...Tim Nelson Cariology, Lamont Walker March 5th, 2013 Caries Topic Paper #1 Xylitol and Cavities Xylitol is a 5-carbon sugar that is commonly found in birch tree sap and naturally occurring in some fruits and vegetables. When used as a sugar substitute, it has been proven to lower tooth decay rates in a number of ways. Firstly, bacteria cannot break down xylitol into acid as they do from all other fermentable sugars (i.e. sucrose, glucose, fructose, galactose.) Secondly, when bacteria take in xylitol, they don't take in as much of other fermentable sugars, reducing acid production. Thirdly, xylitol prevents bacteria from adhering to enamel, which prevents them from reproducing. A final way in which xylitol can reduce tooth decay is if it's used in conjunction with fluoride, it can be more effective at repairing and remineralizing enamel than just fluoride alone. Though it is a sugar substitute, heavy consumption (>30g/day) can lead to an upset stomach and diarrhea, and is therefore kept mostly to gums, mints, toothpastes, mouth rinses, and candy for diabetics. Not only can it cause diarrhea in humans, but can be fatal to dogs, which cannot metabolize xylitol. This article was found on Carifree.com, apparently a part of Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA,) an initiative started by the California Dental Association. While we learned that glycoproteins adhere to enamel, I haven't read anything about sugars adhering to enamel in the absence of pellicle, so it's doubtful...
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...COMMUNITY INTERVENTION FOR DENTAL CARIES Community Intervention for Dental Caries Avril James-Hurt MPH 607: Community Health Analysis Benedictine University Professor Uche S. Onwuta Background Rural Healthcare Disparities The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) (2010) defines rural as a twofold concept: “micropolitan statistical area” of 10,000 to 50,000 inhabitants and “noncore statistical area”, which is smaller than a micropolitan area. Despite 25 percent of Americans live in rural communities, they have unique healthcare concerns; “Compared with urban Americans, rural residents have higher poverty rates… tend to be in poorer health, have fewer doctors, hospitals, and other health resources, and face more difficulty getting to health services” (AHRQ, 2010, p. H-10). The AHRQ (2010) explains further, “Residents of micropolitan areas had worse access to care for 50% of access measures. Residents of noncore areas had worse access to care for about 40% of access measures” (p. H-11). Rural children suffer health the aforementioned disparities; more than 30 percent of young children in the rural southern United States are poor. Due to their developing bodies; younger children are especially vulnerable to negative health outcomes. Childhood health problems can persist into adulthood. McKenzie, Pinger, & Kotecki (2008) explain it is difficult for unhealthy children to learn. Early childhood poverty is correlated with fewer years of completed matriculation...
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...FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE (Fairfax, VA) According to the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, 42 percent of children between the ages of two and 11 have had cavities in one or more primary teeth. Children living in low income houses and those of Hispanic or Black descent tend to be more at risk of dental caries, and 23 percent have dental caries that remain untreated. Oral health remains of great concern for all, as oral health impacts general health. Let\'s Smile! Pediatric Dentistry (http://www.letssmiledental.com/) works with parents and children to ensure any dental issues are detected and treated in a timely manner. j"Untreated dental caries can lead to future health problems. For this reason, early dental care is essential, as a child learns to care for their teeth properly. Good oral hygiene continues to be critical at every stage of life, and Let's Smile! emphasizes this at a very early age. The entire office is designed with children in mind, so they look forward to coming to see the dentist," Christina Bahrami, spokesperson for Let's Smile!, announces....
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...An important part of dental care is prevention of dental caries through healthy diet and oral hygiene practice, however, the socioeconomic background and parental knowledge determines the impact and outcomes. A research by Threlfall, Hunt, Milsom, Tickle, and Blinkhorn (2007, p. 3) identify the level of caries the child had, has a direct link to socioeconomic group where families seem to be unmotivated and became disillusioned. 4.1 Socio determinants The fundamental aspects of oral health can be influenced by social determinants. The social determinants influence individual’s primary income and income distribution. As Threlfall et al., (2007) discuss families from lower socioeconomic groups seem to be less motivated in preventing dental...
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...choice because of it’s nontoxicity and biocompatability. Calcium phosphate can benefit nearly any patient experiencing discomfort in the oral cavity, and our role ad dental hygientists are here to help! The overall pH level of one’s oral cavity can effect bacteria mechanism in many ways. Once the pH level drops below 5.5, demineralization occurs, reculting in loss of calcium and phosphate. In this case, Fluoride suppliments are a good recommendation to help with the remineralization phase. Because Fluoride contains calcium phosphate, it collects on the enamel of the tooth, building a layer that makes the tooth more acid-resistant. This will help aid in less bacteria formation, which can overall decrease caries. Calcium Sodium Phosphate (CSP)is a mixture of compounds known to help with dental hypersensitivity, including toothpastes, desensitizing toothpastes, prophy paste, and air polishing powder. When exposed to saliva, the sodium helps resist acid, while in time the calcium and phosphate assist in remineralization. Most of the products are available on the market as of today. If one was to have a patient with cold sensitivity, it would be recommended to use the air polishing powder and polish with prophy paste. Follwing the usage, a 10 day recall would let one know how helpful the products were. Caries is an everyday process of bactria formation and hardening, resulting in demineralization. With calcium phosphate, anyone...
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...extra-oral exam includes an observation of Rangi’s demeanor and general state of health. As mentioned before, observation should commence as soon as the patient enters the clinic and this should be continued while taking the history as already discussed above. Careful observation aids identifying risk factors for disease. For example, I will note changes in the skin, lips and general appearance as this will give me clues about nutrition and general health. I will observe if Rangi is breathing through his mouth or nose as a study by Nascimento-Filho, Mayer, Pontes, Pignatari, and Weckx (2004) have shown that mouth breathing may increase the risk for caries not only of the anterior teeth but also of the posterior teeth since desiccation of oral hard and soft tissues increases the numbers of Streptococcus mutans, a known pathogen for dental caries....
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...ARTICLE IN PRESS Biomaterials 28 (2007) 2908–2914 www.elsevier.com/locate/biomaterials 2D mapping of texture and lattice parameters of dental enamel Maisoon Al-Jawada,Ã, Axel Steuwerb, Susan H. Kilcoynec, Roger C. Shorea, Robert Cywinskid, David J. Wooda a Leeds Dental Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9LU, UK FaME38 at the ILL-ESRF, 6 rue J Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble, France c Institute for Materials Research, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, UK d School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK b Received 19 December 2006; accepted 16 February 2007 Available online 25 February 2007 Abstract We have used synchrotron X-ray diffraction to study the texture and the change in lattice parameter as a function of position in a cross section of human dental enamel. Our study is the first to map changes in preferred orientation and lattice parameter as a function of position within enamel across a whole tooth section with such high resolution. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction with a micro-focused beam spot was used to collect two-dimensional (2D) diffraction images at 150 mm spatial resolution over the entire tooth crown. Contour maps of the texture and lattice parameter distribution of the hydroxyapatite phase were produced from Rietveld refinement of diffraction patterns generated by azimuthally sectioning and integrating the 2D images. The 002 Debye ring showed the largest variation in intensity. This variation is indicative of preferred...
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...The Caries Process Karen Nelson Saint Petersburg College June 24, 2012 The Caries Process The caries process or how a cavity develops in the oral cavity is a complex process and requires several contributing factors to occur. In order to understand the caries process fully we will discuss all of the factors involved. Such factors include: the agent (acidogenic bacteria), the host (the tooth, quality and quantity of saliva, and immune responses) and the environment (the patient’s diet, amount/frequency and kind of food or drink consumed and the intake of fermentable carbohydrates). We will then discuss demineralization and remineralization (the body’s natural repairing of the tooth) and their roles in the caries process. We will also take a look at how caries are diagnosed and detected, what a caries risk assessment is, its factors and how it can be utilized on individual patients for caries prevention. Finally, we will discuss how dental caries is treated at all levels of the caries process. Caries, also known as tooth decay or cavities, is a bacterial infection transmitted primarily through saliva, leading to the destruction of enamel, cementum and dentin. Although caries is an infectious disease of the teeth, it is more accurate to say caries is caused by a shift in oral micro-flora to caries-causing types in response to acidity resulting from metabolism of sugars. (Higham, 2010) Three major factors contribute to the caries process: food or beverages that are...
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...Dental caries is the most prevalent and common oral diseases that become the worldwide concern. The oral health status had been decreased in the end of century, but the prevalence of dental caries is still being the significant problem with varying prevalence in many countries, particularly in developing countries. World Health Organization recorded that 60-90% children in the world had suffered dental caries (Petersen et al., 2005). In Thailand, prevalence of dental caries in 12 years old based on recent National Oral Health Survey showed that more than 50% children were affected, while prevalence in 3 years old and 5 years old reached 52.7% and 78.5% respectively (National Oral Health Survey, 2012). The Global Oral Health Goals – WHO in the year 2000, targeted that at least 50% of 5-6 years old children should be caries-free. However, percentage of caries-free in 5 years old children in Thailand is still under 30% (National Oral Health Survey, 2012). Untreated dental caries in children might affect their development and quality of life including social, educational, and emotional aspects (Floyd 2009; Watt and Rouxel, 2012). School-aged children who in mixed dentition stage (6-9 years old) become the highest risk for increasing dental caries in early permanent dentition during adolescent (Li and Wang, 2002). Study in New Zealand...
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...The topic which I investigated for my nutrition honors projects is “What are the causes of dental caries?” Lots of individual do not know the various causes of tooth decay which can lead damage their oral health. Being a dental assistant made me curious to research on the causes of dental caries and what bacteria is responsible for the cause of tooth decay. Oral health issues are becoming a major challenge for individuals because they are not aware of the causes of tooth decay which includes medications, poor hygiene, fear, baby bottle, dentures and braces, water intake, smoking and alcohol, diet, anxiety, genetics exposure to toxic substances low pH, diseases, bacteria and much. It is particularly important for people to know the effects of...
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...develops quickly, requiring higher dosages or frequency. By the 1960’s Crystal Meth was being manufactured illegally in many homes. With eighty dollars’ worth of simple items that you can easily acquire from your local pharmacy and hardware store, you can turn to a profit of one-thousand dollars. It is no wonder this has become such an epidemic. With this new discovery also came the dental condition called Meth Mouth. Meth mouth is a dental condition often characterized by severe tooth decay and loss of teeth. The condition got its name toward the latter part of 2004 when it started becoming a major problem for the corrections departments and local jails. The influx of persons with these conditions prompted city officials to look for the root cause. The exact cause of the condition is unknown as of today but grinding of the teeth also known as bruxism and dry mouths known as xerostomia are believed to be involved in the condition. There are many negatives associated with Methamphetamines, the obvious being that it is illegal. Another more visible side effect is Meth Mouth. Meth mouth is a severe Dental condition that causes loss of teeth, enamel erosion and sever tooth decay. It may also be described as stained, blackened, or rotting teeth. In many cases the teeth cannot be saved due to the severity and must be removed. The carries rate for meth users is four times higher than an average non meth user. Symptoms and outward signs are rampant tooth decay, broken teeth, attrition...
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...ACID -is a chemical substance whose aqueous solutions are characterized by a sour taste, the ability to turn blue litmus red, and the ability to react with bases and certain metals (like calcium) to form salts. -Aqueous solutions of acids have a pH of less than 7. A lower pH means a higher acidity, and thus a higher concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution. Chemicals or substances having the property of an acid are said to be acidic. | Name of the Drink | pH Content | 1 | Coca-Cola | Almost 2.5 | 2 | Sprite | Almost 2.5 | 3 | Orange juice | Around 3.5 | 4 | | | GLUCOSE -C6H12O6, also known as D-glucose, dextrose, or grape sugar) is a simple monosaccharide found in plants. -The mean normal blood glucose level in humans is about 5.5 mM (5.5 mmol/L or 100 mg/dL, i.e. milligrams/deciliter) | Name of the Drink | Conclusion | Content (g/100 ml) | 1 | Coca-Cola | GLUCOSE IS PRESENT | 3.9-4.5 | 2 | Sprite | GLUCOSE IS PRESENT | 3.9-4.5 | 3 | Orange juice | GLUCOSE IS PRESENT | 20.8 | 4 | | | | PHOSPHATE -an inorganic chemical, is a salt of phosphoric acid. | NAME OF THE DRINK | Observation | Conclusion | | Coca-Cola | | | | Sprite | | | | | | | | | | | If small samples of each brand of cold drinks were taken in separate test tubes and Ammonium Molybdate followed by concentrated Nitric Acid (HNO3) was added to it. And the solution was heated. Appearance of canary-yellow precipitate confirmed the presence...
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...Case Reports in Pediatric Dentistry Edited by Evert van Amerongen Maddelon de Jong-Lenters Luc Marks Jaap Veerkamp Quintessence Publishing Co Ltd London, Berlin, Chicago, Tokyo, Barcelona, Beijing, Istanbul, Milan, Moscow, New Delhi, Paris, Prague, São Paulo, Seoul and Warsaw Foreword It is essential that clinicians treating children have a high degree of awareness and knowledge of a wide range of oral conditions to optimize the dental care for their patients. Some of these conditions are commonly encountered whereas others are rather infrequent, thus giving the practicing dentist limited experience to build up diagnostic and treatment skills. The latter may concern, for example, different types of developmental disturbances such as hypodontia or disturbances of mineralization of dental hard tissues, as well as pathologic conditions in oral mucosa and bone. Of great interest in increasing knowledge and clinical experiences is the case reports/presentations, which, unfortunately to a limited extent, are published in pediatric scientific journals. This book has been produced in an attempt to overcome this and to give dentists involved in clinical dentistry for children an opportunity to a systematic approach in continuing education in diagnostics, indications, treatment, and follow-up of cases that could be seen in their own practices. In this book, 16 cases treated by experienced clinicians are presented, including case history, examination, diagnosis, indications for...
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...Dental X-Rays More Than Just a Picture Mary Elise Golowic Wayne County Community College District – DEN 100 Abstract Many dental instruments used today are similar or identical to the day they were created, although it is not the case with the diagnostic tool used by dentists known as oral radiographs or dental x-rays. This paper will explore what a diagnostic radiograph is, how the x-ray is performed, how it provides dental professionals an aid in the finding of cavities, abscess and infection under tissue prior to having the ability to see it with the naked eye saving the patient time, money and possible pain, also with touching on how today’s technology has improved the dental professionals ability to detect many abnormalities from bone loss to tumors by using the ability to view medical issues prior to physical or visual signs are present (ADA 2014). Today, x-rays have become state of the art; occlusal radiographs, panoramic and intraoral views, or even the newer digital x-rays have become valuable tools in the care and treatment of dental health. Dental X-Rays More Than Just a Picture Diagnostic radiographs or dental x-rays, are a type of image of the teeth and mouth that are used to diagnose or treat patients by recording images of the internal structures in order to assess whether or not there is disease, foreign objects, or structural damage. X-rays are a form of high energy, electromagnetic, radiation that can penetrate the body to form an image on film. Structures...
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...Data Analysis-Why? A. To study and examine data collected 1 Synthesis of data B. Identify community strengths C. Identify community health needs D. Determine need for further data collection: 1. find if research has been done. 2. Data gaps: determine need for further data collection. Make sure you can support data gaps with information from assessment. E. Look for trends/patterns; how often do you see a recurrent theme? F. Discovery of causative relationships: the R/T portion. I. Basic Steps of Data Analysis(4) 2 Categorize-e.g. by demographics, commonalities. E.g. intra/extra community for health and social services 3 Summarize 4 Compare 5 Inference/Interpretation II. Categorize Data 6 There are many ways to sort and categorize data e.g. demographically by age groups, by problem type 7 Geographic approaches may be used 8 Use of model; we are using the wheel from Neuman’s model. 9 Look for data convergence when categorizing-e.g. how many times do we see data converging in different categories? 10 Look for commonalties, health resources that are available. SEC, age, etc. III. Data Summary 11 Summary statements-summarize each table. 12 Summary statistics-put data into percentages and rates so that different areas/communities can be compared. Raw numbers will not work to compare different areas. 13 Graphic methods of data summary: 14 Remember that tables need concise summary data. P. 222, can put population...
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