...HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT Human capital is the stock of competencies, knowledge, social and personality attributes, including creativity, cognitive abilities, embodied in the ability to perform labor so as to produce economic value. It is an aggregate economic view of the human being acting within economies, which is an attempt to capture the social, biological, cultural and psychological complexity as they interact in explicit and/or economic transactions. Many theories explicitly connect investment in human capital development to education, and the role of human capital in economic development, productivity growth, and innovation has frequently been cited as a justification for government subsidies for education and job skills training.[1] "Human capital" has been and is still being criticized in numerous ways. Michael Spence offers signaling theory as an alternative to human capital.[2][3] Pierre Bourdieu offers a nuanced conceptual alternative to human capital that includes cultural capital, social capital, economic capital, and symbolic capital.[4] These critiques, and other debates, suggest that "human capital" is a reified concept without sufficient explanatory power. It was assumed in early economic theories, reflecting the context, i.e., the secondary sector of the economy was producing much more than the tertiary sector was able to produce at the time in most countries – to be a fungible resource, homogeneous, and easily interchangeable, and it was referred to simply...
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...The social reproduction theory focuses on the schools effort to reproduce the existing social and economic inequalities. In regards to that it also “focuses on the state or society and its need for certain kinds of labor in a capitalist economy.” (Evans, pg. 138) This theory fails to address how they sort the students to the classes they belong in and how social inequality receives contribution from the school. Along with that, it doesn’t acknowledge human action and agency and ignores teaching, learning, curriculum enactment and student teacher interaction.” (Evans, pg. 173) I personally don’t like the fact how some children in the 9X group are academically able to do the same work as 9A children but aren’t put in there. They’re also not fought hard enough for but there are some teachers that did take that factor into consideration to try and help them. Many of the students that are in the 9X category are from not getting a high score on the CXC examination. Many of them also come from low socioeconomic families, to where the assumption is drawn that, tat is how the child may become. Teachers who taught 9X students put blame on the social status of living. Stated here, “They attributed the disruptiveness and restlessness of students mainly to their social background and to the communities in which they lived and secondarily to factors within the school, factors over which they as teachers exercised some control. Cultural Reproduction Theory addresses many topics...
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...In our selection from Bourdieu’s The Economy of Practices we are presented with an extremely insightful analysis of social classification. We are also afforded with a more explicit rendering of the mysterious habitus. Bourdieu explains that the habitus is both structured and structuring. We internalize the divisions inherent in the social order and then reproduce them through our acts of perceiving, thinking, and acting in the world. Bourdieu emphasizes both that we cannot really become conscious of the habitus and that it operates on a symbolic plane. Habitus is that which connects bodily inputs and bodily outputs. According to Bourdieu taste is a product of the habitus. Taste functions as a system of classificatory schemes. Taste, and not money, is the mechanism by which symbolically significant distinctions are made, although the amount of money one has will to a large extent determine his/her tastes. Bourdieu notes that our tastes are formed as a direct result of what is available to us. We come to desire that which we can have. If more is available to you, you will come to like only what is within your grasp but is beyond the reach of others. Oppositions in taste coincide with oppositions in class. Bourdieu supports this point by offering data on the variance of taste among different social classes. He focuses on food, culture, self-presentation, and sports. In all of these arenas symbolic classification is being carried out, and all of these arenas are explicitly tied...
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...Cultural capital which French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu did a great contribution to develop is one of different type capitals that plays important roles in society. Cultural capital reflect(s) the degree of one’s (a person’s) understanding and practice on one culture,it can be transformed into different other capitals such as economic, social, symbolic which are necessary for people to seek for a better life. (Richard 2011:104) There are three kind cultural capitals forms.The first one is called “embodied state”.This state emphasize an individual, his/her initial cultural capital will come from his/her family,change another word the individual is the successor of his/her family cultural capital.The capital that individual gets from the family...
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...• Define cultural and social capital and provide examples. Social capital consists of economic resources attained by being a part of a network of social relationships. Cultural capital is when you gain non-economic resources that enable social mobility. (Raskoff, 2014) In an educational environment examples of social capital would be social group involvement whereas, cultural capital would be knowledge, skills and education. Raskoff, S. (14 Nov 2014) “Social and Cultural Capital at School.” Retrieved from: http://www.everydaysociologyblog.com/2014/11/social-and-cultural-capital-at-school.html • Describe why White Americans are less likely to be concerned with social and cultural capital. White American’s are less likely to be concerned...
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...looking at what has been the impact of Tate’s prosperity .At this point, it’s worth noting that due to lack of capital resources, most museums undergo little or no progress. However, this is not the case with Tate Modern which has largely grown in size and rebranded its entire community The Stage recently reported (Merrifield, 2012) that local councils in the UK have reduced funding for arts organizations by 40% over the last year. Under ‘related posts’ on the website, there are links to a July article warning of a 90% cut in local authority expenditure on the arts by the year 2020 (Smith, 2012); one reporting a 40% cut since 2008 (Smith, 2011); one reporting the withdrawal of funding by London councils (Woolman, 2011); and one reporting a rather flaccid warning against such cuts, issued by the Arts Council of England in 2010 (Woolman, 2010). Clearly the present economic climate is not favourable for arts and cultural activities in the UK, or elsewhere in the developed world, where the effects of the 2008 global banking crisis continue to be deeply felt. The stories published by The Stage suggest that, at a local level, public authorities do not regard such activities as a priority to be defended at all costs. Nevertheless, in recent years, arts organizations have become more effective in arguing the economic case for continued commitment to public investment in cultural activity. The Edinburgh Festivals Impact Study published in 2011 (Choughley, U. et al., 2011) builds on previous...
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...‘social capital’ was first coined by Pierre Bourdieu who used it to describe the networks of relationships among people in society, and how it allows society to function properly. Bourdieu’s thinking was concerned with the understanding of social hierarchy. He believed that economic capital is at the root of all other forms of capital, and he was interested how economic capital could combine with other forms of capital to create and reproduce inequality (Ihelen, 2005). Although Bourdieu focused more on the terms themselves and how they played a part in society it is clear to see how he influenced the argument of different capitals effect on the class system. As Bourdieu states, looking at other forms of capital from an economic perspective,...
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...In order to understand Pierre Bourdieu, we have to strive to understand how he explores the many ways in which people conduct their lives in relation to one another and social institutions. Bourdieu’s main focus was involved with the dynamics of power in society, and especially the differing ways in which power is transferred and how social order is maintained within generations. Bourdieu defines that there are three different types of capital which are economic capital, cultural capital and social capital. Economic capital is what we have, cultural capital is what we know and social capital is who we know. All three of these capitals are linked together which define our habitus. The habitus is defined as the mental structure through which we interact with the social world. It is a built in, subconscious way that we perceive and categorize things in the world, because of how we are raised, without knowing that we’re doing it, that structures our tastes and actions. Individuals internalize their habitus...
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...The impact of Cultural Capital on advertisement Class Professor *** Name Date Overview The French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu first proposed the concept of cultural capital. Since the 1980s, social capital has become a popular concept in many disciplines concerned and analysis of important starting point. Hofstede (1980) published a study in the field of cultural significance of the research results. In 1980s, scholars did a large number of cross-cultural consumer behavior based Hofstede’s cultural construct. After the 1990s, globalization and technological revolution in the joint action, cultural issues in all areas of marketing, reflected in all directions, the impact of cultural capital on advertisement journals were seen everywhere. "Advertising." The word of foreign origin, derived from the Latin word “Adteurture”; its basic meaning is the meaning of attention and induce the latter evolved into the English language “Advertise”. In recent years, advertising fills of people’s lives. From the television’s ads, newspaper’s ads, outdoor walls’ ads, to the network, advertising are seen every where. But in different cultural background, consumer values, consumption patterns and consumer behavior are different. Cultural capital has a deep impact on advertising, which cannot be ignored. Today's society is in economic globalization; all the advertising companies cannot separate from cultural capital. We need to know when planning to advertise the nation's culture, and...
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...Cultural and social capital forms an individual throughout one’s life. According to Pierre Bourdieu, capital included not just material goods, but cultural and social assets. Cultural capital refers to the social assets of a person such as family background and education, which is reflected in a knowledge of language and art. Social capital refer to the social network among people in a society, which is built on shared trust. Cultural capital is something everyone learn at the age of four and is carried on for years, it is an education. Currently I attend Greenville Technical College for an associate degree in administrative technology, this is a manifest function to further my knowledge for the work field. Going to college is also a social...
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...Grid-group cultural theory Explanations > Culture > Grid-group cultural theory Description | Discussion | So what Description This model has two dimensions, each a measure of sociability. Group The group dimension describes how strongly people are bonded together. At one end there are distinct and separated individuals, perhaps with common reason to be together though with less of a sense of unity and connection. At the other end, people have a connected sense of identity, relating more deeply and personally to one another. They spend more time together and have stable relationships. When people group together, then laws are more easily defined and policed. For society to survive when bonds are weaker and central control is less possible, individuals must necessarily display self-restraint. In management, low group does not manage resources, whilst high group does. Grid The grid dimension describes how different people are in the group and how they take on different roles. At one end of this spectrum people are relatively homogeneous in their abilities, work and activity and can easily interchange roles. This makes them less dependent on one another. At the other end, there are distinct roles and positions within the group with specialization and different accountability. There are also different degrees of entitlement, depending on position and there may well be a different balance of exchange between and across individuals. This makes it advantageous...
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...Pierre Bourdieu Pierre Bourdieu is a well known French sociologist, anthropologist and philosopher whose work has greatly influenced the people of his time and still continues to do so today. He worked during the 1970s and 1980s studying and analyzing the idea of power within a comprehensive “theory of society”. With many years of conducting his own research, he came up with a theory of his own to identify individuals and their relationship with society and their status with power. Bourdieu sought to connect his theoretical ideas with his own life experiences to best relate his work with people of society in his time. While doing so, he managed to create a different set of key concepts to carefully break down and explain how he believes that our social system is made up and why. Although he has many revolutionary concepts, my paper will mainly focus on three of them: habitus, capital, and field. Born in Denguin, a small village located in Southern France on August 1, 1930, Pierre Felix Bourdieu was born to a working class family. Growing up, he was greatly influenced by his father to pursue the best education possible that his country could offer; because of this, Bourdieu ended up getting accepted to one of the best and most prestigious universities in France--the Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris. This is where he studied philosophy under Louis Althusser a famous Marxist thinker. After finishing school and receiving his doctorate, Bourdieu went to Algeria in 1958...
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...'body for others.' The body for others “is the visible manifestation of the person, of the 'idea it wants to give of itself', its 'character', i.e. its values and capacities."[2] This manifestation of the body is influenced by the person's 'taste', social field and 'habitus'. Bourdieu defines taste as an incorporated principle of classification which governs all forms of incorporation, choosing and modifying everything that the body ingests and digests and assimilates, physiologically and psychologically.[3] Taste is thus determined by class, according to Bourdieu. This is significant because "People develop preferences for what is available to them."[4] These preferences are formed from a mixture of economic, social and cultural 'capitals' that will be discussed and evaluated later in the essay. A social field is a “network of social relations that follows rules and regularities that are not directly explicit."[5] Society today is composed of many specialised fields that value certain 'bodies' more than others and that value certain social practices more than others. The rules of the field, its regulations and the participation...
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...Analyse the importance of poverty as an explanation of social class differences in educational achievement Introduction Sociologists have argued that social class differences in educational achievement can be explained in terms of 4 not necessarily mutually exclusive kinds of theory: IQ theory; theories emphasising social class differences in material circumstances; theories emphasising social class differences in subcultural attitudes and values; and theories emphasising the importance of within school labelling processes. Sociologists tend to be critical of IQ theory for several reasons and point out that there is good evidence to show that social class is a major determinant of educational success even independently of measured differences in IQ. I shall therefore concentrate upon the three more sociological approaches and in each case it may be argued that the factors which may disadvantage working class students in general are especially likely to disadvantage those working class students who experience poverty. However before analysing the possible effects of poverty on educational achievement some preliminary investigation of the nature and extent of poverty in the UK is first necessary and for these purposes we must first distinguish between absolute and relative poverty. Absolute poverty is said to occur when individuals lack the money necessary to ensure their basis physical survival whereas relative poverty exists where individuals have insufficient money to...
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...understanding of multicultural capital and the perspectives from the relevant readings. It will also reflect on my own personal and professional implications formed through the collaborative concept teaching activity. The reading Matas & Bridges (2009) explores the importance of implementing multicultural frameworks in schools in order to contribute to the modern nation’s overall success. The purpose of the research in this paper is to investigate how culturally proactive educational institutions are, as they have the opportunity to support and promote culturally and linguistically diverse communities to bring a transformative change in preparing citizens (Matas & Bridges, 2009). The main perspective formed in this reading suggests that in today’s society, the ability to move across cultures and languages determines an individual’s ability to succeed. By incorporating multicultural capital frameworks, it allows us to seek understanding of how schools and other educational institutions can prepare students for the real world (Matas & Bridges, 2009). Matas & Bridges (2009) focus on a multicultural capital...
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