...European countries like France, England and Netherlands set up various colonies in America in the 17th century. After the initial struggle against disease, malnutrition and resistance from Native tribes, most of the colonies were well established by end of 17th and start of 18th century. Though every colony developed differently from 17th to 18th century, but all were still ruled by British government. There were significant changes in commerce, religious beliefs, cultural liberty but no major changes in the social equality and political liberty of the colonies during this time. All colonies developed different economic systems based upon the weather and local resources. The major part of economy was based on export to England and other European countries. The northern colonies had fishing and shipping industries with small manufacturing. The Southern colonies exported crops like tobacco, rice, indigo and corn to England. In return all colonies imported manufactured goods from England for common use at home. The business and farming depended on apprentices and slave labors. The demand of low cost labor increased in African American slave population in agricultural Southern states and more immigrants settled in other colonies. The colonies looked more like British cities and British made goods were in good demand thus increasing the commerce between two countries. The gap between rich and poor widened as the rich farmers continued to acquire more land and became richer. The...
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...Cultural Characteristics of African Americans The largest minority population in America, African Americans helped to build the foundation and culture of the United States of America from the beginning. Separated from their original homeland and culture, Black slaves struggled to find a new identity, religion, language, and core set of family values. Despite hardships like slavery, segregation, lack of proper education, and divided families, African Americans created a unique, spiritual, and creative culture that thrives in modern times. Definition of African Americans The term African American refers to any Black American who is a citizen of the United States. Every Black American of African descent falls into this racial and cultural category. According to 2010 census data, they are the second largest demographic group after Whites and the largest minority population in America. History All people within the African American culture share the common history of enslavement, acculturation, and racial oppression. This history and cultural heritage provides a common bond that gives relevance to the African heritage. The most important historical bond is the recognition that most all African Americans descended from slaves. Slavery The first slaves were introduced to the English-American colonies by a Dutch trader. He sold 20 slaves to settlers in Jamestown, Virginia. After this initial trade the larger global trade pattern between Europe, Africa, and...
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...November 2014 edition vol.10, No.31 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 CONTRIBUTIONS OF WESTERN EDUCATION TO THE MAKING OF MODERN NIGERIA DURING AND AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR Dr. Jayeola-Omoyeni, M.S Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo, Ondo State, Nigeria Mr. Omoyeni, J.O. Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria Abstract What is now known as Nigeria consisted of two distinct geographical, cultural and educational divides in the course of state formation, migration and ethnic development. There existed before 1914, the Northern and Southern protectorates of Nigeria and the Colony of Lagos. The Northern protectorate was predominantly dominated by the Hausa, Fulani and Kanuri speaking people, who had for over a thousand years (7001914) been wrapped with Islamic religion, Koranic Education and Arabic Literacy, and committed to Muslim and Arabic education, tradition and culture. The north rejected the Christian Missionary form of education when it was introduced to the area in 1845 – Graham (1966). The Southern protectorate was predominantly dominated by the Yoruba and Igbo speaking people, who for many centuries had developed along the indigenous form of traditional education and culture, and who barely seventy two years 18421914 imbibed the European form of education regarded as Formal or “Western Education”. The missionaries established mission schools and people became literates in the Roman script. This scenario was the case...
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...Scientific Journal November 2014 edition vol.10, No.31 ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 CONTRIBUTIONS OF WESTERN EDUCATION TO THE MAKING OF MODERN NIGERIA DURING AND AFTER THE FIRST WORLD WAR Dr. Jayeola-Omoyeni, M.S Adeyemi College of Education, Ondo, Ondo State, Nigeria Mr. Omoyeni, J.O. Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria Abstract What is now known as Nigeria consisted of two distinct geographical, cultural and educational divides in the course of state formation, migration and ethnic development. There existed before 1914, the Northern and Southern protectorates of Nigeria and the Colony of Lagos. The Northern protectorate was predominantly dominated by the Hausa, Fulani and Kanuri speaking people, who had for over a thousand years (7001914) been wrapped with Islamic religion, Koranic Education and Arabic Literacy, and committed to Muslim and Arabic education, tradition and culture. The north rejected the Christian Missionary form of education when it was introduced to the area in 1845 – Graham (1966). The Southern protectorate was predominantly dominated by the Yoruba and Igbo speaking people, who for many centuries had developed along the indigenous form of traditional education and culture, and who barely seventy two years 18421914 imbibed the European form of education regarded as Formal or “Western Education”. The missionaries established mission schools and people became literates in the Roman script. This scenario was the case of Nigeria...
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...This population enlargement resulted in a diverse ethnicand racial society. In 1650, the total population of the colonies was roughly 50,000.By 1700 it had reached over 250,000. In 1770, the population exceeded two million.Prior to 1680, the colonial population was primarily that of English settlers, whocomposed approximately 80-90% of immigrants. In the years that followed,however, there was a massive flux of immigration from not only the forcedshipment of Africans to the colonies to be used as slaves, but also the arrival of numerous Huguenots, Jews, Germans, Scots, Irish, and French. By 1703,...
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... * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Colonization of Mozambique by Portugal Ron Goldberg University of Phoenix GEO/155 November 8, 2010 Instructor: Joanne Bateman * * * * * * * * * * Colonization of Mozambique by Portugal * The purpose and intent of this paper is to touch on cultural changes brought on by colonialism. This paper will look at the country of Mozambique, colonized by Portugal in 1498. This paper will also look at why Portugal chose Mozambique, the development of Mozambique, and their struggle for independence. The author will also touch on, language distribution and how it crosses over to one or more geographic regions. The author will also explain how the colonial period affected the cultural patterns of the selected country or area and how religion affected the culture, including the language and religious changes that occurred within Mozambique’s culture. * Before the visit by Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama in 1498, coastal East Africa was occupied by the Zenj and the city-states was ruled by Arabs. The Zenj established agricultural communities and societies that primarily herded cattle. The Zenj brought with them technology for iron making, and used this skill to make weapons for the conquest of their neighboring civilizations. The Zenj built cities in Mozambique...
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...tribulations.The hardships of the past expanded the size and cultural to better it as a whole. By the events that occurred, more territories became part of the union which led to new creations that further improved America. In the beginning, only a small amount of the country was inhabited by future United States citizens, but that would quickly change. At first the colonial people lived in 13 colonies which aligned with the right side of the country in a small amount. Subsequently other events came to pass in the United States leaving the occupied space the same as it is now. The United states consisted of Northern, Southern, and Western states that had some form of government. The remainder of the United States were territories that had not been officially set up with a government. The total mass of the United States increased because of boundary pushing event that made history. On the journey to become America, the colonist first had to declare Independence from the British mother country. Through the influences of great men and women along with the support of France and Spain, the colonies had passed the Declaration of Independence. The British conceded and negotiated the...
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...Unit 4 Individual Project Spring 2013 Abstract In this paper, you will understand the meaning and the interpretation of a quotation given from topics of cultural studies course book. This paper gives what the “loss of centeredness” of culture would have meant for a given cultural group, in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. This paper describes the Western and European cultures on Native Americans. It discusses what they were like prior to the late nineteenth century and how they changed as a result of European expansion. Last but not least, you will know how this change representative of what Sayre calls a “loss of centeredness. The term “Western Civilization” in this context means European civilization, mainly for the countries known for their exploratory expeditions which include Spain, Portugal, France, and England. Cultures such as the Native Americans, West Africans, Indians, Chinese, and so many others were invaded and occupied by these European nations. They were killed, had to change their religion to Christianity, and were sent away from their homelands. The leaders were replaced by Europeans. They looked at these conquered lands as “satellites” of their home country and encouraged the people to act as much like them as they could, or at least seem as though they were in the same culture and work for them, go to their church, and learn their place as second class citizens. After all, they were looked upon as savages and uncivilized people...
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...In the Past or the Present, Florida was never Southern The American South is a geographical entity famous for its unique dialect, a very different way of life, and of course, its fried chicken with black-eyed peas and cornbread. This is the homeland of an array of diverse Americans who can proudly consider themselves “southerners.” The region's fundamental definition lies in its pride of shared history and its peculiar combination of highly traditional cultural traits, a somewhat curious, often elusive blend created by various ethnic groups who have lived together for more than three hundred years. However one such state, large and populous as it is, does not meet this definition fully on. That is the proud state of Florida. Even as the southernmost state in the region, Florida lacks the same uniqueness of its neighbors, and its overall characteristics are more similar to that of eastern states and southern California. Florida originates from a different historical background and its culture greatly differentiates the state from the true Mason-Dixon states. Historically, Florida had usually been the odd one out. To begin, the state’s roots derived from a colony once controlled by the nation of Spain. Unlike the Carolinas under British authority and Louisiana under French rule, Florida was the only state in the south ruled by Spain until the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. As a Spanish territory, Florida maintained an economic and social connection with other Spanish possessions...
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...communities with their own local chiefs banded together under a single, more powerful ruler. Pueblo Cultures 16 Pueblo Cultures emerged around A.D. 600. By A.D. 1000 all Pueblo people had developed irrigation systems to manage scarce water, that enabled them to build sizable villages and towns of adobe and rock that were often molded to sheer canyon walls. Animism 17 Animism was what most Native North Americans believed in.They believed that the natural world was suffused with spiritual power and they sought to understand the world by interpreting dreams and visions. Primogeniture 18 Primogeniture is a practice known as when fathers give all their land to their eldest son. The Renaissance 20 The arts and learning associated with the cultural transformation known as civic humanism, an idea that praised public virtue and service to the state and in time profoundly influenced European and American conceptions of government from 1300 to 1450 is known as the Renaissance. The Crusades 22 A crusade is a military expedition. Christian rulers were obliged to combat Islam. Between A.D. 1096 and 1291, Christian armies made a series of Crusades to reverse the Muslim advance in Europe and win back the holy lands where Christ had lived. The Protestant Reformation 22 Martin Luther a german monk wrote the Ninety-five Theses which condemned the church for many corrupt practices. These criticisms triggered a war between the Holy Roman Empire and the northern principalities in Germany, and...
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...desire to serve the nation, based on such elements as birth and ancestry, later choice and naturalization, acceptance of a common future, and or material and cultural benefits of membership in the nation. In order to better understanding what nationalism is, one must learn the meaning of nationalism. Nationalism is the devotion to the interests or culture of a particular nation. Nationalism is a striving force that can help a country thrive. To be a bit more specific, nationalism promises to unite and empower the masses of a nation to work together for a common good. As a positive force, it views other nations as potential allies or as friendly competitors. As a negative force, it threatens to force the masses to serve the state and to turn one nation against another in destructive warfare. Nationalism was a debatable issue in 19th century. had developed differently in Western Europe and Eastern, Central Europe. Western Europe was identified with Civic Nationalism, and nationalism was also seen as an imperialist and economic movement. The first goal of nationalism was to create a modern, independent nation where none existed. Independent movements within the Ottoman Empire fought in battle to free their regions from imperial dictatorship. The American colonies fought to create a new nation, independent from England. In Southern Europe, revolts against the Ottomans broke out in the Balkan from 1815 onward in the name of individual nationalities. The Ottoman Empire was especially...
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...Bering strait- earliest settlers to the new world came from Bering Strait. Paleo-Indians- earliest combinations of N. tribes * Survived largely by hunting, fishing, and collecting edible plants. Archaic Era- period beginning approximately 9,000 years ago lasting an estimated 6,000 years. * It was marked by more intensive efforts by ancient societies to shape the environment to enhance food production. Incas- Peru, S. America, very complex political system. * Kept record of deaths and births Mayas- Yucatan peninsula, Central America, and written language and calendar. Aztecs- México, Central America Largest language groups 1. Algonquin- largest spoken language 2. Iroquois- upper New York State 3. Muskogeon- southern most regions of the east coast League of five nations- see notes Effects of Europeans on Native Americans- * Goods- metal, cloth, reintroduced horses, food, Negative- diseases Effects of Native Americans on Europeans * Goods- corn and how to preserve foods Negative- diseases Influence of Islam on early European trade- Impact of Islam on earl African tribes- Muslim introduced the concept of slavery and dominated the slaves in the Mediterranean * Slavery was not based on race but on the losing side Impact of Roman Catholic Church...
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...Sterkfontein caves, a world heritage site; and the ground-breaking work done at Blombos Cave in the southern Cape, have all put South Africa at the forefront of palaeontological research into the origins of humanity. Modern humans have lived in the region for over 100 000 years.The latest discovery is a new species of hominid, Australopithecus sediba, almost two million years old. It was discovered in the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site, 40 kilometres from Johannesburg, South Africa in 2010. The small, mobile bands of Stone-Age hunter- gatherers, who created a wealth of rock art, were the ancestors of the Khoikhoi and San of historical times. The Khoikhoin and San (the "Hottentots" and "Bushmen" of early European terminology), although collectively known as the Khoisan, are often thought of as distinct peoples.The former were those who, some 2 000 years ago, adopted a pastoralist lifestyle herding sheep and, later, cattle. Whereas the hunter-gatherers adapted to local environments and were scattered across the subcontinent, the herders sought out the pasturelands between modern-day Namibia and the Eastern Cape, which, generally, are near the coast. At around the same time, Bantu-speaking agropastoralists began arriving in southern Africa, bringing with them an iron-age culture and domesticated crops. After establishing themselves in the well-watered eastern coastal region of southern Africa, these farmers spread out across the...
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...In 1820, the North and South were somewhat different. By 1860, the North and South were on two different planets. What happened in the North and South to widen the differences? How did these changes affect the lives of all people in each section and their views on people in the other section? Be thorough and talk about economic, social, and cultural changes much more than political changes. The North and The South The North and South were very different by the 1860's. Several changes took place within the nation during this time from an onset of events happening after the 1820's. Inside of America, slavery became a major issue that tore the nation into two. Northerners favored equality for all, while contrarily Southerners supported the bondage of slaves to continue the labor of cotton productions, and ultimately, to ensure white supremacy. “After abolition in the North, slavery became the 'peculiar institution' of the of South – an institution unique to southern society” (417). This was also another large factor which shaped the regions. Overall, between the 1820's and 1860's, many economical, social, cultural and political changes happened which divided the nation into two. The occurrence of several events widened the differences between the North and the South. Despite the Northerners hopes that slavery would eventually die out and equality for all would regulate the nation, “the institution of slavery survived the crisis of the American Revolution and continued to...
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...be considered as a way of thinking, behaving, or working that exists in places or organizations. This topic is of huge importance to our society mainly in the state of Virginia because it is the starting place for cultures across the United States. The United States is referred to as a “melting pot” because of the many and diverse cultures that exist and “melt” together in harmony with one another. In my opinion, Virginia is like a melting pot of its own. While hospitality and natural beauty exist nearly anywhere in Virginia, each of its cities has its own special characteristics that make them stand out. In Virginia Beach is where you will find a magnificent beach resort atmosphere. The ocean plays a major role in Virginia's economy. Southern Virginia's beach towns are always swarmed with local families and summer vacationers, offering sandy beaches and warm ocean water. In addition, the naval station in Norfolk is the largest in the world, with many large naval ships harbored in the bay. In Richmond, it is the merging of Civil War history with big-city culture that appeals to people. Williamsburg is famous for its historic downtown known as Colonial Williamsburg while Alexandria is right across the river from our nation’s capital, Washington D.C. Historically, Virginia had a strongly...
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