...201 Laboratory 2: Density Measurement Introduction: The purpose of this laboratory exercise is to introduce basic laboratory measurements, with a specific emphasis on the units of mass and volume. Familiarization with measuring mass and volume, and calculating density from the results will also be executed. The overall goal of the laboratory is for the student to be able to draw conclusions on the relation between the position of metals on the periodic table and their respective densities. Density, or the degree of compactness of a substance, can be easily measured through the ratio of the mass of a substance divided by the volume of that substance. Since mass and volume can be easily measured for solids, liquids, and gases, the density of a substance can be easily defined. Since gases have a smaller density than solids and liquids, they are measured by grams/liter, whereas the former is reported by grams/milliliter or grams/cubic centimeter. In this laboratory exercise, one will measure density in two ways; through density displacement and through direct measurement. We first calculate densities of different metals, such as iron, copper, magnesium, lead and zinc in different forms, such as beads, chips, plates and pieces, by measuring their gross masses and net volumes. In addition, densities were calculated through direct measurement of the masses and volumes of two substances; an iron chip and a copper bead. Finally, the densities of copper pennies were...
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...was determined using the equation V=(d2/4)h. A graph was constructed to portray the relationship between the mass and the volume of the cylinders (Figure 1). The slope of the best-fit line corresponds to the experimental average densities of the aluminum cylinders. The slope of the line was 2.787 g/cm3, which shows a slight deviation of 3.2% from aluminum’s actual density of 2.700 g/cm3 (Density of Metals, 2010). The experimental values gathered from part II of the experiment, for iron, brass and copper showed the greatest percent error. Copper showed the greatest deviation from it’s theoretical value having a percent error of 14.7%, while iron showed a percent error of 2.41%. Since both of them had a percent error of greater than 1%, it accounts for the uncertainties of the measuring instruments. For part III of the experiment, when measuring the volume of the irregular-shaped lead sample, the technique of displacement of water in a graduated cylinder was used (Edwards, 2011). The increase in water after the sample was submerged in the graduated cylinder represented the volume of the object. The mass of the sample was recorded by using a balance scale. To determine the density of the sample, the equation Density= mass/volume was used. The density of...
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...Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor distinguished by a rotor spinning with coils passing magnets at the same rate as the power supply frequency and resulting rotating magnetic field which drives it. Another way of saying this is that it does not rely on slip under usual operating conditions and as a result, produces torque at synchronous speed. Synchronous motors can be contrasted with an induction, which must slip in order to produce torque. They operate synchronously with line frequency. As with squirrel-cage induction motors, speed is determined by the number of pairs of poles and the line frequency. Synchronous motors are available in sub-fractional self-excited sizes to high-horsepower direct-current excited industrial sizes. In the fractional horsepower range, most synchronous motors are used where precise constant speed is required. In high-horsepower industrial sizes, the synchronous motor provides two important functions. First, it is a highly efficient means of converting ac energy to work. Second, it can operate at leading or unity power factor and thereby provide power-factor correction. The operation of a synchronous motor is simple to imagine. The armature winding, when excited by a poly-phase (usually 3-phase) supply, creates a rotating magnetic field inside the motor. The field winding, which acts as a permanent magnet, simply locks in with the rotating magnetic field and rotates along with...
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...CHM130 Lab 4 Calorimetry Name: Data Table: (12 points) |ALUMINUM METAL | | |Pre-weighed Aluminum metal | | |sample mass (mmetal) |19.88 | |Temperature of boiling water and metal sample in | | |the pot (Ti(metal)) | | | | | | | | | | | |dsdfa(Ti | | |Temperature of cool water in | | |the calorimeter prior to adding hot metal sample | | |(Ti(water)) | | |Maximum Temperature of | ...
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...Iron Solutions: Developing New Algal Growth Media for Increased Iron Uptake Andrew Sweeney U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, Science Undergraduate Laboratory Internship (SULI) University of California San Diego Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, California August 6, 2015 Prepared in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science, Science Undergraduate Laboratory Internship (SULI) under the direction of Dr. Nigel Quinn in the Earth Sciences Division at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. ABSTRACT This study endeavored to improve sustained productivity of mass cultivated marine microalgae by using limitation of iron, a vital micronutrient, to create a growth medium that would prevent the growth of non-predatory invasive organisms. Iron’s aqueous chemistry is quite complex, and much of this study is focused on the chemical transformations of iron chelates and iron salts in the growth medium my group developed for Nannochloropsis oculata.. This algae has been identified ,because of its high proportion of unsaturated lipids, as a promising candidate for biofuels, specialty chemicals, and protein rich animal feed. Nannochloropsis oculata. also promises to be resource efficient as the cell’s small size ,and minimal agitation requirement, minimizes the loss of inorganic carbon through escaping CO2. The cells were grown in four different media (iron free, 30uM FeEDTA, 10um ferrous sulfate,...
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...Introduction Coincidentally Sulphur is the 16th element on the periodic table, and the 16th most abundant element in nature (Kutney, n.d.). Yellow in colour, Sulphur, in it’s elemental state, forms an 8-member ring. Elemental sulphur initially forms monoclinic crystals with orthorhombic crystals forming within a day of cooling. This change in form effects the density; orthorhombic crystals have a 5% greater density, and melt temperature; a range of 113°-119° with complete melt only achieved at the higher temperature. Sulphates and sulphides are the predominant form that sulphur takes (Kutney, n.d.). Sulphur is an important part of the Earth’s exogenic cycle, existing as dissolved sulphate in seawater, evaporitic sulphate and in a reduced form of...
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...topography and bathymetry, observations of rock in outcrop, samples brought to the surface from greater depths by volcanic activity, analysis of the seismic waves that pass through Earth, measurements of the gravity field of Earth, and experiments with crystalline solids at pressures and temperatures characteristic of Earth's deep interior. ASSUMPTIONS: The force exerted by Earth's gravity can be used to calculate its mass, and by estimating the volume of the Earth, its average density can be calculated. Astronomers can also calculate Earth's mass from its orbit and effects on nearby planetary bodies. Observations of rocks, bodies of water and atmosphere allow estimation of the mass, volume and density of rocks to a certain depth, so the remaining mass must be in the deeper layers. Earth's radial density distribution according to the preliminary reference earth model (PREM). Earth's gravity according to the preliminary reference earth model (PREM). Comparison to approximations using constant and linear density for Earth's interior. Schematic view of the interior of Earth. 1. continental crust – 2. oceanic crust – 3. upper mantle – 4. lower mantle – 5. outer core – 6. inner core – A: Mohorovičić discontinuity – B: Gutenberg Discontinuity – C: Lehmann–Bullen discontinuity.The structure of Earth can be defined in two ways: by mechanical properties such as rheology, or chemically. STRUCTURE The structure of Earth can be defined in two...
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...Iron has the atomic number of 26 and the symbol Fe with an average mass of 55.8 amu. It is not known specifically who discovered iron, but uses of it have dated back over 5000 years. (Jefferson Lab, paragraph 1) The electron configuration of iron is [Ar]4s23d6, which places it in the transition metals of the periodic table. Iron has all of the usual properties of a metal, it is shiny with a silver greyish color, ductile, malleable, and conducts heat and electricity. Although some mistake iron to not be shiny as it rusts very easily when it comes into contact with water and oxygen causing it to oxidize. The melting point of iron is 1538°C and the boiling point is 2861°C, and at room temperature it is a solid with a density of 7.874 grams per...
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...nm. One piece of evidence for the regular arrangement of atoms comes from the flat surfaces along which a crystal separates, or cleaves, when it is broken. Suppose this crystal cleaves along a face diagonal, as shown in Figure P1.1b. Calculate the spacing d between two adjacent atomic planes that separate when the crystal cleaves. [pic] Figure P1.1 Section 1.3 Density and Atomic Mass 2. Use information on the endpapers of this book to calculate the average density of the Earth. Where does the value fit among those listed in Tables 1.5 and 14.1? Look up the density of a typical surface rock like granite in another source and compare also to it. 3. The standard kilogram is a platinum-iridium cylinder 39.0 mm in height and 39.0 mm in diameter. What is the density of the material? 4. A major motor company displays a die-cast model of its first automobile, made from 9.35 kg of iron. To celebrate its hundredth year in business, a worker will recast the model in gold from the original dies. What mass of gold is needed to make the new model? 5. What mass of a material with density [pic] is required to make a hollow spherical shell having inner radius r1 and outer radius r2? 6. Two spheres are cut from a certain uniform rock. One has radius 4.50 cm. The mass of the other is five times...
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...are Iron (FE) and Potassium (K). The paper will discuss the periodic nature and properties of each of these elements, where each are categorized on the periodic table and how each is classified. The importance of each of these elements in nature and its use. Any drawbacks with the elements will also be discussed. Periodic Nature and Properties The first element is Iron (Fe) its atomic number is 26, it is silver in color, a lustrous metal and is a very magnetic solid. Iron is very strong and malleable. It has a very high melting point of 2800 °F and a boiling point of 5182 °F. (Winter, 1993-2012) The atomic mass of Iron is 55.87 and has a density of 7.87g/cc. It is in the transition metal category of the periodic table. Iron has very high oxidation properties and when exposed to air will react with the oxygen and form rust. The second chemical element that will be discussed is potassium (K). Potassium’s atomic number is 19, its atomic weight is 39.0983. It has a boiling point of 146.08 °F, a melting point of 1398 °F and a density of856 kg m-3. (Winter, Web Elements, 1993-2012) Potassium like iron is a silvery white color and is in the alkali metal group on the periodic table and oxidizes very quickly. It is very reactive and the least dense known metal. Importance in Nature Iron is found in nature and is rather abundant and is formed in the Earth’s crust. It is used to create other metals that are used for building, iron ore, steele, wrought iron and cast iron. Iron...
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...--------- L.V 0.23KV ------ H.V 2.61 A -------- H.V 1.51 A Line Current Phase Current ------ L.V 72.16 A --------- L.V 72.16 A Type - Shell Type of Cooling --- ON _____________________________________________________________________________________ CORE 1. Material 0.35 mm thick 92 Grade 2. Output Constant k 1.3 3. Voltage per turn Et 9.19V 4. Circumscribing circle diameter d 162.92 mm 5. Dimensions a 123.84 mm b 309.58 mm 6. Net iron area Ai 34.506×103 mm2 7. Flux density Bm 1.2 Wb / m2 8. Flux ɸm 0.041407 Wb 9. Weight 144.8 Kg 10. Specific iron loss 0.8 W/ Kg 11. Iron loss 115.84 W YOKE 1. Depth of yoke DY 123.84 mm 2. Height of yoke Hy 309.58 mm 3. Net Yoke area 41.4×103 mm2 4. Flux Density 1 wb/ m2 5. Flux 0.041407 Wb 6. Weight 240.9 Kg 7. Specific iron loss 0.75 W/ Kg 8. Iron loss 180.67 W WINDOW 1. Number 2 2. Window space factor Kw 0.2439 3. Height of window Hw 165.65 mm 4. Width of window Ww 82.85 mm 5. Window area Aw 13.72×103 mm2 FRAME 1. Distance between adjacent limbs D 245.77 mm 2. Height of frame H 744.63 mm 3. Width of frame W 413.38 mm ------------------------------------------------- 4. Depth of frame Dy 123.84 mm ------------------------------------------------- Windings L.V ...
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...3. What are the inner core, outer core, mantle, asthenosphere, lithosphere, oceanic crust, and continental crust? o Inner core: solid iron well above the melting temperature of iron at the surface, but remains solid b/c tremendous pressure (combination of silicon, oxygen, sulfur) o Outer core: molten, metallic iron (fluid) with lighter densities than the inner core o Mantle: 80% of earth’s total volume, rich in oxides of iron and magnesium and silicates (FeO, MgO, and SiO2), • Lower mantle: denser, contain a mixture of iron, magnesium, and silicates, with some calcium and aluminum. • Upper mantle: a high-velocity zone just below the crust where seismic waves transmit through a rigid, cooler layer, divides into three fairly distinct layers: i. Upper mantle ii. Asthenosphere iii. Uppermost mantle o Asthenosphere: (plastic layer) contains pockets of increased heat from radioactive decay and is susceptible to slow convective currents in these hotter, less dense materials. o Lithosphere: approximately 45-70 km thick, and was made up of uppermost mantle and crust o Oceanic crust (denser): basalt, granular and high in silica, magnesium, and iron. o Continental crust (less in dense): essentially granite, it is crystalline and high in silica, aluminum, potassium, calcium, and sodium. 4. What are the relative densities of the parts of...
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...In this experiment, different methods for the physical separation of a mixture were explored. Magnetism, sublimation and recrystallization, density separation, filtration, and evaporation were all used to separate a mixture, and different pieces of lab equipment were used in order to learn and get accustomed with them. An important component of the mixture was iodine, an element used to sterilize areas in preparation for surgeries. Other components of the mixture included sand, salt, poppy seeds, and iron filings. Extracting all of these components was done in a specific order, and the results depended on this order. The iron in the mixture was magnetic, which led to our conclusion that magnetism would be the best and most effective way to...
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...9/18/12 Oct 2nd first exam! Continental crust: felsic (has most silica), less dense Oceanic crust: mafic, more dense Deep in earth crust you’ll find Diorite. Closer to the surface of the continental crust you’ll find Granite. In earth Mantle: Peridotite, Garnet Peridotite, both are iron rich. Seismic Waves: P Wave: can travel through molten iron (outer core) S wave: cant travel through outer core Outer Core: liquid, iron and nickel Inner Core: solid, iron and nickel -Increase in P-wave velocity and increase in density -Keep in mind: Moho Drifting Continents and Spreading Seas Plate Tectonics: Unifying theory of geology developed in 1960’s, outer layer of Earth’s crust (lithosphere, lito = rock)consists of separate plates that move around. Explains locations of: earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain belts Antonio Snider-Pelleginer: says its all together (the plate) Alfred Wegener(1880-1930): first proposed the Hypothesis of Continetal drift: The Origin of the Continents and Oceans (1915) **What evidence supported Wegener’s continental drift hypothesis?** 1. Obvious fit of continents 2. Evidence for the distribution of glaciers a. Glaciation (260-280 Ma) Striations: direction, till deposits: perimeter. If continents were connected, one large ice cap explains these observations. Climate belts from ancient environments seem to match across continents. 3. Distribution of fossils a. Each continent has unique assemblage...
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...formation it was slowly accumulating mass from particles within the planetary rings that were attracted by the earth’s gravitational pull. These particles were metallic chunks; similar to iron meteorites, rocky chunks; similar to stony meteorites, and icy-gaseous chunks; similar to comets. As these particles collided with the earth it created stored heat energy through kinetic energy, we call this impact energy. With every impact the earth’s mass increased and the gravitational pull became stronger contracting in on itself which added more heat energy that we refer to as gravitational energy. Radioactive energy, or radioactivity, is when an unstable particle collides with the earth and break down to something stable and gives off heat energy. These three types of heat energy are inherent to the earth’s composition and are key when looking at the various layers that make up our earth. With all the inherent heat energy that the earth has, it causes the various materials that collide with earth to heat up as they are pulled toward the center of earth’s mass. This causes the various materials to separate and enables them to flow further toward or away from the earth’s center according to their density. Once the various materials are flowing, they begin to layer according to their density. The more dense the materials, the closer to the center of the earth it will be while the less dense materials filter their way to the upper layers of the earth as they cool...
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