...symbolism of female beauty. When the statue was found it had no arms and was broken in half during excavation. The halves were joined and yet, even flawed, the statue is still seen as the highest beauty. Venus de Milo has a perfectly proportioned face and a waist to hip ratio of .7. This ratio is coveted by women everywhere. It is said that both Marilyn Monroe and Kate Moss were lucky enough to have the sought after figure. When the statue arrived in France in 1821 its age was argued between the classical period, or much later. Evidence proves that the statue was of much later because of its inscription of the name Alexandros. The inscriptions states that he came from a city that was not in existence until long after the end of the classical era. That city was Antioch and was founded in 270 BC. However, the base with this inscription disappeared and was never seen again. The Venus de Milo is a sculpture that is very interesting because the modern world we live in is so obsessed with a perfect form of beauty, but this depiction of Aphrodite is flawed. In this modern world women are criticized for every minute little flaw that is seen, but yet this sculpture is seen as the most beautiful woman. How does it make sense that a statue of a woman with that has lost its arms is beautiful, but a woman that lives today with even the slightest flaw is not the perfect depiction of...
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...The Digital Evolution of Audio Engineering and the Music Industry Technology is an ever-progressing part of life that never ceases to amaze. In this age of technology, advancement is never ending. What’s considered to be top of the line today could very well be obsolete tomorrow. In the music industry, everything has been flipped upside down. Technology has completely changed the way everything works—for better and for worse. Back before 1975, the world of music was in an age referred to as the “magnetic era.” (Wikipedia, n.d.) The era was named after the most important component in the audio-engineering industry at that time—the tape machine. A tape machine records audio onto magnetic tape, hence the name of the era. (Robjohns, 1997) Back then, a recording studio costed a fortune to create and maintain. To have one, or even work in one was an almost impossible dream. First of all, it was necessary to have a tape machine, which on its own costed about $140,000. (Jr., 1988) On top of that, the magnetic tape costs about $200 for 14 minutes of 24 tracks. The typical amount of tracks used back then was 48, meaning that for 14 minutes of audio, it would cost a about $400 in just tape. (Kagan, 2013) All of the equipment used was analog, which means that they record or process in real time. They record every measurable unit of time, whereas digital audio equipment records in sections. (Elsea, 1996) Below, there is a diagram of what an analog audio signal looks like compared to...
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...Over the past decade, the music industry has experienced extreme change due to digitization. Not only has it affected the way that music is recorded and produced, but it has also affected the entire business model of how music is promoted and distributed to the public, as well as how revenue is earned. Prior to the digital era, major labels were one of the primary distributors of music, and physical record sales were the one of industry’s main revenue sources. But when recordings were transformed to electronic format and free music sources such as illegal downloading and streaming evolved, this main revenue source was taken away. However, music digitization also opened many doors for artists, allowing them the tools and capabilities to promote and distribute their own work, as well as exposing their music to a wider audience. Digitization began to cause problems for major labels for two reasons – the first being that free music services such as peer-to-peer file sharing and music streaming caused a large decline in album sales. This revenue loss caused music industry professionals to seek revenue elsewhere, such as in concert sales. The second problem digitization caused for record labels was that artists no longer relied on labels for their music promotion and distribution, as they now had these tools at their own disposal. In the old business model, before the Internet and music digitization evolved, the primary way for music distribution was through a record label. But in...
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...VISION 4.1 THE FUTURE OF ENTERTAINMENT As stated above in 2.1, the report identifies key forms of technology that revolutionised the particular era, it was the invention of said technology that has impacted the technology of today. There was at least one form of technology from every era that has made it’s way into society today and remains a large influence to the entertainment industry. The roles of culture and technology in the future of the entertainment industry, all comes down to the digital world. The future is digital. Every form of media and entertainment in some way or another, is in digital formation from music, film and tv and also gaming. With the entertainment industry becoming digital, it allows for easier distribution and access, as well as social interactivity amongst audiences. The dominant forms will be as stated...
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...English 123 II – 2.2 Final Project Milestone One: Annotation Bibliography By Vincent Berry WHAT IS YOUR RESEARCH QUESTION? Are record labels racism and political in the music industry? What impact does racism and politics have on the artist and fan base? SUMMORIZE SOURCE INFORMATION FOR EACH ANNOTATION Suisman, David. "Co Workers in the Kingdom of Culture: Black Swan Records and the Political Economy of African American Music." Teaching the Journal of American History Vol. 90, No. 4.March 2004 (2004): 1295-1324. Web. 1 Mar. 2004. African American owned Record Company, which produced records for African American consumers, was faced with attempts by a large record corporation to force them into bankruptcy. Why would a large company do this for such a small African American owned company? How would it merit attention from African American people in this medium when you have more important subjects like voting rights and lynching? Moreover, why would it merit any attention at all, not to mention, selling records to black consumers. This article answers these questions and investigates the rise and fall of the small record company and explores the political economy in which it operated. Black Swan Records created by Henry H. Pace, who saw a way to respond to a hostile environment that African American people faced with, both in the entertainment industry and in American society. The protégé of W.E.B Du Bois, also saw that African Americans were not equally even when they...
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...Hip Hop Is Dead: The Impact Of Social media & Technology Because of the home grown music producer, hip hop music production has changed drastically in the past decade as the advent of digital computers and the internet has reciprocated the face of hip hop music production. Hip hop has always been intimately tied to technology however, it is important to note that the creation of hip hop music has never required the latest and greatest equipment. The earliest pioneers of hip hop used the analog hardware abandoned by the recording industry who were in search of even better equipment; two turntables and a microphone has been the equipment of choice for many hip hop artist as well as producers over the years. While Hip Hop has not yet led directly to advancements and innovations in the technologies of music engineering equipment, its producers have revolutionized the use of the technology in ways that incorporate priorities of black culture. How has technology shaped the creativity of hip hop, well one Carlos Bess commented that, while high-end digital hardware and software are becoming cheaper, its price tags are still out of range for the beginner producers. Carlos, who has spent his last 10 years as a studio sound engineer, was convinced that skill was a better determining factor when judging weather someone could escape the bedroom and enter the big time. Carlos went so far as to say that he felt that the new equipment simply created lazy producers who could only...
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...Project How can HMV optimize social media for music promotion Content Abstract 3 1. Introduction 4 2. Industry Context 5 3. Management Issue 9 4. Literature Review 15 4.1 Digital Music Market and Retailer 15 4.2 Social media 18 4.3 Social Media Tool and Music Retailer 21 5. Research Gap and Significance 25 6. Research Aims 25 7. Research Methodology 27 7.1 Research Source: Secondary data 27 7.2 Research Method: Case study 28 7.3 Research Steps 29 8. Research Analysis and Findings 31 8.1 Research Analysis 31 8.1.1 Audience Insight 32 8.1.2 Direct, Simple and Convenient Design 37 8.1.3 Insider Strengthening 39 8.2 Research Findings 41 8.3 Research Recommendation 42 9. Research Limitation 43 10. Conclusion 44 References 46 Abstract HMV is a British entertainment retailer, which is selling music including physical music and digital music. However, HMV does not runs good social media. In this dissertation, I will explain music industry context and HMV’s social media issue, followed by reviewing literatures about digital market, social media and music retailers. Furthermore, I design a research with secondary data research and case study method, and investigate how to deal with HMV’s social media issue through exploring what and how do other successful cases do for this challenge especially on social media. Key words: Digital market, Music, Retailer, Social media, Introduction HMV, which...
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...Evolution of Mass Media Evolution of Mass Media Communication is the creation of symbols used systematically to express knowledge and value. This information is in the form of Morse code, various languages, movies, art, and computer codes or mass media. There have been great developments in mass media over the last century. These are the advancement of the print, electronic, and digital eras, which now comprise our modern day media. These three eras have influenced American culture and its business, while introducing groundbreaking forms of mass communication (Campbell, 2015, p. 6). The Print Era Before the creation of the printing press, the production and reproduction of books and other reading materials, was by hand, making the item scarce and high priced. Considered a luxury due to its price, reading material was mostly owned by the privileged. In the early 1900’s newspapers, magazines, books, and word of mouth were the main source for obtaining the news or any informative piece of informative material. During the Civil War, people relied on newspapers for information. The emergence of the printing press allowed for many people to have access to printed materials at an affordable price. It also merged the three elements for mass-market innovation. First, the use of machine duplication substituted the tiresome technique in which clerk’s hand-copied scripts. Second, the quick and simple reproduction of the identical book could occur in vast quantities...
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...CNN News (CNN) -- On April 28, 2003, Apple threw open the virtual doors to its iTunes Store, and music -- all digital media, really -- hasn't been the same since. Suddenly, an industry terrified of online piracy had a legitimate place to earn money from the sale of digital music. Listeners no longer had to drive to their neighborhood record store (remember those?) to buy that new album by Norah Jones or 50 Cent. A song cost only 99 cents, a bargain next to an $18 CD. And iTunes-powered iPods, with their signature white earbuds, became a must-have mobile accessory. Not everyone was thrilled. Record labels grumbled at being strong-armed over song prices by Apple CEO Steve Jobs. Some musicians complained that they didn't earn enough royalties from digital-music sales. But by 2010, iTunes was the largest music retailer on the planet. Today, it has 435 million registered users in 119 countries and recently served up its 25 billionth song, downloaded by a man in Germany. iTunes also now sells much more than music: Customers can download movies, TV shows, games, books, podcasts and more. [pic] The late Apple CEO Steve Jobs upended the music landscape with the iTunes store, launched in April 2003. In recent months, Apple's retail juggernaut has shown signs of weakness. Recent figures show that its growth may finally be slowing down. And services such as Pandora, Spotify, Rdio and others, which allow users to stream songs for free or a modest monthly fee, are supplanting iTunes...
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...Throughout history, music has lasted as a metaphysical, intangible good that can trace and identify different styles, fashions, and fads. Music is not perishable; as time continues, more music is produced and can be accumulated by its macro-market of the entire population. At a first glance, this assertion may seem greater than its true implications. However, music, both as a whole and targeted, has formed and acquired its own target market for each generation, location, current age, culture, and every other demographic. In the midst of the information age, music consumption has evolved from the rudimentary trends of the 20th century; as records and CDs eventually faded away from their positions of primary music-consumption products, digital...
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...Chapter 1 – Mass Communications: A Critical Approach Culture and the Evolution of Mass Communication * Culture * can be narrowly associated with art – forms of expression such as music or painting that provide enlightenment or insight * can also be viewed as a broader category that includes the entire spectrum of ways that people express themselves at particular historical times * including art, beliefs, customs, games, technologies, traditions, and institutions * it also encompasses modes of communication * the process of creating symbol systems that convey information and meaning * is made up of the products a society makes and the processes that create those products * can be defined as the symbols of expression that groups and societies use to make sense of daily life and to articulate their values * Mass media – the cultural industries and channels of communication – can then be seen as the distributors of culture. * the history of mass media can be traced through five main eras: * oral * written * print * electronic * digital * Mass communication – the process of delivering cultural messages to large and diverse audiences through media channels. Oral and Written Forms Begin the Dialogue * The oral and written ears spanned many centuries, from around 1000 BC to the mid-fifteenth century. * Knowledge was passed along through word of mouth ...
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...Aluno: Antonio Carvalho Cabral – Mestrando Trabalho final - RESUMO A indústria da Música na Era Digital O presente trabalho tem por objetivo mapear a cadeia produtiva da música na era digital, com enfoque mais específico no caso brasileiro, procurando criar um mapa descritivo desse setor, e a partir daí pensar em caminhos possíveis. Como com todo fenômeno recente, ainda estamos tentando entender as mudanças e consequências da era digital, que com o fim da necessidade do suporte físico e grandes investimento, modifica radicalmente a produção, distribuição e formas de consumir música, descentralizando e democratizando a cadeia produtiva. Essa mudança por sua vez, não foi acompanhada pelo desenvolvimento do arcabouço legal que regula esse mercado, nem pelas grandes majors que dominam o mercado, criando um grande conflito entre as possibilidades oferecidas pela nova tecnologia, o que o sistema legal permite e o que a indústria dominante quer. Esse conflito vem pautando a formatação dos novos modelos de negócio possíveis, de um lado a indústria tradicional, lutando para manter seu modelo de negócios e seus lucros, de outro os consumidores e artistas antes excluídos do mercado, tentando criar modelos inovadores. O presente trabalho não tem por objetivo ser juiz da disputa entre Creative Commons e a IFPI (Cultura livre x cultura fechada), apenas busca fazer um mapeamento do atual mercado, das mudanças ocorridas e descrever um futuro possível. Grande parte da fonte bibliográfica...
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...The Effects of Mass Media Nicholas Hall University of Phoenix Hum/186 October 2, 2012 David Dinkins Throughout time ways of communicating have changed from oral to digital. Every new development in communicating and media has effected how people live and present themselves. A person’s life is characterized by what they listen to and the things they observe. Verbal communication was the beginning of mass media changes. Poets, teachers, and tribal storytellers first passed down information and knowledge my speaking tradition. Communication by speaking never reached a large crowd. The tribe kept their knowledge and information amongst themselves or their own community. After the alphabet came about, more people started writing, thus began the writing era. People started documenting oral traditions which turned into the written material. The developments of mass media for the future were defined by the written and oral eras in communicating. The publication era followed the oral and written eras, which showed to be a large change in mass communication. In the beginning printing was outrageously expensive and unless you were wealthy you could not afford the materials to read and write. When printing devices changed for the better, the price of materials dropped, and more people could afford them. Books were the first products that were marketed in history in masses (Campbell, Martin, & Fabos, 2012). When written communication...
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...The takeover of Warners Music Group (WMG) in July 2011 for $1.3b by Access Industries heralds in a new era for the company in an ever-changing music industry. The purchase affords exciting opportunity as well as possible threats in the near future. The music industry on the past few years has undergone huge overhauls and revamps. With the advancement of technology, companies are constantly seeking new ways to increase profits and further business adventures. Viewing The UK music industry, we see that “total UK music revenues fell by 4.8 per cent, to £3.8bn. Both recorded and live music saw revenue fall by the order of 7 per cent.” (BOP consultants 2011). The internet, file sharing, music videos and live streaming of music, are rapidly changing the face of the music industry. To sensibly suggest a recommended strategy we need to analyse WMG to gain an understanding of where future focus needs to lie. Over the years, WMG has grown a hugely successful Brand name. Its image is noticeable worldwide promoting images of professionalism, efficiency and technology advancements. It further has hundreds of world renowned and prominent artists in their ranks. Names such as “Madonna, Oasis, Nickelback, Red Hot Chilli Peppers, Adam Sandler” are some which emphasis the strength of their brand. Being such a large company comes with advantages and disadvantages. The company therefore needs to ensure it does not focus too much on one project while shying away from others. Maintaining the right...
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...the after-life of an ‘obsolete’ music format Vinyl Records Music is delivered to its audience through various formats. Each format has its period of dominance and then with the natural process of technology evolving, the once considered latest and greatest music format is often seen as obsolete. The vinyl record in today’s society is viewed as an obsolete music format. However due to new trends and nostalgia it is slowing resurfacing from its after-life. This essay discuses the vinyl record, its history and its current role in consumer lives through a socio-cultural approach. The vinyl record was first introduced in 1930 by RCA Victor. RCA is mostly commonly known as the Radio Corporation of America, which is the flagship label of Sony Music Entertainment. The production in 1930 was for the long-playing music record included the advantage of a lower surface noise and was a durable material. The first commercially produced record was 12 inches in its diameter with a playback of 33 revolutions per minute (rpm). A vinyl record, also commonly called records or gramophone record uses a spiral groove that runs from the outer edge of the disc to the center to record and play back sound. During playback the sound causes a stylus to vibrate at certain frequencies while it engraves the vinyl. When the needle is placed into the record's groove, it will vibrate at the same frequencies and re-create the sound that was recorded. Sound quality of music on vinyl is much dependant on...
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