The Ship has examples in "docudramas" such as the PBS production An American Family (1973) and MTV's Real World, launched during the early 1990s. Alexander Cook and Katie King, contributing to this volume, point out that such programs also share structural similarities with observational film and hence often have an experimental character. While reenactment seems widespread...
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... Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge; Greg Mantle is Reader in Social Work, Institute of Health and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University Abstract: This article explores the diversionary measure of restorative final warnings within the context of the youth justice system. We examine the philosophy and rationale of the new era in cautioning and discuss the potential practice implications since its implementation in 2000, under the statutory legislation within the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. To date there has been very little research or academic debate on the new system of police cautioning of youth. Additionally, as final warnings develop a greater association with restorative justice practices, we explore how this ‘pre court’ intervention has the potential to broaden oppressive and discriminatory practices within the youth justice system in relation to particular societal groups. We will begin by explaining how police cautioning of youth has changed with the implementation of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 and then explore contemporary police practices and outcomes regarding youth and the restorative final warning scheme. We will highlight the conflicting nature of the new scheme which requires voluntary agreement throughout its statutory process to ensure successful completion. We will also demonstrate that the systematic implementation of final warnings has reduced police discretion and increased levels of police accountability, and that this, in turn, appears...
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...Journal of Business and Society, Vol. 11 No. 2, 2010, 35 - 50 THE EFFECTS OF MACROECONOMIC EVILS ON PROPERTY AND VIOLENT CRIMES IN MALAYSIA Chor Foon Tang♣ University of Malaya ABSTRACT The main objective of this study is to investigate the effects of macroeconomic evils – unemployment and inflation on different categories of crime rates – property and violent crimes in Malaysia via the multivariate Johansen-Juselius and Granger causality techniques. This study used annual data from 1970 to 2006. Johansen-Juselius cointegration tests revealed that property and violent crimes are cointegrated with unemployment and inflation. Furthermore, the empirical evidence exhibit that unemployment and inflation are the driving factors for crimes in Malaysia. Therefore, supply-side economy may be an ideal choice of policy to reduce crime rates in Malaysia. Keywords: Crime, Inflation, Unemployment, Malaysia 1. INTRODUCTION Recent deliberation on whether “Malaysia is a safe haven for travel and investment?” was frequently asked by the international tourists and foreign investors owing to the increasing trend of crime rates in Malaysia. From the visual inspection in Figure 1, both property and violent crime rates in Malaysia has increased quite significantly between 1970 and 2006. Over a decade from 1970 to 1980, both property and violent crime rates in Malaysia increased more than two folds. The property crime rate increased drastically from 25 thousand cases in 1970 to 66...
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...Chapter I Problem And Its Background “There is no single cause of crime that is sufficient to guarantee its occurrence: yet opportunity above all others is necessary and therefore has as much or more claim to being a root cause” Marcus Felson Introduction Police operations cover the mission-critical aspects of a police organization: policies, institutional arrangements, processes and resources for the performance of the policeman’s main functions. Police Operations encompass a wide range of activities, particularly patrol and traffic operations, implementation of special laws, command and control, civil disturbance, disaster management, terrorism, deployment of troops, internal security operations and community-oriented policing, with due regard to human rights. Police Patrol has always been the backbone of protecting the public, and as far back as society had begun to get organized into groups and communities, mankind has always had people to patrol, to show a strong presence, as well as be on the look-out for danger at all levels, and then be able to respond. And if it wasn't for the Police patrolling your neighborhood, your local community and even your entire city, then the little world that you live in, would become Survival Of The Fittest. We must tell you that in all the world of defense, police patrol is the best way for the police to defend us. High police visibility discourages criminals. Normally, criminals think twice before executing their plans if there is...
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...In: Social Issues Police Patrol and Its Inducing Effect in Reducing Crime and Disorders Chapter I Problem And Its Background “There is no single cause of crime that is sufficient to guarantee its occurrence: yet opportunity above all others is necessary and therefore has as much or more claim to being a root cause” Marcus Felson Introduction Police operations cover the mission-critical aspects of a police organization: policies, institutional arrangements, processes and resources for the performance of the policeman’s main functions. Police Operations encompass a wide range of activities, particularly patrol and traffic operations, implementation of special laws, command and control, civil disturbance, disaster management, terrorism, deployment of troops, internal security operations and community-oriented policing, with due regard to human rights. Police Patrol has always been the backbone of protecting the public, and as far back as society had begun to get organized into groups and communities, mankind has always had people to patrol, to show a strong presence, as well as be on the look-out for danger at all levels, and then be able to respond. And if it wasn't for the Police patrolling your neighborhood, your local community and even your entire city, then the little world that you live in, would become Survival Of The Fittest. We must tell you that in all the world of defense, police patrol is the best way for the police to defend us. High police visibility...
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...The effect of cyber-crime and one way to fight back Travis Major Lynn University Jeanette Francis 08 June 2013 The cost of cybercrime to businesses For three years now cybercrime has continued to grow. During this time cyber-attacks have more than doubled, while hitting the financial side with an estimated 40 percent increase. The cost of cybercrime study in 2012, conducted by Ponemon Institute, found that cybercrime costs to a random sample of organizations averaged 8.9 million dollars. This spike is estimated to have increased the cost of cybercrime by 6 percent from 2011 and 38 percent from 2010. Also during this study it was discovered that there had been a huge increase of cyber-attacks, approximately 48 percent, with around 102 of them being successful per week. The number of successful attacks per week in 2010 was only around 50. More than 78 percent of the annual cybercrime can be labeled as denial of service, malicious code, malevolent insiders, and stolen or hijacked devices. Businesses have no choice but to spend an increasing amount of money, time, and energy in order to protect themselves against these cyber-attacks that seem to be reaching unsustainable levels. Even though some companies are finding ways to lower the cost of security measures, the cost of time and energy spent cannot be eased. No matter what the solution is, it will always take time to incorporate any security and energy to maintain those securities. Additional key findings include: ...
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...behaviour is , then , the inevitable expression of class conflict resulting from the exploitative nature of economic relations. Criminality is simply not something that people have or don’t have; crime is not something some people do and others don’t. Crime is a matter of who can pin the label on whom and underlying this socio-political process is the structure of social relations determined by capitalism. Using material from item A and elsewhere asses the usefulness of the Marxist approaches to an understanding of crime and deviance (21 marks) Marxists essentially see crime and deviance as defined by the ruling class and used as a means of social control – if you don’t conform then you will be punished. Institutions such as the police, the justice system, prisons and schools, the family and religion are there to encourage you to conform. They argue that white collar crimes (which tend to be committed by the more powerful in society) are ignored, while crimes committed by the less powerful in society such as burglary and street crime are focussed on and seen as more serious. Marxists would also argue that different social classes are policed differently, with the working class heavily policed in the expectation that they will be more criminal and therefore raising the chances of their crimes being detected. Classical Marxists argue that this fundamental fact of exploitation provides the key to unlock the explanations for the workings of society. They believe there are 5 main elements...
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