..."The goal of Universal Design of Instruction (UDI) is to maximize the learning of students with a wide range of characteristics by applying UD principles to all aspects of instruction (e.g., delivery methods, physical spaces, information resources, technology, personal interactions, assessments). (Burgstahler, 2015). One of the several approaches outlined by The Center for Universal Design in Education (CUDE) is interaction. Regular and effective interactions between students and the instructor makes all participants feel they are valued and have meaningful input to contribute. For example, group work allows learners to support each other and "places a high value on different skills and roles" (Burgstahler, 2015). This is especially beneficial to students with disabilities because it gives them a chance to be inclusive with regular education student. CUDE also states that the classroom environment needs to be equipped and arranged in such a way that it is accessible and safe for all students. This includes the addition of assistive technology which can be a vital asset for students who are blind or deaf due to features that provide text to speech output and closed captioning. This same technology can provide invaluable assistance to the teacher because it "...can help the teacher do his or her job more effectively by extending his or her reach to more students more of the time." (Hall, Cohen, Vue & Ganley, 2015). CUDE also suggests that feedback and assessment be provided...
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...computer. Modern CPUs are small and square and contain multiple metallic connectors or pins on the underside. The CPU is inserted directly into a CPU socket, pin side down, on the motherboard. Each motherboard will support only a specific type (or range) of CPU, so you must check the motherboard manufacturer's specifications before attempting to replace or upgrade a CPU in your computer. Modern CPUs also have an attached heat sink and small fan that go directly on top of the CPU to help dissipate heat. A central processing unit (CPU), also referred to as a central processor unit, is the hardware within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system. The term has been in use in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s.[2] The form, design, and implementation of CPUs have changed over the course of their history, but their fundamental operation remains much the same. A computer can have more than one CPU; this is called multiprocessing. All modern CPUs are microprocessors, meaning contained on a single chip. Some integrated circuits (ICs) can contain multiple CPUs on...
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...Computer architecture covers the design of system software, such as the operating system (the program that controls the computer), as well as referring to the combination of hardware and basic software that links the machines on a computer network. Computer architecture refers to an entire structure and to the details needed to make it functional. Thus, computer architecture covers computer systems, microprocessors, circuits, and system programs. Typically the term does not refer to application programs, such as spreadsheets or word processing, which are required to perform a task but not to make the system run. In designing a computer system, architects consider five major elements that make up the system's hardware: the arithmetic/logic unit, control unit, memory, input, and output. The arithmetic/logic unit performs arithmetic and compares numerical values. The control unit directs the operation of the computer by taking the user instructions and transforming them into electrical signals that the computer's circuitry can understand. The combination of the arithmetic/logic unit and the control unit is called the central processing unit (CPU). The memory stores instructions and data. The input and output sections allow the computer to receive and send data, respectively. Different hardware architectures are required because of the specialized needs of systems and users. One user may need a system to display graphics extremely fast...
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...paper presents two instructions set architectures, particularly the CISC and the RISC, which have been developed as computer architects aimed for a fast, cost-effective design. Included in this paper are the arguments made for each architecture, and of some performance comparisons on RISC and CISC processors. These data are collected from various papers published concerning the RISC versus CISC discussion. INTRODUCTION: The advent of microprocessor and strides in integrated circuit technology improved the performance of computer system at roughly 35% per year. Mass production of lower cost microprocessors has increased the share of microprocessor based computer in the market. This new architecture of microprocessor based computers has become a true success after two major changes in computer marketplace. One is elimination of programming at the assembly language level which eliminated the need for object-code compatibility. So any architecture could reuse the source code written in higher level languages. The second is the creation of standardized vendor-independent operating systems like UNIX and its clones like Linux which lowered the cost and risk of bringing out a new architecture. The open standard of systems eased the new computer architecture introduction. The above improvements helped evolve computer architecture from general microprocessor based architecture to a new set of architectures called RISC architectures. RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer (employ...
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...April Baylor March 17, 2012 SED-444 Alicia Leach Design Model ADDIE Model Systems Approach Model Kemp’s Instructional Design Model Instruction Design Perspective Developmental/Cognitive Behavioral Developmental/ Cognitive Instructional Strategy Cooperative Learning, Discovery and Questioning Cooperative Learning, Discovery and Questioning Cooperative Learning, Discovery and Questioning Description The Addie Model is a five-phase instructional design that consist of the following: Analysis: identify the environment (audience), goal, objectives and strategies which can be also called the pre-planning phase. Design: write instruction for the learning unit Develop: build content, assignments, assessments which are both formative and summative and develop course materials Implement: Begin teaching and giving instruction. Evaluate: Ask questions? What was done, how was it done and how can you do better? (perform assessments) (Clark, 2000) It is a procedural system including ten major process components: Know your students’ needs so you can know your goals when teaching: Assess the student to set learning objectives and goals Conduct instructional analysis: to determine a step-by-step of what learners are doing when they are performing the goal; to determine what skills and knowledge are required Analyze learners and contexts –identify your students learning styles and setting; this will help towards classroom layout, students’ attitudes and...
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...CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION In terms of etymology, the word system is actually derived from Greece, namely “Systema”, which in English is known as "SYSTEM", that had a meaning as a set of parts or components that are interconnected on regularly and it is a whole that cannot be separated. According to the Institute of Public Administration: “System is essentially a set of components, elements, which are related to each other, interplay and interdependence, so that the whole is an integrated unit or a totality, and has a specific role or purpose.” The following are the definitions of system according to some experts: 1. Stoa System is a combination of heaven and earth who work together, so that we can see that system consist of elements that work together to form a whole and if one element is missing or not working, then the overall combination cannot be called as a system. 2. Buckley System is a whole that functions as a whole by virtue of interdependence of its parts. 3. H. Kerzner System is a group of components consisting of humans and or non-human who organized and arranged so that the components can act as a unity in achieving its objectives, common goals or outcomes. This meaning implies the importance of aspects arrangement and organizing the components of a system to reach the common goal, because if there is no proper coordination and synchronization, then the activities of each component, sub–system, or areas in an organization will be less support each other. Furthermore...
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...All rights reserved. Course Description This course introduces the fundamental, logical, and design considerations addressed during system and application software development. It provides a background in applications software development and testing techniques through a combination of theory and application. Course Dates May 03, 2016 - Jun 06, 2016 Faculty Information Name : Email Address : Phone Number : ROBERT MASCARENAS (PRIMARY) (505) 884-4399 Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents (both located on your student website): • Academic Policies University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Academic Resources • Course Software Instructions Click the link for additional course software requirements. Note: We do not recommend trial software versions because they expire. SupportingMaterial Course Software • College of IS&T Resources Instructions Click the link to review the College of IS&T Resources. SupportingMaterial College of IS&T Resources • College of IS&T Website Instructions Click the link to access the College of IS&T Website. SupportingMaterial College of IS&T...
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...Page 1 Evaluating Web-Based Instructional Design © Copyright Harold Henke, 1997, 2001 all rights reserved Author’s note: This paper was written in 1997 as a project paper for a course on Human-Computer Interaction. This paper was reformatted in June, 2001. Page 2 Table of Contents List of Illustrations...................................................................................... 3 List of Tables............................................................................................... 3 Chapter 1: Introduction .............................................................................. 4 Problem Statement .................................................................................... 4 Chapter 2: Literature Review ...................................................................... 5 Definition of Web-Based Instruction............................................................. 5 Importance of Web-Based Instruction ........................................................... 5 Web-Based Instruction Design Issues ........................................................... 6 Chapter 3: Methodology Design .................................................................. 7 Top Ten Web Design Mistakes ..................................................................... 7 Interface Design for Computer-based Learning Environments........................... 8 Measurement Scores ........................................................
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...Views of computer systems • User’s view • Programmer’s view ∗ Advantages of high-level languages ∗ Why program in assembly language? • Memory ∗ Basic memory operations ∗ Design issues • Architect’s view • Implementer’s view 2003 • • • • Input/Output Interconnection: The glue Historical Perspective Technological Advances Chapter 1: Page 2 © S. Dandamudi To be used with S. Dandamudi, “Fundamentals of Computer Organization and Design,” Springer-Verlag, 2003. Introduction • Some basic terms ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ 2003 Computer architecture Computer organization Computer design Computer programming User’s view Programmer’s view Architect’s view Implementer’s view © S. Dandamudi Chapter 1: Page 3 • Various views of computer systems To be used with S. Dandamudi, “Fundamentals of Computer Organization and Design,” Springer-Verlag, 2003. Introduction (cont’d) Term K (kilo) M (mega) G (giga) T (tera) P (peta) 2003 Decimal 103 106 109 1012 1015 © S. Dandamudi Binary 210 220 230 240 250 Chapter 1: Page 4 To be used with S. Dandamudi, “Fundamentals of Computer Organization and Design,” Springer-Verlag, 2003. A User’s View of Computer Systems 2003 © S. Dandamudi Chapter 1: Page 5 To be used with S. Dandamudi, “Fundamentals of Computer Organization and Design,” Springer-Verlag, 2003. A Programmer’s View • Depends on the type and level of language used • A hierarchy of languages ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ Machine language Assembly language High-level...
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...Department of Computer Science Lovely Professional University Phagwara, India siddhant_s@outlook.com Abstract--Microprocessors are also known as a CPU or central processing unit is a complete computation engine that is fabricated on a single chip. The first microprocessor was the Intel 4004, introduced in 1971. This paper covers the evolution in microprocessors and the changes in the architecture of the microprocessor, the details of the latest microprocessors and the machines using them. The paper also discusses how the number of transistors affects the performance of processor. A microprocessor can move data from one memory location to another. A microprocessor can make decisions and jump to a new set of instructions based on those decisions. The native language of a microprocessor is Assembly Language. The above mentioned are the three basic activities of a microprocessor. An extremely simple microprocessor capable of performing the above mentioned operations loos like: Index terms—Modern, architecture, Intel, PC, Apple. I. INTRODUCTION The microprocessor is the heart of any normal computer, whether it is a desktop machine , a server or a laptop . The first microprocessor to make a real splash in the market was the Intel 8088, introduced in 1979 and incorporated into the IBM PC (which first appeared around 1982).The microprocessor is made up of transistors. CHIPA chip is also called an integrated circuit. Generally it is a...
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...Pomona L. Seay EDU500 - Assignment #2 Planning the Training Strayer University Dr. Carden February 12, 2015 Overview in Effective Lesson Planning: Planning your lesson ahead can effectively reach goals and objectives. In education, the planning tool is the lesson plan, which is a detailed description of an instructor’s course of instruction for an individual lesson. Lesson plans communicate to learners what they will learn and how they will be assessed. They help instructors organize content, materials, time, instructional strategies, and assistance in the classroom. Lesson planning help instructors create a smooth instructional flow and relate instructions to learners. Adults participate in continuing professional development for a number of reasons. With most adults is the need to maintain and/or improve current skills and abilities that are relevant to ones job. The reasons for participation are generally external to traditional academic expectations, such as fulfilling degree requirements. As such, developing instructional materials for adults requires a deeper level of understanding of the motivations, needs, and reasons behind their participation in a learning environment. The purpose of this guide is to provide curriculum developers and teachers of adults with information leading to a more balanced understanding of how and why adults learn, the rationale behind course development methods and techniques for this audience, and information...
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...classroom instruction and management. When implementing different frameworks, it is imperative to understand the role of each concept and how it can be used successfully to support students with learning disabilities. Differentiated Instruction can be provided through Response to Intervention (RTI), the Universal Design for Learning (UDL), and Technology in the Classroom, which are all well-known frameworks or strategies when discussing the teaching of students with disabilities. This paper will discuss each framework and its use within the classroom. Terminology Research Project Teaching students with learning disabilities presents difficulties for teachers utilizing traditional teaching strategies. “As every veteran teacher realizes, students with learning disabilities and other learning disorders may be less engaged in the learning task, unable to cope with multiple instructions, and poorly organized in their thinking and work habits when compared with students without disabilities.” (Bender, 2012, p.1) With this in mind, experts in the field have, over the course of time, developed several frameworks to support students with learning disabilities in the classroom. These frameworks of differentiated instruction, The Universal Design for Learning (UDL), Response to Intervention (RTI), and the use of technology in the classroom, uphold the notion that students with learning disabilities are in fact capable of learning through alternative methods of instruction. Differentiated...
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...Topic: - Study of various RISC and CISC processors ABSTRACT:- This term paper presents two instructions set architectures, particularly the CISC and the RISC, which have been developed as computer architects aimed for a fast, cost-effective design. Included in this paper are the arguments made for each architecture, and of some performance comparisons on RISC and CISC processors. These data are collected from various papers published concerning the RISC versus CISC discussion. INTRODUCTION: - RISC, or Reduced Instruction Set Computer is a type of microprocessor architecture that utilizes a small, highly-optimized set of instructions, rather than a more specialized set of instructions often found in other types of architectures. Though it may seem less effective for a computational task to be executed with many simple instructions rather than a few complex instructions, the simple instructions take fairly the same amount of time to be performed, making them ideal for pipelining. CISC is an acronym for Complex Instruction Set Computer and are chips that are easy to program and which make efficient use of memory. Since the earliest machines were programmed in assembly language and memory was slow and expensive, the CISC philosophy made sense, and was commonly implemented in such large computers as the PDP-11 and the DEC system 10 and 20 machines HISTORY:- The first RISC projects came from IBM, Stanford, and UC-Berkeley in the late...
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...Kemp, Dick and Carey design models for Instructional Design for instructional design are very important because they can provide a procedural way of establishing or implementing the instructional design process for a particular initiative of education. There exists several instructional design models which illustrates the ID process meant for dissimilar settings and situations .The aim of these instructional design models is to give training and educational organizational design process, guidelines for management and collaboration of teamwork options with designers, clients and technicians. A model in general can be described as a pattern or example that prescribes relationships in a normative sense. A model can also serve as a communication and visual tool to assist in conceptualizing complicated instructional design process or schematics as well as how the various elements and stages relate to each other. It should be noted that the application of the model relies on the instructional scenario, problem or task. To make sure that there is a procedural way of establishing the instructional design process for a particular educational initiative, instructional design should be used. This is because they serve as important tools of learning and they make the work of teachers easier. According to Carey and Carey (2001), ...instructional design can be defined as the systematic method for analyzing, designing, developing, evaluating and managing the instructional process efficiently;...
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...Any component that is used as an instructional tool needs to be adjusted and improved based on the learners and how the material is presented. Evaluation of this project is focused on how to improve the actual instruction material and how to better teach the learners. The evaluation of the audience or learners is necessary to determine how affective the material is being understood and how the learners feel about how the material is presented. Evaluation can bridge the gap between how the instructor assumes or believes the material is coming across, and how the learners are actual grasping the material. In addition, learners that take the course or are administered the instruction can provide necessary unbiased feedback about how the information...
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