...Who defines crime? According to Cullen, Agnew, and Wilcox (2014), Critical Criminology Theory states that the powerful and wealthy class define crime. Why can they define what is considered a crime and what is not? The powerful and the wealthy class are made up of a small percentage, yet, that percentage can determine what is considered a crime and what is not. They rule on such things to be able to control the other percentage. For example, Crack vs. Cocaine. Due to cocaine being expensive to buy, crack was developed as a cheap alternative to cocaine. Since crack was a cheap alternative, it became available to low-income minorities. As a result, it became viewed by society as a drug used by the poor and cocaine used by the wealthy. In late...
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...Introduction Organization theory is the study of organizations to identify problem solving technics, increase productivity and achieving the goals of stakeholders. There are four perspectives of organization theory namely modern, symbolic-interpretive, critical and postmodern perspectives. In this essay, we will look into organizations from a modern and critical perspective and through it; develop an in-depth understanding of a detailed analysis on how power, control and resistance play a part in an organization. In comparison to the two chosen perspectives, we will spot its similarities and differences by doing a compare and contrast analysis. The fundamentals of this will help us apply the perspectives and theory to Apple and its organizational environment. Theoretical Framework In order for us to do a comparison of the perspectives, we need to study the differences between epistemology and ontology to help us understand the modernism ways better. Ontology is concerned with what we perceived reality to be. Our assumption will decide on the subjects to be treated as real while disregarding others. These assumptions on whether or not a particular phenomenon exists or if it is just an illusion stirs debates between those who have conflicting perspectives. On the other hand, epistemology is concerned with knowledge that we are able to attain. The answers an epistemologist would want to derive from are are: how we as humans obtain the knowledge, how we differentiate between...
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...Senior English Curriculum Map: 2010-2011 School Year English IV * Note: “Sacred Book List” Addendum is at the end of this document Quarter #1 August 23 to October 22 Essential Questions: 1. How do writers and artists organize or construct text to convey meaning? 2. What does it mean to be a stranger in the village? Unit Goals 1. To understand the relationship between perspective and critical theory. 2. To apply critical theories to various texts studied and created. 3. To control and manipulate textual elements in writing to clearly and effectively convey a controlling idea or thesis. Student Published Portfolios: For each of the first three quarters, students are required to complete three to four published writing portfolio products. Quarter 4 is devoted to completion of the Laureate Research Project. . Pacing: This map is one suggestion for pacing. Springboard pacing guides precede each unit in the “About the Unit” sections and offers pacing on a 45-minute class period length. Prentice Hall Literature – Use selections from Prentice Hall throughout the quarter to reinforce the standards being taught as well as the embedded assessments within the SpringBoard curriculum. QUARTER #1 SpringBoard Curriculum Pacing Guide August 23 – October 22 Standards and Benchmarks | Unit Pacing Guide | SpringBoard Unit/Activities | Assessments | SpringBoard Unit 1Literature * The students will analyze and compare significant works of...
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...EXPERIMENTAL CINEMA SETTING A CONTRAST BETWEEN MARGINAL CINEMA AND MAINSTREAM CRITICAL THEORY MA –PG 1 TERM PAPER DEPARTMENT OF FILM STUDIES JADAVPUR UNIVERSITY The term third cinema has found its roots in the so called third world, which generally refers to the nations located in Africa, Latin America and Asia where historical encounter with colonial and imperial forces have shaped their political and economic power structure . at the same time it could be said that the third world is a kind of cinematic response to the first cinema (which conjures images of Hollywood movies , consumption and bourgeoisie values ) as well as second cinema (referring to “nouvelle vague” or the European arthouse filmmaking demonstrating aesthetic but not always political innovation).The reference to the concept of third cinema appeared for the first time in the Cuban film journal ,cine Cubano, (1969) in a report of an interview with members of the cine liberacion group .it was said at that point of time that there is a growing need for the development of a cinema of aggression .one that would put an end to the irrationality that has come before it. Thus beginning in the mid 50s and continuing up to the present these films have helped immensely in forging a sense of national identity and cultural autonomy . it would be interesting to know that at this point of time there was a development of film theory and critical methodology in the first world sectors. This development primarily took...
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...- social instability, alienation and a sense of purposelessness cause by a steady erosion of standards and values. apodictic truth - an imaginary concept of truth in which it is supposed that we know something with absolute certainty. To be an apodictic truth there must be no possibility of mistake commodification - the subordination of public and private realms to the logic of capitalism. In other words, things (e.g., friendship, women) are valued for their commercial value. With commodification aspects of our lives that are culturally conditioned take on the mythology of being "natural." critical reading - to read in a way that looks for fallacies and defects in the writing. It is to be contrasted with "reading generously." This distinction between generous and critical reading is analogous to a parallel distinction between generous and critical listening. critical theory - Although the term is sometimes used more broadly, in most contexts it refers to the school of thought represented by the "Frankfurt School," which is a school of thought that combines psychoanalysis and Marxism. deconstruction - A term that, for all practical purposes, was introduced in the literature by Derrida. It means to undermine the conceptual order imposed by a concept that has captivated our imaginations and ways of seeing things. (See Shawver, 1996) see "deconstruction quilt" discourse - sometimes this term refers to any kind of talk, but often it refers to particular unified ways...
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...The critical paradigm recognizes the social construction of knowledge, defined in a manner which suites the interests of the elite groups in society(Travers, 2008). Therefore, true objectivity can be found in the discourse of the marginalized groups(Travers, 2008). The goal of this paradigm is to provide a voice for the marginalized groups, addressing the issues of social inequality, and work towards making reparations, in hope of a reshaping of our society(Travers, 2008). In the case of the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry, the critical paradigm addresses the conflicts between the differing native and elite viewpoints. Critical ontology emphasizes that reality is socially constructed by the elite groups in society, supporting their position of power, resulting in conflict as the marginalized groups resist(Travers, 2008). Berger’s report recognizes the conflict between the views of the elite groups, who run the oil and gas companies, and those of the native people. The elite groups purport that the development of the pipeline, and the associated ventures, would benefit not only the economy but the native people who would have jobs and be able to join the wage economy(Berger, 1988). They attempt to create a perception, in which the native people would benefit from joining the rest of society, using the proposed development as a means of integrating them. Berger, who appears to follow a critical ontology, voices the opinions of the natives in his inquiry. Louis Frost’s statement...
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...De La Salle – College of Saint Benilde Taft Avenue, Malate, Manila Feminism and International Relations Submitted by: BALIGOD, Katrina Angelica A. LS201 Submitted to: Sir. Francisco Noel Fernandez III 20 October 2014 I. Introduction Hans J. Morgenthau, one of the leading proponents of the approach known as Realism (also known as power politics), claims that universal standards of morality cannot be an constant guide to IR because there is an "ineluctable tension between the moral command and the requirements of successful political action." He argues that state actors must think and act in terms of power and must do whatever it takes to defend the national interests of their state. J. Ann Tickner, commenting on the primacy of power in Morgenthau's writings, explains that what he considers to be "a realistic description of international politics is only a picture of the past and therefore not a prediction about the future", and proposes what she considers to be a feminist alternative: a world in which state actors think of power in terms of collective empowerment, not in terms of domination over one another, could produce more cooperative outcomes and pose fewer conflicts between the dictates of morality and the power of self-interest (Art & Jervis, 2005). Emergence of Feminism Most of the early feminists in IR were IR theorists, researchers, and policy practitioners, who read syllabi full of scholarly articles by mainly or only men, and seen IR as a scholarly place...
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...Postmodernism However in postmodernism, it holds an subjectivist ontology that reality is formed by one’s own experiences, assumptions and beliefs, which challenge the perspective of modernism (Hatch & Cunliffe 2006). Postmodernists view reality as an illusion that is formed based on language which is an instrument used by the elite to control the employee interpretation of a scenario and so lead them to satisfy their interests (Robbins & Barnwell 2002). In addition, through discourse and deconstruction, postmodernists can unveil the multiple interpretations of organizational reality, hidden power relationships, the repressed and marginalized of groups (Cunliffe 2008). It will provide a better understanding on the interpretations of the organizational reality, the influence on one thought and the constraints of the organizations. Postmodernist built their structure of organization on a horizontal level of hierarchy and they perceive power and control are integrated in everyday social relationships and organizational practices (Hatch & Cunliffe, 2006). Postmodernist applies the concept of disciplinary power that was developed by Michael Foucault, a French philosopher. According to Foucault (1980), the concept of disciplinary power causes employees to engage in a self-surveillance behavior due to the anticipation of control and the self-disciplinary behavior which is view by the postmodernist as a discourse of power within the organization. He believes that disciplinary power...
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...Aryabhata: Aryabhatiya with the Commentary of Bhaskara I and Someavara. Critically edited with Introduction and Appendices by Kripa Shankar Shukla. New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy, 1976. % E-Text by Danielle Feller, 2001. % Comments, suggestions should be sent to . THIS TEXT FILE IS FOR REFERENCE PURPOSES ONLY! COPYRIGHT AND TERMS OF USAGE AS FOR SOURCE FILE. Text converted to Unicode (UTF-8). (This file is to be used with a UTF-8 font and your browser's VIEW configuration set to UTF-8.) description: long a long A long i long I long u long U multibyte sequence: ā Ā ī Ī ū Ū vocalic r vocalic R long vocalic r vocalic l long vocalic l velar n velar N palatal n palatal N retroflex t retroflex T retroflex d retroflex D retroflex n retroflex N palatal s palatal S retroflex s retroflex S anusvara visarga long e long o l underbar r underbar n underbar k underbar ṛ Ṛ ṝ ḷ ḹ ṅ Ṅ ñ Ñ ṭ Ṭ ḍ Ḍ ṇ Ṇ ś Ś ṣ Ṣ ṃ ḥ ē ō ḻ ṟ ṉ ḵ t underbar ṯ Unless indicated otherwise, accents have been dropped in order to facilitate word search. For a comprehensive list of GRETIL encodings and formats see: www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ebene_1/fiindolo/gretil/gretdiac.pdf and www.sub.uni-goettingen.de/ebene_1/fiindolo/gretil/gretdias.pdf Āryabhaṭakṛtam Āryabhaṭīyam Bhāskara-viracita-bhāṣyopetam Gītikāpādaḥ [ maṅgalācaraṇam ] yasmāt aśeṣajagatām prabhavam sthitim ca saṃhāram api upadiśanti samagradhīkāḥ | bhṛgvaṅgiraḥprabhṛtayaḥ viditāntarāyāḥ tasmai namaḥ kamalajāya...
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...Introduction Modernists perceive organisations as tangibly factual bodies operating in the reality. When the organisation has been well designed and managed, the systems of actions and decisions made will be driven by the norms of rationality, efficiency and effectiveness to realize the organisation goals such as mission and vision. (Hatch, 1997) Critical Theorists view organisation as places where inequalities in power relations will dominate, resulting in the exploitation and estrangement of proletariat. Elements of authority and power of the dominant ideology will initiate decisions, laying constraints and oppression on the exploited parties. (Comstock, 1982) Apple Inc. is one of the most successful multinational organisations in creating consumer electronics, computer software and commercial servers, which started out as the minority player in the industry. With the Macintosh, Apple slowly built upon its successes from the iMac to the iPod and to the iPhone, which eventually turns the industry to its ear. (O’Grady, 2009) While Apple concentrates their headquarters’ activities on their core functions such as designing and developing of their products, as well as defining strategic direction and processes, outsourcing to regions will enable Apple to operate with greater cost-efficiently. (Schneiders, 2010) By engaging in global outsourcing, Apple was able to get cheaper overseas labour that were employed by third-party firms to lighten the labour load of their direct employees...
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...Organisational Theory Assignment Baruch Spinoza once said, “The highest activity a human can attain is learning for understanding, because to understand is to be free”. Spinoza quoting that understanding leads to freedom – emancipation – can be interpreted as a statement from the perspective of a critical theorist (Green 2004) and if left unchallenged this statement would prove absolute. However, using a modernist perspective it can be argued that understanding would lead to quantification (Hatch, 2006) that could in turn, lead to greater efficiency. Solely from referencing the two theories above and the 2 ways of looking at a single statement we can ascertain that a combination of perspectives gives us a greater understanding than a single perspective. This essay explores how using a multi perspective approach would provide the individual with a more comprehensive and well ronded understanding to organisations, an increased capacity to understand how to better embrace structure and its implications and the holistic simplification and explaination of cultural effects. It also brings to light the conflicting nature of these theories and its inherant biasness. The first advantage of using a multi-perspective approach to understanding an organisation would be that it provides us with a more comprehensive and well-rounded understanding to organisations. This greater understanding begins with the internalisation of the different perspective’s ontology and epistemology...
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...Critical Theory concerns conflicting logics- a social concern versus a language one. In the pathways of developments in theory, there are two diverging points- one, the obsession with language, communication systems and, two the focus on social construction. On one hand, Critical Theory of society emerged to deal with those aspects of social reality which Marx and his followers downplayed and neglected. It takes a specialized sense, describing the work of the Frankfurt School. On the other hand, it is concerned with the dominance of language to explain all phenomena. The term ‘Critical Theory’ was coined in 1930s. The concept of language and culture being linked has been discussed for a long period. However, in the twentieth century, Critical theory marks a linguistic turn; a whole new approach to language, literature and interpretation. During this period one witnessed the rise of an astonishing number of theories that used language as a basis for thinking about every kind of human experience. There were ‘new’ ways of looking at psychology, sexuality, philosophy, politics, technology— and, of course, literature. The major theories that spawned in critical theory ranged from formalism, structuralism, semiotics, psychoanalysis, and deconstruction, to the responses and critiques posed by race and gender theory, cultural studies, post colonialism, and new media. At the very crux of literary theory is language. Books are made of language; the question 20th century critical theory...
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...Academic Purposes (EAP). In particular, it examines Critical Pedagogy, Pragmatic Pedagogy and Critical-Pragmatic Pedagogy in the context of teaching academic writing to university students. This is an important issue as there is widespread debate as to what constitutes effective EAP instruction within the academic sphere. The conflicting perspectives are that a critical approach to pedagogy, with its challenge of current ‘implicit and explicit standards’ (Cherryholmes: 1988) is most effective. Other academics argue the case of a vulgar pragmatic approach that relies on structure and ‘the notions of theory and practice’ (Williams: 1983). There is also support for a hybrid approach to EAP learning, known as critical pragmatism. This method encourages the characteristic critical pedagogical challenge of the status quo, while still requiring ideas to be translated and conveyed by means of structured ‘discourse practices’ (Cherryholmes: 1988). Finally, upon examining the aforementioned approaches to EAP by review of scholarly literature, I intend to argue affirmatively that vulgar-pragmatic based pedagogy is the best and most effective method of teaching EAP to university students. The concept of critical pedagogical learning relies on the principle that ‘the classroom needs to be continually interrogated for the ideologies it fosters and reproduces’ (McLaren: 2011). This means that ‘criticalists’ (those who support a critical approach) prefer a system of education that challenges...
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...Research on technology and teacher education: current status and future directions. Author: Willis, Jerry.; Thompson, Ann. Sadera, William. Source: Educational Technology Research and Development v. 47 no4 (1999) p. 29-45 ISSN: 1042-1629 Number: BEDI00000113 Copyright: The magazine publisher is the copyright holder of this article and it is reproduced with permission. Further reproduction of this article in violation of the copyright is prohibited. [pic] Much of the field we call educational technology has links that go back for almost a hundred years, at least to the museum movement in the early part of the 20th century. The museum movement and the success of training and development work during the two world wars were major factors in the development of the field. Educational technology flourished in the 1950s and continues to play an important role in many colleges of education. The particular subdiscipline of educational technology we will explore in this paper does not have a long history. Information technology and teacher education (ITTE) is now a scholarly and professional discipline, but it has only recently become so. During the 1970s and early 1980s, while most educational technology programs continued to emphasize more traditional concepts and skills such as the systematic design and development of instructional materials, a separate group of graduate programs emerged that provided some of the foundations for ITTE. These programs, usually at the master's level...
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...consciously coordinated social entity with distinct boundaries which functions to achieve goals. It has an activity system linked to the external environment (it does not exist alone). An organization consists of people, things, knowledge and technologies. Modernists’ assumption of reality is objectivism and view organizations are real entities which exist in the objective world. Organizations are viewed as real entities driven by rationality to achieve efficiency and organizational objectives/goals. When organizations are well-managed, they are systems of decision and action driven by norms of rationality, efficiency and effectiveness for stated purposes. Similar to modernists, critical theorists’ ontology is also objectivism, and organizations are real entities which exist in the objective world. However, critical theorists view organizations as objects used by capitalists for the exploitation and alienation of workers and the environment. Symbolic interpretivists believe that reality is subjective, and only exists if we give meaning to it. As such, organizations are socially constructed realities which are constructed and reconstructed by their members through symbolically mediated interaction. Without its members giving meaning to it, an organization does not exist. Postmodernists suggest that reality is constructed through language and discourse. Organizations are ‘imagined’ entities whereby power and social arrangements are reinforced through language and discourse. C....
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