...Revolution In Digital Music Distribution Introduction Thesis Statement: Technological advancement has made the music industry got transformed overnight with the invention of the MP3 format compression technology and the introduction of the Internet file sharing services like Napster, Gnutella, and Scour thus seeing the major music labels taking almost anyone that is into digital music to court. The potential fear that led to the court actions center on how the music labels can possibly make any money if music becomes available in digital format for free. The question therefore is that if music is available free of cost, why would anyone pay for it? Could Napster conveniently say that it is indeed the first technology development to provide access to music content for free? Purpose of Study: This paper establishes the following: the industry conditions that led to the revolution in audio distribution while identifying which stakeholders are benefiting most or least; the reasons that made the music stores to attract many subscribers and what if any the record labels should have done differently; determine, if Apple allows its iPods to play non-iTunes songs, how long the success of iPods and iTunes endures; why musicians should sign away their copyright privileges to their songs through creative commons; and how podcasting would likely impact the appropriability of recorded music, radio broadcasting or other types of audio transmission. Overview of the Paper In 1991,...
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...The Digital Evolution of Audio Engineering and the Music Industry Technology is an ever-progressing part of life that never ceases to amaze. In this age of technology, advancement is never ending. What’s considered to be top of the line today could very well be obsolete tomorrow. In the music industry, everything has been flipped upside down. Technology has completely changed the way everything works—for better and for worse. Back before 1975, the world of music was in an age referred to as the “magnetic era.” (Wikipedia, n.d.) The era was named after the most important component in the audio-engineering industry at that time—the tape machine. A tape machine records audio onto magnetic tape, hence the name of the era. (Robjohns, 1997) Back then, a recording studio costed a fortune to create and maintain. To have one, or even work in one was an almost impossible dream. First of all, it was necessary to have a tape machine, which on its own costed about $140,000. (Jr., 1988) On top of that, the magnetic tape costs about $200 for 14 minutes of 24 tracks. The typical amount of tracks used back then was 48, meaning that for 14 minutes of audio, it would cost a about $400 in just tape. (Kagan, 2013) All of the equipment used was analog, which means that they record or process in real time. They record every measurable unit of time, whereas digital audio equipment records in sections. (Elsea, 1996) Below, there is a diagram of what an analog audio signal looks like compared to...
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...RIAA and Associated Record Companies: Embrace the Digital Music Era Our forms of music have drastically changed in correlation to current cultural advances. We have gone from vinyl records to cassettes, which were very popular in the 1970s followed by the revolutionary digital technology of a compact disc. Now, we are in an era that is progressively becoming more and more digitized with different audio formats through the Internet. Every day, thousands of people with a computer or access to one participate in peer-2-peer networks to share digitized formats of music, videogames, movies or other applications (“Peer-to-Peer File-Sharing”). The shift of music from compact discs to mp3’s has financially affected the music industry. Not only is money lost on the decreasing sales of outdated CD’s, but also on litigation circling the issues of copyright. Any downloaded music, videogames, movies, or applications from peer-2-peer networks sites are protected by copyright law and once downloaded are now considered copyright infringed. Over the years, The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and its associated record companies have taken much time and spent a good amount of money to conduct investigations and prosecute individuals involved in illegal music file sharing and copyright infringement. However, the Internet has proven to move faster than the prosecutions of individuals responsible for illegal music downloading, which, in the long run, has had very little effect...
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...Authorship and Digital Media With the widespread adoption of personal computers, especially those connected to broadband Internet, the media landscape has changed drastically. All media-related industries, from newspaper to television to music and more, are experiencing this shift and are desperately attempting to react to the changing media landscape that has placed much of the control on the consumers rather than the producers of these media forms. Two digital media forms experiencing particularly interesting shifts of power are video games and digital music. Consumers of digital media forms such as video games and digital music files have complicated the traditional notion of authorship through their use of digital media technologies, which allows them to use digital media as an instrument of expression. Before delving into the intricacies surrounding this new form of authorship present in digital media it is first important to discuss the notion of authorship prior to the emergence of this digitally induced phenomenon. In non-digital mediums such as books, radio, and television, authorship exists as an individual endeavor, as authorship is only granted to the original author(s) of the media. As a consumer of this non-digital media the only point of contention as it relates to authorial expression is limited is the debate over authorial intent or narrative interpretation in these non-interactive cultural forms. Books, television, and radio are more or less consumed passively...
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... the music p2p sharing system that is computer to computer. We started to see a rise or increase in what is now known by online piracy. Then people shared their music without knowing the legal consequences which incurred. Thanks to the creation of the MP3 music format, made it extremely easy to share on the internet entire music collection. Because of this group Metallica rock music and the record companies filed lawsuits against the Napster service. Then emerged others based on napster to share not only music systems, but also computer programs, movies, etc. In 2011 the House of Representatives of the Congress of the United States, proposed the Stop Piracy Act or SOPA, which pretended to attack online piracy by extending existing laws against trafficking of copyrighted content and counterfeit goods through the internet. The penalty for a person to forward copyright material ten (10) or more times in a period of six (6) months would expose a sentence of up to 5 years in jail. One of the ethical issues, was referring to the freedom of people in the internet. As mentioned earlier the creation of digital formats that allow people to share their music libraries and other files over the Internet, creating the torrent format which is currently used to share any digital file, set the stage for acts like SOPA and other more regulatory laws. As mentioned earlier the creation of digital formats that allow people to share their music libraries...
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...to buy and experience entertainment. Our typical customers are enthusiasts, who view each purchase as a high priority. HMV shares the passion of its most loyal customers, and also successfully caters to casual browsers and live music-goers. How many stores do you have? HMV operates from over 200 stores, predominantly in the UK, and a portfolio of over 15 live entertainment venues and festivals How many people are employed by HMV? Approximately 6,500 Why do consumers shop at HMV? Faced by infinite choice, customers look to trusted brands to guide them. HMV has established a reputation for unbeatable product range, stimulating environments in which to buy and experience entertainment, enthusiastic knowledgeable staff and value for money. Continuing innovation has enabled us to combine a strong heritage with contemporary appeal, and we intend to keep the brand and it all stands for fresh for our customers. Markets What impact is digital piracy having on the HMV business? The illegal downloading market has undoubtedly adversely affected the physical music market, whilst constraining the growth of legal digital channels. We continue to plan for further declines in the physical music market, both as a result of piracy and the growth of legal digital channels, and to replace these sales with higher-growth entertainment products and by growing in live entertainment and ticketing. Who are your main competitors? HMV’s main retailing competitors entertainment are supermarkets...
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...the radio and the phonograph, which functioned based on an analog format. These inventions allowed for broadcast of radio and television news and shows across the United States. Record music and movies in VHS format were also introduced to American homes. With the introduction of the digital format our telecommunications received a tremendous boost, and some of the early media outlets were replaced by more efficient ways of communication. This paper will describe some of the factors behind the recent loss of audience and sales in such media outlets as record music, movies, network TV, DVDs and video games. The introduction of the digital format changed the way we watch TV; high definition made possible to see a picture like never before, like if we were looking through a window. Digitalization allowed for a much better sound and picture quality in CDs and DVDs, which replaced the vinyl disc and the VHS tape. These media, however, continued to evolution so much so that in recent years media outlets such as newspapers, movies, network TV, DVDs and video games became obsolete. Digital is the key factor. Media outlets such as newspapers, movies, DVDs and video games are more tangible and cost more money to produce. These tangible versions of media are temporary, while digital is a permanent, more efficient way of getting and sharing the message. Media outlets such as newspapers and magazines are printed versions and cost more money to produce. They require...
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...what this major is going to be about. I learned a lot in chapters 1,5, and 6. In chapter one I learned a lot about digital natives, digital immigrants, and mass media. Digital natives are people who grew up in a world where digital technologies and the Internet were already in place. Then you have your digital immigrants who are transitioning into the digital age. I thought that was pretty cool how they had two different groups, and mass media is the exchange of information and meanings between individuals and groups. In chapter 5 I learned about sound recording, speakeasies, and commercial radio. Sound recording is the recreation of sound waves including voice, music, and sound effects. A man by the name of Thomas Alva Edison is the one who created sound recording. Then I learned about speakeasies, which are illegal saloons and dance halls that quickly sprang up all over the country. After that came the commercial radio which is advertising backed radio that helped to increase the radio's financial base. Chapter 5 helped me a lot cause this chapter focused on my career so I learned a lot. In chapter 6 I learned about hybrid films, sound-on-filming technology, and film distributors. Hybrid films are films that mix stylist components often rooted in other media. Disney was the first major movie studio to produce a lot of hybrid films. These films combined music and animation. Then I got into sound-on-filming technology, which imprinted sound into light waves that could be recorded...
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...Group 2 (III-2 BECED) TEACHNOLOGY IN ECE MEDIA AND TECHNOLOGY IN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION Software for Teachers (Example) Assess2Achieve- is a comprehensive software package that includes planning, assessment, evaluations and report writing for teachers Benefits: • Assess2Achieve enables you to store all the assessment information for each child in one place. You are able to search for an individual child records or a group of children records as an efficient means for using assessment successfully. It enables the teacher to record individual pupil assessments rapidly, therefore saving the teacher time. • Assess2Achieve solves this problem because it is a software system that enables you to store all the evaluation information in one place. Then you are able to search for a particular subject or topic as an efficient means to using evaluations successfully. • With Assess2Achieve teachers can now pass on their back-ups to the class. future teacher to enable him/her to access more detailed information about his/her class. Data stores from different teachers can be amalgamated to give an overview of a whole school so that reports can be created with information supplied by different teachers. • The format is friendly to non-computer professionals. Assess2Achieve has a paper like look to the application, even though it is a data store. Teachers can use the software flexibly to suit the needs of the curriculum, their pupils, the differentiation...
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...immediately apparent that the downstream segment needs enhancements to enable Warner Brothers to provide digital entertainment to customers in a timelier manner. It almost seems as if the development of digital media and demand by consumers took Warner Brothers by surprise and it had to scramble to work out solutions, with the help of Hewlett-Packard (HP), to find ways to enhance its ability to produce digital content that consumers could view on a variety of devices. As discussed by Rainer & Turban (2009), Warner Brothers initially answered the demand to view new movies digitally by filming in both digital and traditional methods. This enabled the knowledgeable consumer to view a movie on his or her iPad, smart phone, laptop, or Internet-enabled television (p. 243). Improvement is needed in the area of digitizing the thousands of films in the archives. People want access to movies, television shows, and music, and want to watch them on their digital devices (Digitally Possessed, May 2012). Warner Brothers and HP accomplished the digitizing of new material, and if they now concentrate on finding a way to convert every movie Warner Brothers ever made to a digital format in a timely manner, they would be successful in satisfying the desires of digital customers. This would lead to increased profits by charging a nominal fee for downloading, or partnering with an existing digital media company such as Netflix or Blockbuster. References Digitally Possessed. (May...
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...Evolution of Mass Media Evolution of Mass Media Communication is the creation of symbols used systematically to express knowledge and value. This information is in the form of Morse code, various languages, movies, art, and computer codes or mass media. There have been great developments in mass media over the last century. These are the advancement of the print, electronic, and digital eras, which now comprise our modern day media. These three eras have influenced American culture and its business, while introducing groundbreaking forms of mass communication (Campbell, 2015, p. 6). The Print Era Before the creation of the printing press, the production and reproduction of books and other reading materials, was by hand, making the item scarce and high priced. Considered a luxury due to its price, reading material was mostly owned by the privileged. In the early 1900’s newspapers, magazines, books, and word of mouth were the main source for obtaining the news or any informative piece of informative material. During the Civil War, people relied on newspapers for information. The emergence of the printing press allowed for many people to have access to printed materials at an affordable price. It also merged the three elements for mass-market innovation. First, the use of machine duplication substituted the tiresome technique in which clerk’s hand-copied scripts. Second, the quick and simple reproduction of the identical book could occur in vast quantities...
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...technology takes the printed word for text materials and creates a file with the option of reading it digitally or listening to it with a realistic synthetic voice. Will knows that he has free access to books no longer under copyright protection, and he figures he can pay a royalty fee of $5 per title for copyrighted books that will greatly expand his catalog. So far, he has limited himself to English-language books but is working on a language translation option as well. To date, Will’s technical skills outpace his business acumen. He is struggling with some basic decisions. He has been working on his invention as a garage operation for the last few years and has missed many of his daughter’s soccer games while working at High Tech Digital Industries to keep his family comfortable on his $200,000 annual salary and benefits package. Will may eventually have to decide whether to devote most of his time to his invention. Moreover, he is not sure how to determine all the applications for his technology, who would want it, how it would be delivered to customers, how many books would be bought at what price, and so forth. Even after he has secured the rights to copyrighted material, he needs some help acquiring the books he wants to digitally transform and scanning them into his digitizer. It is not difficult to train others to do this, but the...
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...technology takes the printed word for text materials and creates a file with the option of reading it digitally or listening to it with a realistic synthetic voice. Will knows that he has free access to books no longer under copyright protection, and he figures he can pay a royalty fee of $5 per title for copyrighted books that will greatly expand his catalog. So far, he has limited himself to English-language books but is working on a language translation option as well. To date, Will’s technical skills outpace his business acumen. He is struggling with some basic decisions. He has been working on his invention as a garage operation for the last few years and has missed many of his daughter’s soccer games while working at High Tech Digital Industries to keep his family comfortable on his $200,000 annual salary and benefits package. Will may eventually have to decide whether to devote most of his time to his invention. Moreover, he is not sure how to determine all the applications for his technology, who would want it, how it would be delivered to customers, how many books would be bought at what price, and so forth. Even after he has secured the rights to copyrighted material, he needs some help acquiring the books he wants to digitally transform and scanning them...
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...| Analog and Digital Comparison | NTC/362 Fundamentals in Networking | EDWARD BROWN | Jose Giralt | 3/18/2013 | | A signal is simply the transmission of data from one place to another place. In our day to day life we deal with various signals constantly like signals from music, power lines, telephones, and cellular devices. Analog and digital are two kinds of signals which are used for the transmission of information from source to destination. Usually the information to be transmitted from one place to another is either audio or video. This information signal is then transformed into those signals which can be transmitted via different channels. For the analog format, the data is transformed into electrical pulses with varying amplitude while for the digital format; the data is transformed into binary format representing two amplitudes. We have various such equipment like analog or digital phones, fax machines, modems, clocks, watches etc. Analog technology is the older one and has been used for decades. It is cheap too but the problem with analog signals is that there is a limitation on the size of the data that can be transmitted at any given point of time. With the advent of digital technology many improvements and new techniques have been introduced. Now days almost every appliance or equipment is based on digital technology. In this, the transmitter translate the data into binary form and the receiver re assemble and produces the...
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...or samples. The result is called digital representation. Strictly speaking, digitizing means simply capturing an analog signal in digital form. For a document the term means to trace the document image or capture the "corners" where the lines end or change direction. The term digitization is often used when diverse forms of information, such as text, sound, image or voice, are converted into a single binary code. Computers predate to the Digital Age. Prior to the 1950s, computers were analog, using vacuum tubes. Later, vacuum tubes were used in conjunction with diodes. Like the digital computers that came later, analog computers used binary logic, but instead of being directly controlled by a program consisting of 1s and 0s, the state of the vacuum tube was changed by a change in voltage. The voltage change was analogous to a 1 (power on) versus a 0 (power off). In 1956, MIT built the TX0, the first general-purpose, programmable computer to use transistors. Digitization occurs in two parts: Discretization and Quantization. Discretization is the reading of an analog signal A, and, at regular time intervals (or frequency), sampling the value of the signal at the point. Each such reading is called a sample and may be considered to have infinite precision at this stage. Quantization is when the samples are rounded to a fixed set of numbers (such as integers). Data Communications There are many different ways in which analog converts to digital. For example, signals are continuous...
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