...Democratic peace theory, in its wider interpretation, is the empirical observation that democracies rarely, if ever, fight one another and it is this empirical dyadic observation that that has been described as the “closest thing we have to empirical law” in international relations. [1] Although what is meant by democratic peace is contested, and indeed as its validity as this essay will explore, the theory has been previously under Woodrow Wilson and more currently the Presidencies of Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, a significant conceptual factor in the formation of American foreign policy.[2] Our aim is a democratic peace, a peace founded upon the dignity and rights of every man and woman. America acts in this course with friends and allies at our sides, yet we understand our special calling: this great republic will lead the cause of freedom. In light of this statement, ongoing U.S. policy and its likely persistence an examination and understanding of the democracy peace proposition is clearly with merit. This essay will look at the democratic peace proposition at a several levels of analysis: at the monadic level of interstate war on whether democracies generally are more peaceful and whether transitional democracies are more inclined to war; and at the intrastate level as to whether democracies experience more or less civil war. It will examine the validity of the proposition(s), reasons for is occurrence and postulate on what implication there may be for...
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...Democratic Peace Theory Democratic Peace Theory, which is firstly originated by Immanuel Kant back in 18th century, is a theory in political science that prevents armed conflict among democracies. The Democratic Peace indicates that democratic states will not get into war with each other; they have a separate peace On the other hand, it is possible for these democratic states to go to war with authoritarian regimes or stateless people. Scholars and academicians believe that democracies find an alternative way to get into a war such as compromises and arbitrations. It has been examined that democratic states have not engaged in a war with one another. Inherently, the number of democratic states expected to rise in the upcoming years of 18th century. As there are more democratic states, as there will be less armed conflicts among each other, which is going to lead the world to a better international system. It has been observed that democracies do get into armed conflict however not with one another; they usually get into war with non-democratic states. It is a significant observation. Democratic Peace Theory is consisted from Immanuel Kant’s “Perpetual Peace”. Immanuel Kant claims that peace is a reasonable outcome of the interaction of states with a republican form of government. The main idea behind Immanuel Kant’s “Perpetual Peace” is that ‘Democracy’ must be spread and made a universal system, in order to create peace amongst the states. This idea of Democratic Peace...
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...Jestin Thompson Political Science 23 April 2013 Final Paper Theory of Democratic Peace The idea of democratic peace was brought up in the enlightened era. The theory of democratic peace was based off of Immanuel Kant’s “Perpetual Peace.” The theory of democratic peace argues that nation-states governed by democratic regimes do not tend to have conflicts with other countries that would lead to wars. With this theory, it shows that nation-states with a democratic rule are more likely to not go to war with other countries. In some cases, this theory has been proven to be true, but in other cases it has not, especially with the United States. There are many proponents and opponents for this theory. Through this essay, the theory is to see if democratic, authoritarian, and totalitarian rule can coexist peacefully together, which will be proven either to be true or untrue. In 1795, Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, wrote the basis for the theory of democratic peace, which is called “Perpetual Peace.” Through his writings, it explains how countries can reach a perpetual peace and fit the democratic peace theory. In this writing, contains the preliminary articles for perpetual peace among states. This section includes six main topics to help achieve a perpetual peace. First, he explains that after a war there should not be a treaty with provisions for the future wars between the two nation states. Secondly, no state, whether large or small, should be controlled...
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... Lecture: Josè Alarcòn EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Conscious Capitalism: A more complex form of Capitalism that hold within itself the possibility to enhancing corporate performance while contributing to advance billion peoples’ quality of life...or...just good business. When approaching to this “new” horizon we have to know that is not new...capitalism doesn’t involve avidity and disrespect, it just has been corrupted. When Kant and Montesquieu were talking about the reducing of conflict through commerce, they were talking about just good business. This is a really important thing that has to enlighten everyone while approaching to capitalism in general and, obviously, to Conscious Capitalism. This philosophical and economical theory has to be understood in all its details because it seems there are no trap this time, we have eroded our world till today but maybe tomorrow we can began to “reconstruct” it. In fact, now, we can see our reality and our future “on the shoulder of the giants” (passage from Bernard de Chartres) and of the other tall men that have kept thinking about what the giants saw and sad. We need a “new” focus, we need a wider one, a multiple stakeholder one...without forgetting we need more, wise stakeholder and wise stockholders. TABLES OF CONTENTS: * Executive summary…………………………………………………………………..2 * Table of contents……………………………………………………………………..3...
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...International Security Lecture 1 March 30th, 2015 The politics of security knowledge What is international security? We could start thinking about the security council of the UN But also about the invasion of Afghanistan (chapter 7 UN in order to secure the international security) We can also think about security in terms of the invasion of Iraq in 2003. This was a unilateral act of war, but sure it can also mean other things We can think of the national security agency, the agency in charge of spying all the signals and communications to a certain extent. What’s interesting about the NSA, it is seen as a threat to the security of the privacy. Lately, with the reports of the UN development programme, we start talking about HUMAN security (not military security, but rather the security of individuals, having a livelihood that’s acceptable). Whether security is international or not, it can be a rather confusing word The protection of values we hold dear. We search for it, we pursue it, we achieve it, we deny it to others. * what is to be secured? Is it the security of states? Or individuals? * What is the actual threat that we’re facing? Primarily to be dealing with military threats, or are there other types of threats we are facing. Essentially contested concept A concept that ‘inevitably’ involves endless disputes about their proper uses on the part of their users – Walter Gallie There can be ambiguity (one persons freedom-fighter is the other’s...
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...Minorities” Matthew Reed Political Science 10 Professor Benjamin Bishin Discussion Section #27 There has always been a fight between what is considered fair for the rich and the poor. Under certain leadership, there can be favoritism towards one these groups of people. The Democratic Party tends to have more of an influence on the minorities and the poor class while the Republican Party is supported mainly by the white working class. Based on evidence provided by Bartels, the poor class does better under democratic rule. A strong correlation between the theory of Frymer and the evidence of Bartels can be seen. There is a strong racial issue that can be seen during elections for these political parties but it is not in certain political Parties interest to find support from certain groups due to electoral capture. The minorities and lower classes have a lower representation by the Political Parties during elections and need to have more benefits instead of it being focused mainly on the white working class. Though the lower class seems to do better under the Democratic Party, neither of the main Parties seems to represent them well. Voting behavior seems to be in favor of the Democratic Party, but the Republican Party still has a good chance at winning even though most of electorate has been worse under Republican leadership. Bartels suggests that this is due towards the American voters are myopic and are convinced that economically they will be better off. The voters...
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...connected to economic issues. The lower making income voters tend to be more liberal on social welfare issues. The high income democrats are more likely to be liberal on economic issues similar to the low income democrats. With regard to education the better educated voters tend to more liberal on issues containing to race, abortion, gays, and gender. This also depends on a person’s background. Also might be more understanding in the modern day for what is acceptable in society. The class divides influences government in how it operates since the new deal era of the 1930’s. Thus leaving social class the main divider between parties. The higher income voters vote republican, the lower income poor and working class vote democratic. Labor has played a very big role in the democratic coalition. Unions tend to be effective in getting a group of their members to come out and vote which without the labor union otherwise would not have voted. Social and economic status is a well-known...
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...Many people believe the Andrew Jackson was the most democratic president ever, but how democratic was he? Being a democrat means a person who believes in the political or social equality of a all people. Most people believe that he was the most democratic president ever because he represented the common man. According to document 1, “Methods of Electing Presidential Electors” by the time 1828 when Jackson was first elected most states, presidential electors were chosen by the people and not the legislative. The 1828 election resulted in a landslide victory of Andrew Jackson because more people got to vote in the new election. But truly Andrew Jackson was not a democrat. His biggest flaw on calling himself a “democrat” was that he thought...
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...There are many different philosophies that have impacted my life and the reason I am who I am today. Through relativism, I have seen both sides of the election, the democratic side vs. the republican side. Growing up, I have learned that I support the idea of laissez-faire because less government control is better for the country. I am very democratic because I grew up in a very liberal community where people could do whatever they wanted and it wasn't considered wrong. The location I was living in and the rules and regulations at school, taught me to be myself and respect other people’s styles. There was no right or wrong way of how to look or act. Overall, I believe that my family and the media has influenced me the most for being democratic because ever since I was young, I usually watched CNN, which taught me to think more liberally. A couple years ago, “Keeping up with The Kardashians” was a very popular show that struck the media. There are two different perspectives that can be considered morally “right” or molly “wrong” depending on how people look at the family. For example, some people believe they are a successful family and are rich because they...
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...Royko’s Boss serves to critically analyze the self-serving legend, of famed Chicago mayor Richard J. Daley, woven and drawn about himself during his career, while also bringing into perspective the consequences greed and unchecked power. Each chapter of the book begins with an excerpt from William Kunstler’s examination of Daley during the trial of the Chicago Seven, a group of activists charged in 1969 with incitement to riot during the Democratic Convention. Boss is Royko’s attempt to place Daley on trial for his corruption, and to prove he was elected five times not because of what he did for Chicago but in spite of what he did to it. From Daley’s earliest Democratic Party maneuverings to the blatant lies he used to cover up the unreasonable...
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...Katrin Voltmer The past two decades or so have seen an unprecedented spread of democracy around the globe. With the fall of the Berlin wall in 1989 and the end of the Cold War, the ‘third wave’ of democratization, which started in the early seventies, now encompasses countries in Asia and Africa.1 And even in states whose governments continue to resist a more open and participatory form of governance, such as North Korea, Burma or Zimbabwe, the idea of democracy is a powerful force that inspires people to take on a more active role in public life. However, many of the newly emerging democracies seem to fall short of some, often many, of the basic standards that define democratic rule, with irregular voting procedures, corruption, inefficiency and autocratic styles of government being but a few of the maladies. In addition, as many of the newly emerging democracies belong to the developing world, inequality and poverty remain severe obstacles to full self‐determination of the people. The experiences of the past decades have shown that democracy is not a one‐way road and that a viable democracy requires more than the implementation of the key institutions of government. Rather, an accountable and efficient government is embedded in a complex web of interdependent conditions that require considerable time and effort to develop. In the context ...
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...There are Different theories on what triggers social change but the main ones are Evolutionary theory, conflict theory and functionalist theories. The social change theories provide a framework on which the social movement in Syria can be explained. According to the evolutionary theory society naturally evolves into higher levels with time hence resulting to social change. The public has become aware of its social and economic problems. In its quest to better its living standards grassroots oppositions have become more vocal .This is clearly evident in the social movement of Syria. The social movement hopes to achieve radical reforms which include democracy, improved living conditions both socially and economically. In line with the evolutionary theory all societies undergo the same stages of change the ultimate results will vary from one society and the other. Syria’s social movement revolution hopes the violence and protest will invoke change .Drawing examples from Libya and Egypt which have undergone similar revolutions and the success of the Democratic Republic of Turkey. Syria hopes to achieve similar or even better results in terms of better social and economic reforms. The conflict theory suggests that social change is invoked by the increased awareness on the social inequalities and injustices. Society’s wealthy and powerful ensures the laws favour their interests to...
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...Introduction Every four years, the United States presidential election becomes one of the country’s biggest news stories for a large chunk of that year. During this time there are a great many words both spoken and written about how people are going to vote and what factors supposedly lead them to vote a certain way. It seems that much of the time the analysis of these issues is of a qualitative nature, and with that in mind this paper will attempt to approach the problem from a statistical point of view. That is not to say there is a lack of quantitative research on how specific demographics tend to vote; indeed, some of the good data and information out there will be used to inform this paper’s hypotheses and econometric model. This study will focus on the 2012 U.S. presidential election Barack Obama and Mitt Romney (there were several other candidates on the ballot, but none received a significant portion of the votes). Pundits threw around seemingly countless factors in an attempt to analyze and predict how people would vote in this election; this paper will focus on a select group of those factors, in hopes of drawing some firm and well-grounded conclusions as to whether they actually played a statistically significant role. Countywide data will be utilized. The recent widespread availability of election results on a county-by-county level, combined with countywide information from the U.S. Census Bureau, allows for a very large number of observations (at least in...
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...The Strain Theory Professor Jaske CRM 3407 15 February 2016 Thus, the Social Learning Theory appears to be the best theory to explain how people of different cultures and origins are able to co-exist in a ship since the theory gives credibility to the ability of people to live cordially as they learn a particular living environment or system. The Strain Theory does an excellent job of explaining white collar crime, along with the contextual anomie/ strain theory. While examining this theory, it was discovered as the most compelling in our constant battle with white collar and corporate crimes. Ever since the beginning of recorded history man/woman has tried to achieve a better life, but not much has changed in today’s standards, since it can be said it is more now than ever. From television, and radio we see the American dream of home ownership, the ability to fit into the society with the latest gadgets. At the same time trying to further their education has its roots in the American dream of more pay, a better job, and the ability to retire all these things is associated with the American dream of more money. While reading this theory I took a closer look into what fuels the human mind in our society. White collar crime in most cases, according to the Strain Theory and my own beliefs is what fuel the human desire to be successful. Greed has always and always will be a driving force in our society, I see no relief in sight unless we as a society find some way that...
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...Power Inequalities Different people have different views on power inequalities between man and woman, and there are many different theories on the topic, like Parsons Theory, which states that men and womans roles are biologically determined. Other theories, like Wilmott and Youngs theory states that families now are more symmetrical, meaning they're more egalitarian. However, feminists believe that although women do have more power than before, they are still exploited for the benefit of men. This essay will be describing the many different theories on power inequalities and the results of some studies that were conducted on the topic. Functionalist Talcott Parsons (1956) believes that the family works best when there is a clear-cut sexual division of labour where the woman, who in Parsons view is naturally expressive, should provide care for the children and offer them emotional support. Whereas the man, who in Parsons view is naturally instrumental, is the breadwinner in the family. This can result to stress for the man, so Parson believes the woman should also use their expressive and nurturing tendencies to stabilize and comfort men. This sexual division of labour will then provide the family with stability. Another functionalist view on child-rearing was advanced by John Bowlby (1953) who argued that the mother is crucial for the future socialization of the child. If there is maternal deprivation, then the child will suffer serious social and psychological...
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