...Diesel performance pickup trucks are the favorite when it comes to heavy duty hauling and towing. They are known for their superbly sturdy built with their useful open rear truck bed. Loading light to heavy cargos, towing trailers, and navigating extreme road conditions are never a bother with these utility trucks. Their impressive power stroke turbodiesel engines are the driving force that allows these trucks to accomplish big things. With their unrivaled road capabilities, no other vehicle can match their efficiency. Truck owners can perform every possible task they desire. And because these trucks posses super duty functionalities, they are not just referred as roaring machines on the jobsites that can do any work applications but they...
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...2 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 What Is the Clean Automotive Technology Program? . . . . . . 3 Summary of Recent Key Accomplishments . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Program Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Advancing Promising Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Pursuing the Next Generation of Clean Engines . . . . . . . . 13 HCCI—Diesel Fuel Efficiency with Gasoline Emissions . . . 13 FPE—A Simpler, More Efficient Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Looking Ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Introduction Background ransportation and mobility are central to the American economy and way of life. While the world’s desire for personal mobility and commer cial transportation has evolved, so have the geopolitical and environmental landscapes. Global demand for oil is at an all-time high, driving up the price of gasoline and diesel fuel, and the environmental consequences of mobile source emissions have become more and more apparent. More than 100 million Americans live in coun ties that do not attain federal clean air standards for ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter (PM), or other air pollutants, mostly because of emissions from the transportation sector.1 Transportation sources are also responsible for emitting prodigious amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), a greenhouse gas...
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...Pricing Dilemma: Why is diesel more expensive than gasoline? Problem Definition In this research we will be looking to find out why is diesel fuel more expensive than gasoline despite historically being cheaper to produce. This paradox did not exist prior to 2004 but after that year diesel retail prices became consistently higher than those of gasoline,. As we look at different aspects of this situation we will uncover that there are several main reasons for that: 1. Transition to cleaner diesel fuels made the production more expensive. 2. Global demand for diesel fuel is very high and the refining capacity is tight. 3. There is a difference in terms of on-highway fuel tax between diesel and gasoline. 4. Variability in terms of raw material prices. Another important part of this paper will be the analysis of the competitive landscape in this industry. We will discuss how the competition might be affecting the prices of both types of fuels. The role of costs (supply) Upstream Petroleum industry can be divided in two major segments: upstream and downstream. The value chain for petroleum products consists of the following stages: 1. Prospecting and Extraction 2. Downstream Refining or Importing of Road Fuel 3. Wholesale Transportation and Bulk sales of refined products 4. Retailing The main determinants for prices are cost of crude oil, refining, taxation and profit margin. While different sources report different percentage contributions...
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...Biodiesel is a form of diesel fuel manufactured from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant greases. It is safe, biodegradable, and produces less air pollutants than petroleum-based diesel. Biodiesel can be used in its pure form (B100) or blended with petroleum diesel. Common blends include B2 (2% biodiesel), B5, and B20. Most vehicle manufacturers approve blends up to B5, and some approve blends up to B20. Check with your owner’s manual or vehicle manufacturer to determine the right blend for your vehicle, since using the wrong blend could damage your engine and/or void the manufacturer's warranty. Biodiesel Compared to Petroleum Diesel | Advantages | Disadvantages | * Domestically produced from non-petroluem, renewable resources * Can be used in most diesel engines, especially newer ones * Less air pollutants (other than nitrogen oxides) * Less greenhouse gas emissions (e.g., B20 reduces CO2 by 15%) * Biodegradable * Non-toxic * Safer to handle | * Use of blends above B5 not yet approved by many auto makers * Lower fuel economy and power (10% lower for B100, 2% for B20) * Currently more expensive * B100 generally not suitable for use in low temperatures * Concerns about B100's impact on engine durability * Slight increase in nitrogen oxide emissions possible in some circumstances | BLENDS Blends of biodiesel and conventional hydrocarbon-based diesel are products most commonly distributed for use in the retail diesel fuel marketplace...
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...Bio fuel good - diesel bad Abstract summary of crap Introduction 1. intro to topic- this analysis- overall report Prepare a research paper that includes an introduction that defines the problem, discusses the significance of the problem and introduces readers to the important topics that will be covered in the body of the research paper. Since 1960s the rate at which we have utilized (crude oil) has grown exponentially, with the largest growth rates being diesels. as a result (there has been an increase) in diesel particulate matter (DPM), which is the this report will be analysiing the problem and then adressing some possible resolutions to these things then resolutions that can be applied. state my position/my position overview of arguement in order will analyse these alternatives para 1 structure- growth to usage to cost briefly. lower quality sulfur fuel, effect on engine. particulates(sulfurs), additives, environment, health. FIgure1 Expanding economies and international trade are driving our transportation energy demand, with transportation energies set to increase by more than 40% from 2010 to 2040. Of these, diesel comprises 70% of that growth (figure 1). This shift away from gasoline to diesel is driven by better light vehicle fuel economy and the growth in commercial transportation that comes from developing nations (Exxonmobil 2013). Although diesel is becoming the more prominent...
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...arrangements and procedures. Technologies significantly affect human as well as other animal species' ability to control and adapt to their natural environments. Rudolf Diesel and his invention diesel engine is the object of the paper. The goal of the paper is to analize this invention, talk about Rudolf Diesel and his theory of diesel engine, its advantages and disadvantages, types and working principles. The diesel engines of today are refined and improved versions of Rudolf Diesel's original concept. They are often used in submarines, ships, locomotives, and large trucks and in electric generating plants. Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. In many societies, technology has helped develop more advancedeconomies (including today's global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products, known as pollution, and deplete natural resources, to the detriment of the Earth and its environment. Contents INTRODUCTION 4 1. Rudofl Diesel. Biography 5 2. HISTORY 6 3. How diesel engines work 7 3.1. Early fuel injection systems 7 3.2. Mechanical and electronic injection 8 3.3. Direct injection 8 4. Types 9 4.1. Size Groups. 9 4.2. Basic Types of Diesel Engines 9 4.3. Gas generator 10 4.4. Modern High- and Medium-speed Engines 10 5. Advantages and disadvantages versus spark-ignition...
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...and Beyond –Role of Diesel Fuel Injection Systems Dr. Gerhard Ziegler General Manager (R&D and Application) Motor Industries Co. Copyright © 2004 SAE International ABSTRACT The Euro 4 emission norms can be achieved by the wellnd rd known 2 and 3 generation Common Rail Systems of BOSCH. The beyond Euro 4 emission legislation is a challenging goal for diesel engine manufacturers. Lowest emissions with highest engine performance, namely high specific power output, petrol like noise levels, benchmarking low fuel consumption and attractive costs are the targets for development activities of the future engines. Key for the success will be sophisticated fuel injection system which supports all the above mentioned targets. Therefore, BOSCH did launch very early a fundamental project defining the requirements for future injection systems with regard to mixture preparation, maximum injection pressure, rate shaping capability and multiple injections. Using several versatile prototype injection systems a comprehensive engine investigation was accomplished to optimise the system configuration to meet the above targets of diesel engines. Applying the criteria of performance, manufacturing robustness, lifetime durability and costs, the variety has been reduced to a hydraulically amplified diesel injection system, which works with hydraulically amplified injectors. This concept together with a potential evaluation for two different Euro 5 scenarios is given in this paper. Figure 1: Change...
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...A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n junction diode, which emits light when activated.[4]When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor. An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2) and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern.[5] Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962,[6] the earliest LEDs emitted low-intensity infrared light. Infrared LEDs are still frequently used as transmitting elements in remote-control circuits, such as those in remote controls for a wide variety of consumer electronics. The first visible-light LEDs were also of low intensity, and limited to red. Modern LEDs are available across the visible,ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps for electronic devices, replacing small incandescent bulbs. They were soon packaged into numeric readouts in the form of seven-segment displays, and were commonly seen in digital clocks. Recent developments in LEDs permit them to be used in environmental and task lighting. LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime...
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...EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Many firms are attempting number of ways to enhance their responsiveness and competitiveness by changing their methods and strategy which includes execution of Information Technology (IT) and Supply chain management (SCM). On the other hand, a critical literature review is to be carried out with the insight into the role of Information Technology (IT) and Supply chain management (SCM). This report provides the applications of Information Technology (IT) and E-commerce in general as well as in selected industry. For this report, the selected industry is Volvo. The applications of information technology and changes in supply chain using e-logistics are discussed elaborately in this report. This report also clearly draws about the supply chain strategy used in Volvo. In addition, use of electronic commerce is well discussed followed by the uncertainties faced by the Volvo and the overcoming of uncertainty by Volvo. This report ends up with the conclusion. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 APPLICATIONS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 3 APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE 4 BENEFITS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN SUPPLY CHAIN 5 LITREATURE REVIEW ON INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 6 CHANGES...
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...Abstract Most vehicles that use gas function using compressed natural gas (CNG). The safe nature of natural gas has given it preference over other engine driven fuel. One very important factor of following alternative fuel vehicle technology is to control the effect of emission on the environment. Natural gas vehicles do not emit toxic gases like other fueled engines. Natural gas vehicles emit clean gas, have a very clean internal combustion, and emit very few pollutants. The gas emitted by vehicles using natural gas constitute clean air to the environment and clean air standards in most big initialized cities like the United States. Natural gas vehicles burn cleaner than traditionally fuelled vehicles because of the compound composition of natural gas. Natural gas does not emit much of toxic gas; it releases little amounts of propane, ethane, and butane when used in vehicles. The environmental hazards caused by natural gas vehicles are a lot less than those running on traditional fuel vehicles. Table of Contents List of Tables 3 Executive Summary 5 Introduction 5 Problem and Opportunity 5 Purpose 5 Background 6 Sources 6 Scope 7 Structure 8 Key Terms 9 Methods 9 Results 10 Conclusion...
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...EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This projects report containing the marketing research on “Brand Awareness of General Motors at Bellad Enterprises PVT LTD. Hubli. I have chosen this topic concerned to their requirement as the Bellad Enterprises PVT LTD. GM having over 12 brands in different countries, but mainly 2 brands on which I have concentrated more as per requirement of Bellad Enterprises PVT LTD. Because as the GM is one of the biggest companies in the world not only producing and selling cars and now they concentrating to target the domestic market and they trying to know how much the domestic market or local people are aware of their different brands and how they have opinion regarding these brands. So in simple the need is to know, the awareness level and the customers response about brands of GM. My basic intention is to make the customers or people make aware of different brands of GM and also to know the opinion in the market and their perception and satisfaction in the market of GM brands. Data collection approach: By using primary and secondary sources collected the required information. 1.Primary source: Questionnaire, Personal interview. 2. Secondary source: Company website, related information from Internet, journals, Textbook, Newspapers, etc. Sample Selection Method: Regarding to my project sample size is 100 and the sample target customers are those people who visit the company’s showroom and by random sampling...
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...Vehicular Pollution and Environment Protection | Environment Law Research Paper | Research Methodology AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: This research paper is an attempt to understand the pollution caused by the increasing vehicular traffic in India and its impact on the Environment around us. RESEARCH ISSUES: 1. Meaning and Kindsof Pollution 2. Vehicular Pollution and its effects on health and the environment 3. Technical Measure (like Emission Standards) and Non Technical Measures(like prevention of Fuel Adulteration) 4. Fuel Economy Standards and phasing out old Vehicles. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS: This research paper is limited in the sense that it tries to study the pollution caused to the environment by the vehicular traffic. Pollution is a broad and extensive topic but this topic tries to limit itself to such pollution caused by the environment and not all other kinds of pollution. METHOD OF WRITING: This paper has largely been written in an investigative and an analytical style. SOURCES OF DATA: The researcher has primarily referred to secondary sources such as books and articles while writing this research paper. MODE OF CITATION: A uniform mode of citation has been used throughout this research paper which is based loosely on the style prescribed in The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation(Columbia Law Review Ass’n et al. eds., 17th ed. 2000). Table of Contents Sr No | Topic | Page No | 1 | Introduction | 3,4 | 2 | Pollution | 4 | ...
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...Diesels may have amazing power, but they are terrible on the environment! In this paper you will see facts about why diesel exhaust affects people with asthma, allergies, and problems with breathing. You will also learn about how dangerous diesels are to plants. Also you will see how some companies, like volkswagen, have been cheating the emissions test by putting a software program to run the emissions computer as clean emissions. Lastly you will read about how Carbon dioxide has increased greatly in the Earth’s atmosphere since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Greenhouse gases affect more than the environment but, affect people more than anything, the exhaust from diesel affects people with asthma, allergies, and problems with...
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...TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF FIGURES 2 INTRODUCTION 3 BACKDROP OF THE ISSUE 3 SOCIETAL IMPLICATIONS 4 GOVERNMENT’S INITITATIVES 5 NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL 5 LATEST STEPS TAKEN BY GOVERNMENT 6 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT 8 RESEARCH PROBLEM 9 PRIMARY STEPS 9 Exploratory Research: 9 Sampling and Segmentation: 9 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 10 DATA SOURCE SPECIFICATION 11 DATA ANALYSIS 11 RESULTS & RECOMMENDATIONS 12 REFERENCES 13 APPENDIX 14 TABLE OF FIGURES FIGURE 1 INCREASED TRAFFIC ON THE ROADS 3 FIGURE 2 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AFFECTING THE SOCIETY 4 FIGURE 3 CONTROL OF TRAFFIC AND POLLUTION INITIATION 7 FIGURE 4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR THIS PROBLEM 10 INTRODUCTION BACKDROP OF THE ISSUE The environmental air pollution in Delhi and the National Capital Region is mainly caused by industry and vehicular traffic. Around 10,000 people in Delhi may die prematurely due to the pollution in the air they are living in. Recently taking into consideration this issue, the National Green Tribunal (NGT), banned all diesel vehicles over 10 years old from running on the roads of this region. As the economic prosperity increases in these area and increase in disposable income leading to urbanization, the number of motor vehicles have increased too much which has led to easy and unprecedented mobility to the citizens. The number of motor vehicles in India has been increasing at around 7% per annum for the past 10 years. This increase in the vehicles and its...
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...1.0 Significant of Study This study is significant on discussing about how freight transport would bring to critical environmental issue to the society. 2.0 Problem Statement Freight transport has been identified that are causing three major problems, which are stated as below, (1) Increases of the road freight transport increase environmental issues along, (2) Some controversy relationship issue between transport growth and economic development, environmental and political factors, (3) Emission rise of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Hydrocarbons (HC), Carbon Monoxide (CO), and Carbon Dioxide (CO²) worsen the greenhouse effect. 2.1 Road freight transport and environmental issues. The freight transport in Europe by road, rail and waterway together has grown by about 60 per cent since 1970; especially road transport has more than doubled, while rail and waterway still remained static. In this case, there is involving an increasing number of road freight traffic that could cause towards the increasing of environmental problem. For a case in point, when heavy goods vehicles are being used to transfer goods from a point of origin to another destination, it could be leaking out pollutant material and energy emission that would be harmful to humans as well as flora and fauna. 2.2 Controversy relationship issue The relationships between transport growth and economic development are significantly different from those linking the economy to the energy sector generally. The energy...
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