...Geography has always been crucial in the development of civilizations. From the dawn of civilization to before 600 A. D, it has shaped the course of advancement. Rivers, mountains, valleys, and cataracts influenced human evolution in various ways. Geography played an important part in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and India. It still does today. Humans have developed technology because of geographical barriers. In Mesopotamia, people settled in the fertile crescent for farming. They used the silt from the crescent for their agriculture. India has a diverse geography. This diversity supports various lifestyles and cultures. In Egypt, they called the Nile river, “The gift of the Nile”, which shows how critical the Nile was to the civilization. The geography of...
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...The urban in fragile, uncertain, neoliberal times: towards new geographies of social justice? R. ALAN WALKS Department of Geography, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Cananda L5L 1C6 (e-mail: alan.walks@utoronto.ca) Canadian cities are at a crossroads. The neoliberalization of governance at multiple scales, inadequate re-investment in urban infrastructure, increasing reliance on continental and international trade, and the restructuring of the space economy have combined to weaken Canada’s cities just as the global economic system is undergoing transformation. Canadian urban geographic scholarship has much to offer under current conditions, and is already making significant contributions in key areas. In particular, research on what might be called the contours and impacts of urban restructuring and the neoliberal city, immigration and cities of difference, and urban environmental justice show much promise and are likely to define the core of Canadian urban geography into the future. Key words: cities, urban geography, Canada, economic restructuring, neoliberalism, social justice L’urbain ` une ´poque fragile, incertaine et a e n´olib´rale: vers de nouvelles g´ographies de la e e e justice sociale? ` Les villes canadiennes sont a la crois´e des chemins. e Alors que l’´conomie mondiale traverse une p´riode e e de transformation, la situation des villes au Canada se pr´carise avec les effets de la restructuration e ` n´olib´rale de la gouvernance a multiples...
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...1 CHAPTER 1 What is rurality? Nicolette Rousseau BA BRITAIN is primarily a country of urban dwellers. For many, rural areas are seen as an idyll, the antithesis of the ills of urban life. The countryside is a place to 'get away from it all' - a weekend retreat, or somewhere where one might aspire to live. People have images of rolling landscapes or bleak moors, complete with smiling farmers leaning on farm gates. The country air is seen as recuperative, and the environment generally beneficial. McLaren in 1951 argued that city children should be encouraged to go hill walking; today young offenders are sometimes sent on hiking expeditions. Jones and Eyles (1977), in An Introduction to Social Geography, stated: "This book is largely about urban society ... this does not unduly distort the real situation because we live in a predominantly urban society and most of our problems lie in the city." Their view is reflected in the fact that recent interest in health inequalities has tended to be centred on the inner cities. Definitions of rurality in a health care context Definitions of rurality have been neglected in health research. Definitions of deprivation attract frequent papers, with debate over the 'best' definition (Campbell et al., 1991; Morris and Carstairs, 1991; Ben-Shlomo et al., 1992). Researchers into deprivation and health generally choose to use one of two or three main indices of deprivation, such as that described by Townsend et...
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...spaces are more abstract and are not associated with any social value or connections. 2. What is the defining component of globalization? Explain. The defining component of globalization centers on the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence between places around the world through social, cultural, economic, political, and technological change. Such changes inevitably alter the human experience of place and space and leads to shifts of thinking from one population to the next. Over time, cultures begin to overlap and influence each other and this influence plays immense roles in the development of independent nations’ political and economic systems as well as the well being of their people. Lecture 2 3. Define “chorology” and the importance of a “chorological view” to Geography. Chorology is defined as “the study of regions and spaces”. The modern discipline can be traced back to 18th century philosophers: Immanuel Kant believed all knowledge could be divided into either geography (classifying things according to space) or history (classifying things according to time). Geography was seen at first only in terms of exploration as an instrument of colonialism and imperialism. The goal of a “chorological view” is to have a comprehensive understanding of characteristics of spaces and regions. Therefore chorology can be considered as a specialization within geography that allows us to describe spaces and regions through the observation of their particular traits. 4....
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...RURAL-URBAN CLASSIFICATION AND MUNICIPAL GOVERNANCE IN INDIA Ram B. Bhagat International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India ABSTRACT Rural-urban classification constitutes an important framework for the collection and compilation of population data in many countries. While “urban” is often specifically defined, “rural” is treated simply as a residual category. The criteria defining urban also differ from country to country. This paper argues that these rural and urban statistical categories are also highly significant for local governance, increasingly so in recent years given the emphasis on local governance and its restructuring. In India, constitutional amendments have given constitutional status to local bodies in the federal structure of the country. Local bodies are thus now expected to draw up their own plans and initiate development works, which requires them to generate their own resources and lessen their dependence on central government funding. It is thus necessary to reorganise urban space into viable spatial units in terms of their revenue base. While rural-urban classification is the task of the Census of India, state governments are responsible for granting municipal status to urban centres. This paper examines the criteria and limitations of the rural-urban classification followed by the Census, its congruence with the dynamics of state-accorded municipal/nonmunicipal status and some implications for municipal governance in India. Keywords:...
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...Name Tutor Course Date Earthquakes: the Same Effects but Different Responses Introduction When there are faults on the crust of the earth earthquake is investable. Basically, this is the primary cause of the earthquake. Faults lines are cracks that the cracks that slips the earth intensely causing the occurrence of the earthquake. At the hypocenter, or the centre there originates the source of the earthquake. The concerti waves are produced due the earth movement hence defining the intense or the rate of the earthquake. This process however has devastating effects which include change of the river cause, loss of lives and properties as well. Different nations respond to effect and causes of the earthquakes differently depending on many factors but mainly the responses are dependent on the economic status of a given country. Naturally the earth is stable and any kinds of disturbance bring the imbalance of the state of the earth. For example tectonic movements causes the psychical features state of the earth to change. This creates various features which were previously non existence. They include rift valleys, mountains and plateaus. The rocks are also exposed to a lot of pressure and stress beyond what they can contain due to tectonic forces this causes rock breakage causing what commonly known as faults. At times, there are volcanic eruptions which are very violet and bring about eruptions. The volcanic eruptions causes volcano which when blocked may cause...
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...Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India Syllabus of Master of Urban Planning [MUP] Programme |FIRST SEMESTER | |NO. |SUBJECT |L. |T. |S. |Units | |MUP1101 |History of Human Settlement & Planning Principles |3 |0 |0 |1.0 | |MUP1103 |Housing & Community Planning |3 |0 |0 |1.0 | |MUP1105 |Planning Theory and Techniques |3 |0 |0 |1.0 | |TRS1017 |GIS with introduction to Remote Sensing |3 |0 |0 |1.0 | | Sessional / Laboratory subjects | |MUP1102 |Planning Studio / Workshop I (With Field study) |0 |0 |12 |1.5 | |MUP 1104 |Urban Design |0 |0 |4 ...
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...ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY Y U K O A O YA M A J A M E S T. M U R P H Y SUSAN HANSON KEY CONCEPTS IN key concepts in economic geography The Key Concepts in Human Geography series is intended to provide a set of companion texts for the core fields of the discipline. To date, students and academics have been relatively poorly served with regards to detailed discussions of the key concepts that geographers use to think about and understand the world. Dictionary entries are usually terse and restricted in their depth of explanation. Student textbooks tend to provide broad overviews of particular topics or the philosophy of Human Geography, but rarely provide a detailed overview of particular concepts, their premises, development over time and empirical use. Research monographs most often focus on particular issues and a limited number of concepts at a very advanced level, so do not offer an expansive and accessible overview of the variety of concepts in use within a subdiscipline. The Key Concepts in Human Geography series seeks to fill this gap, providing detailed description and discussion of the concepts that are at the heart of theoretical and empirical research in contemporary Human Geography. Each book consists of an introductory chapter that outlines the major conceptual developments over time along with approximately twenty-five entries on the core concepts that constitute the theoretical toolkit of geographers working within a specific subdiscipline. Each entry provides...
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...Legislating the Family: Heterosexist Bias in Social Welfare Policy Frameworks Amy Lind University of Virginia Studies in Women and Gender Program This article addresses the effects of heterosexist bias in social welfare policy frameworks on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) individuals and families in the United States. It discusses the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), federal definitions of family and household, and stereotypes about LGBT individuals. It argues that poor LGBT individuals and families lack full citizen rights and access to needed social services as a result of these explicit and implicit biases. Key words: Welfare reform; family policy; civil rights; gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender (LGBT); heterosexism Welfare reform is fundamentally about family policy—about promoting and privileging particular kinds of families, and about penalizing and stigmatizing others. (Cahill and Jones 2002: 1). Two pieces of legislation were passed in 1996 that set an important tone for family policy in the United States: The 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), an act that expanded welfare-to-work programs throughout the country, restricted people’s access to public assistance, and crystallized the broader restructuring of public-private boundaries; and the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), which defines marriage as a legal union between a man...
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...QSN : POVERTY IS A CAUSE OF INDIVIDUAL DEFICIENCIES.DISCUSS Poverty in its most general sense is the lack of necessities. Basic food, shelter, medical care, and safety are generally thought necessary based on shared values of human dignity. Some societies focus on individual failures and deficiencies to explain the occurrence and patterns of poverty. Personal characteristics such as laziness or lack of ability are seen as the primary causes of poverty. The poor are blamed for being poor and solutions to poverty are assumed to lie within their individual control. But this approach fails to acknowledge that poverty is not random. The likelihood of poverty varies sharply depending on age, gender, family structure, health, education, economic conditions and where you live. In other words, it is not the poor choices and ‘bad’ behaviour of individuals that lead to poverty, but structural failings which stack the odds against certain people and make it difficult for them to escape deprivation or reach their full potential. In other words however individual deficiencies may lead to poverty but only to a lesser extent since they are many more factors that may lead to poverty which include cultural belief systems, geographical disparities, and economic, political and social distortions or discrimination. These are some of the factors that lead to poverty which will be expanded in the essay below. Failure in life may be due to some inborn deficiencies such as physical or mental handicap...
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...Asia---------------------------------------------------------------------------------45 South Asia-------------------------------------------------------------------------------47 Southeast Asia-------------------------------------------------------------------------50 Australia and Oceania---------------------------------------------------------------57 Conclusion------------------------------------------------------------------------------60 Bibliography----------------------------------------------------------------------------61 Introduction Diversity Amid Globalization Project is organized to describe and explain the major world regions of Asia, Europe, Africa, the Americas, and so on. The content is of world regional geography that explicitly recognizes the geographic changes accompanying globalization. With this focus we join the many who argue that globalization is the...
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...Trend Analysis - Post Demographic Consumerism | Mala Harish ETU20150222 | Abstract: There is a fundamental shift happening in the consumer behavior which is defying the traditional demographic expectation. People belonging to the same demographic are no longer acting in the same way or wanting the same products. Additionally people belonging to a particular demographic are found to be using products and services that were not primarily targeted at them. Consumers are not a big demographic monolith but are becoming more diverse in their needs and wants. This trend is triggered by the increased access to information, products and services, availability of wide variety of products and services and changing socio cultural norms that encourage people to experiment with products and ideas. Appreciating this trend and looking beyond demographics into the behavior and interests of consumers would help marketers to tap into new opportunities and otherwise ignored consumer segments. | [Pick the date] [Pick the date] ------------------------------------------------- Trend Analysis – Post Demographic Consumerism Introduction “Post Demographic Consumerism” is identified as one of the consumer behavior trends for 2015 by the research agency Trend Watching. This paper attempts to study the trend with respect to the market changes in India, which is one of the biggest emerging...
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...Risk Management – Kentucky Farm Bureau Insurance Christopher Peer CMGT/582 – Security and Ethics John Harvey Overview Kentucky Farm Bureau Insurance is challenged to align security with business requirements. Business operational and financial integrity alongside compliance mandate that adequate and appropriate policy, operational and technical controls are in place to protect the organization and its information assets. To validate that its security and risk management program is effectively managed to business requirements, KFB relies on an effective risk assessment program to evaluate information security, set priorities, identify weaknesses and shortcomings in current processes, and define changes to improve the overall effectiveness of the security program. KFB frequently compares their information security program to others in the same industry sector to provide appropriate guidance on strengths and deficiencies in the program so they can maintain an appropriate level of information security for their business. The Assessment Approach The Kentucky Farm Bureau risk assessment program is based on industry best practices in the areas of information security and risk management. These practices are first introduced to key management and security personnel to develop proper methods for improving the information security program. The assessment starts with the data gathering phase to collect data that will be used to adapt the assessment data model to the KFB environment...
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...BINDURA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY NAME Mataire Munyaradzi REG NUMBER B0924494 COURSE TITLE Rural Planning and Development COURSE CODE DG 420 PROGRAMME Bachelor of Science Honours in Development Studies LECTURER Mrs. Chinyanganya ASSIGNMENT TITLE Rural development hinges on effective rural planning. Discuss. The development of rural areas requires a comprehensive and holistic approach which calls for a multi-sectoral effort and a wider pool of institutions. It incorporates socio economic, political and environmental processes which require effective rural planning. Rural planning is therefore an essential prerequisite for sustainable rural development. Rural planning is multidimensional as it includes comprehensive, spatial (physical planning), economic and financial (development planning), agricultural land use (land use planning) and natural resource management (water, environmental, national parks and forestry planning) (PlanAfric; 2000). However, effective rural planning faces a number of challenges which will be highlighted later in the text. Rural development is defined by AgriInfo (2011) as a process that aims at improving the standards of living of the people living in the rural areas. It is an integrated process...
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...Telenursing The Future Is Now It is true of many rural and remote locations that insufficient access to health care provision results in lower health status when compared to their urban counterparts. Advanced communication technology offers a method for addressing this problem. Nevertheless, examination of this technology indicates that while there is a great deal of potential, implementing telemedicine also encompasses many barriers. In addressing these barriers and associated issues, it is also clear that safeguards are required to protect patients and ensure that the standard defining quality care provisions are upheld. Telemedicine (TM) is defined as the "practice of 'medicine at a distance,'" indicating that it refers to the delivery of health care services in a manner that goes beyond geographical boundaries (Lateff, 2011, p. 17). TM encompasses "diagnosis, treatment, prevention, continuing education, research and evaluation" (Lateff, 2011, p. 17). TM makes it possible for health care practitioners to provide care and share knowledge and expertise via telecommunications and information technology regardless of patients' physical location (Lateff, 2011). TM is differentiated from "telecare," which is defined as the "provision of nursing and continuing support to patient at a distance," and "telehealth," which is defined as "public health services delivered at a distance to people who are not necessarily unwell" (Lateff, 2011, pp. 17-18). The utilization of telecommunication...
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