...survey on Image segmentation Methods Linda Paul and Dr.M.sangeetha Professor Ece dept. Bharath University Chennai lindarejoe@gmail.com Sang_gok@yahoo.com Abstract: Image segmentation plays a significant role in medical image processing. The researchers has got a lot of opportunities to do their research work in the area of segmentation. It is the process of splitting or partitioning the whole image into segments. With respect to features the entire image is divided into subparts. The objects, the lines, curves and boundaries are located easily by using this image segmentation. The main aim of this segmentation is to change the representation of an image and also to simplify the image which will be easy to analyze. The applications of image segmentation are as follows. They are used in medical field, in scientific fields, engineering and technology, face recognition, iris recognition object tracking and object detection....
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...Aim: To study methods of segmentation In computer vision, segmentation refers to the process of partitioning a digital image into multiple segments (sets of pixels, also known as super pixels). The goal of segmentation is to simplify and/or change the representation of an image into something that is more meaningful and easier to analyze. Image segmentation is typically used to locate objects and boundaries (lines, curves, etc.) in images. More precisely, image segmentation is the process of assigning a label to every pixel in an image such that pixels with the same label share certain visual characteristics. The result of image segmentation is a set of segments that collectively cover the entire image, or a set of contours extracted from the image (see edge detection). Each of the pixels in a region are similar with respect to some characteristic or computed property, such as color, intensity, or texture. Adjacent regions are significantly different with respect to the same characteristic(s). Some of the methods of segmentation are described as follows. Clustering methods The K-means algorithm is an iterative technique that is used to partition an image into K clusters. The basic algorithm is: Pick K cluster centers, either randomly or based on some heuristic Assign each pixel in the image to the cluster that minimizes the variance between the pixel and the cluster center Re-compute the cluster centers by averaging all of the pixels in the cluster Repeat steps 2 and 3 until...
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...PRODUCT PROMOTION Is the act of advertising a good or services with the short/long term goal of increasing sales. FOUR FACTORS WHICH MARKETING DECISIONS MAKING WITH REGARD TO PROMOTION: 1.) THE PROMOTION BUDGET AVAILABLE The amount of money available for promotion is the real determinant of the mix. BIG companies can make greater and more effective use of advertising than firms with limited resources. Small businesses rely on personal selling dealer displays. 2.) THE NATURE OF THE MARKET The influence of the nature of a company’s market is affected by the Geographic scope of the market, its concentration and type of customers and nature of competition. 3.) THE NATURE OF THE PRODUCT Consumer product and industrial goods frequently require different strategies. For instance, firms marketing convenience goods will rely heavily on manufacturer’s advertising, plus emphasis on dealers display. Personal selling plays a minor role, for industrial Goods such as machinery. 4.) THE STAGE OF THE PRODUCT PROMOTION’S LIFE CYCLE AND THE TARGET PROMOTION PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE (CPLC) – the course of a product’s sales and profit over its lifetime. Every product seem to go to PLC –it is born, goes through several phrases, and eventually dies as younger products come along that better suit and serve the consumer needs. METHODS USED TO PROMOTE A PRODUCT: A. ADVERTISING Is a tool that is available for everyone to use. Presentation and promotion ideas, goods, or services...
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...funds and efforts can be wasted if the marketing message is not reaching the specific customers who would be interested in the product or service, or if the message is only reaching an audience that has little or no interest in the offering. These days, customers seem to be more particular about their preferences, so it is virtually impossible to cater to every customer’s individual conditions; therefore, undifferentiated targeting is not a good idea in most cases. A differentiated segmentation strategy is a strategy in which a firm targets several market segments, employing a separate and distinct offering for each segment. In contrast, a concentrated segmentation strategy involves selecting a single, primary target market segment and therefore means that the firm will focus all of its efforts and resources on creating and providing a product or service that satisfies the needs and wants of that particular target market. In even more contrast, micromarketing is the most extreme approach to segmentation. With this strategy, products and services are specifically tailored to suit the needs and preferences of individual customers. An advantage of undifferentiated...
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...CASE STUDY REPORT INTERNATIONAL MARKETING SHISEIDO Shiseido is a Japanese cosmetics producer, market leader in its home country and one of the top ten players in the industry worldwide. Founded 1872 by Arinobu Fukuhara, Shiseido is also known for being the oldest cosmetics company in the world. COMPANY FACTS Net sales (consolidated): $ 7,024 billion Number of employees: 28,810 SHISEIDO group: 89 companies 29 domestic 57 overseas STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS Apart from being market leader in Japan, Shiseido is putting a lot of effort into research and development. Other important points are the strong focus on customer relationship management and environmental protection. But even though R&D is a cornerstone of Shiseido’s corporate philosophy, only 5% of the invented products are patented. This makes the company very vulnerable to competition. Another negative point is the limited other number of points of sale, thus making it hard to reach , customers. But there are also opportunities for Shiseido in the future. First of all, introducing the men’s cosmetics line opened the door to a new market with high potential. Second, forming strategic alliances, especially with foreign companies, can also lead the way to new markets (the same happened in the past when Shiseido formed alliances with Johnson & Johnson or Coca Cola Cola). Searching for new market chances is important because of various threats like for example the increasing competition in existing...
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...superior value men's and ladies' casual wear. UWoman, the third chain run by the Group, is a women swear line born from the concept for a brand with a more design-driven image. In 2007, the three specialty chains are consolidated into one lifestyle retail chain called G2000 which offers the existing product lines under different labels, namely G2000, G2000 Pink and G2000 blù. At the same time, the Group introduced G2 BLACK LABEL, the new line offering premium modern city wear. 2Marketing segmentation. Marketing segmentation refers to the process of dividing a market into smaller consumer groups with distinct needs, characteristics and .consumption patterns. In G2000, they used Demographic segmentation by age which focused on middle class consumers. 3Target market. Target marketing refers to the process of evaluating the attractiveness of each market segment, and selecting the most promising one(s) to enter. In G2000, its target market is mainly focused on middle class level that needed to where formal suits and mature clothing to work. Besides, they also provide a casual wear line for people to purchase as to widen the company’s target market to strengthen its competitiveness. 4Positioning. Positioning refers to the process of creating an image for a company’s product, and then projecting this image in its target consumers’ minds. In G2000, they use Service differentiation to be the positioning, they provide free...
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...Knowing the purchasing process they follow and the way they make choices in a given situation is the best way to make them purchase a product. Variables that influence purchasing process: * Risk analysis (financial, psychological, physical, functional) * Implication: importance given by consumer to the purchasing decision * Experience: is consumer used to buying this product * Situation/environment Purchasing Process: Problem Identification ->Information Research ->Evaluation-> Decision Most of the markets are heterogeneous: expectations and behaviours of consumers vary. Segmenting is the action of dividing the market into groups. Segmentation Criteria: * Demographics * Geographical * Social * Lifestyle * Behavior * Advantages Segmentation Strategies: Mass Marketing (commodities), Segmented Marketing, Focused Marketing (audit companies), One-to-One Marketing Positioning - the art of creating a different and...
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...A Study of CAPTCHA for Web Security Abstract— As the increase of Internet usage in term of available services provided, user gains more convenience but also face a challenge. Online services such as Email, search engine, social networking may be abused by the automated program or web bots. To ensure the service is used by human, most of them use Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Human Apart (CAPTCHA) methods to securing their web services. This paper will discuss the various types of CAPTCHAs and issues in designing the good CAPTCHA in term of security and usability. Keywords: CAPTCHA, TEXT-Based, GRAPHIC-Based, AUDIOBased, Robustness, Usability Online Polls: Result of any online poll can only be trusted if the poll system ensures that only humans can vote. Preventing Dictionary Attacks: CAPTCHAs can also be used to prevent dictionary attacks in password systems. Search Engine Bots: Configuring the website as nonindexed page is important to prevent others from finding them easily. This is why CAPTCHA is important Worms and Spam: CAPTCHAs also offer a reasonable solution against email worms and spam which only accept if the sender is a human [2]. I. INTRODUCTION A CAPTCHA which is stand for Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Human Apart is a challenge response test which gives a challenge to the users. It is one of Human Interaction Proofs. When the user gives accurate answer he is considered as...
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...product is design for a set of customers. Market are customers. The marketing process : 1 – Analysis => SWOT analysis - company strenghs & weaknesses (internal analysis) - market opportunities & threats (external analysis) 2 – Planification => setting goals => designing strategies 3 – Implementation => implementing Marketing mix strategies 4 Ps : Product, price, place, promotion 4 – Control => making sure strategies have delivered expected results Global marketing Global marketing is the coordination of marketing activities across various countries that satisfy customers needs. To go global : selling products on a worldwide basis. A) Why do firms go global ? Brand image : a set of mental representations that customers have about the brand. Survival and growth - limited growth in domestic markets eg (équivalent de exemple : exempli gracia en latin) : Nestlé - High growth potential in emerging markets emerging markets : have a fast growth eg China's growth rate around 8 %, BRICS Gaining increased competitiveness - Achieving economies of scale - Preempting or countering competitive attacks To preempt (anticiper, prévenir) a (foreign) market : to be the first to enter this market eg : Kodak films preempted the European market Taking advantage of global resources - Raw materials and other supply resources - Labour skills and costs eg : Michelin American I.T (information...
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...selected products Market segmentation is the process of defining and selecting a specific market to sell your product or service to. The market can be segmented through four bases which varies the circumstances which defines the consumer market. Firstly Geographic segmentation, this is segmentation decided through the consumer’s country, city and region. Demographic segmentation which is the common deciding factors of the general public, this includes age, gender, profession etc. Psychographic segmentation combination of the consumer’s social attitudes, his includes their attitude, opinions, morality towards the product or service. This is a key factor in any market segmentation. Lastly there is behavioural segmentation. This is segmentation of the market through the consumer’s relationship with the product/service. This is the consumers brand loyalty and how much they use the product/service. Overall the market is segmented through these four bases. B2C Marketing- Business to consumer marketing is a business that sells products or provides services to end-user consumers. B2B marketing is marketing of products to businesses for production of goods, for use in general business operations. Or for resale to other consumers, such as a wholesaler selling to a retailer. High income males | | Mercedes C class coupe Is targeted at high income males due to the high quality and price of the premium product. Also the Mercedes brand itself holds a premium image. Therefore due to their...
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...Chapter Eight: Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning Segmenting, Targeting, and Positioning Process Step 1: Establish Overall Strategy or Objectives * The segmentation strategy must be consistent with and derived from the firm’s mission statement and strategic objectives, as well as it’s current state * Current state involves SWOT Analysis (internal strengths and weaknesses, external opportunities and threats) Step 2: Profile Segments * The second step in the segmentation process is to describe the different segments (needs, wants, characteristics), which helps firms better understand the profile of the customers in each segment Segmentation Method | Sample Segments | 1. Geographic | Country, province, city, urban, rural, climate, continent: North America, Asia, Europe, Africa, Region: Atlantic, Central, Western Canada | 2. Demographic | Age, gender, income, education, occupation, ethnic background, religion, family life cycle | 3. Psychographic | Lifestyles, values, self concept | 4. Behavioural | Benefits derived, usage rates, user status. Loyalty | 1. Geographic Segmentation – the grouping of consumers on the basis of where they live * Divide market into separate geographic units of countries, regions, provinces, cities, neighbourhoods, climates, etc. * Then hey can develop appropriate marketing programs according to the areas * Geographic segmentation is most useful for companies who’s products satisfy...
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...Group Case Study – “Marketing the Eco-Shack” Prepared for: Lecturer – Puan Haslinda Mohd Yunus Tutorial – Ms. Racheal Louis Vincent Prepared by: Heru Onggodinata (4101285) Kevin Andrian (4101928) Date Submission: 17 May 2013 Tutorial group: T6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY With the issue of climate change at the moment, there should be consideration with environmental friendly products and one of them is Eco-Shack, eco-friendly portable house. The purpose of this essay is to show how the owner of Eco-Shack can persuade more people to use their products. The owner of Eco-Shack has to do market research to enables them to do market segmentation of their products for consumer segment and as well business segment. The aim of market segmentation is to enable them do be focus on certain segment, target the customers, be efficient, effective and generate more sales. The customer segment in New Zealand that might be interested in Urban Eco-Shack is demographic and psychographic segment. Using demographic segment, Eco-Shack can focus on the young age 20 to 30 also family size and income level, and then psychographic the New Zealand people that like to move houses every few years, so Eco-Shack can promote their products on this customer segment. Eco-Shack can target business segment for its Standard Eco-Shack, according to their business size, small business might be interested in buying it because it is easy to be move, medium size business might also interested in Eco-Shack...
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...Chapter 8: Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning * Marketing is about satisfying customers’ wants and needs * Segmentation: dividing the market into groups of customers who have different needs, wants, characteristics, who would appreciate products/services specifically geared towards them The Segmentation-Targeting-Positioning (STP) process includes: * 1. Establish Overall Strategy or Objectives * 2. Profile Segments * 3. Evaluate Segment Attractiveness * 4. Select Target Market * 5. Identify and Develop Positioning Strategy Step 1: Establish Overall Strategy or Objectives * Planning process * Vision or objectives of the company’s marketing strategy * Segmentation strategy must be consistent with firm’s mission and objectives and with its SWOT Step 2: Profile Segments * Describe different segments with their needs, wants, and characteristics * Helps firms better understand the profile of the customers in each segment, customer similarities within a segment, customer dissimilarities across segments * Benefits consumers derive from the products, break down groups of consumers * Segmentation methods based on: * Geographic * Demographic * Psychographic * Behavioural * Composite 1. Geographic Segmentation * The grouping of consumers on the basis of where they live * Ex. by country, region, province, neighbourhoods, climate, urban, rural * Most useful...
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...important to Britvic because without the information gathered they would be unable to expand their business and generate new products that will satisfy the customers. 4. Explain how Britvic might collect and use market research information. Include one quantitative and one qualitative research technique in your response. Ask specific questions, normally by trained people, for a specific purpose. Methods include - direct questioning, face-to-face surveys, postal or online questionnaires, telephone interviews, focus groups. Advantages include getting a fast response to specific questions, competitors cannot access it, and Disadvantage is that it can be expensive. 5. Explain the process of market segmentation and targeting and the benefits of segmentation and targeting to Britvic. The first step in the process of product promotion is Segmentation. The division of a broad market into small segments comprising of...
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...This assignment will explain the process of market segmentation, the characteristics that make a strong market segment, the different types of segments that are recognised by businesses. As well as this it will explain how market segmentation can help develop a marketing strategy and what the advantages and disadvantages in doing this are. Targeting and positioning within market segments will also be discussed. Mass marketing occurs when a company treats all their potential customers as one homogenous group having the same needs and characteristics. This is done by using the same marketing mix on all customers. This can be beneficial to smaller companies as economies of scale can be gained by mass producing promotional documents such as leaflets. Large firms are able to benefit more from economies of scale as they can purchase leaflets and newspaper advertising space in bigger quantities than smaller businesses. However, for many, this is not an option, customer preferences differ so much that mass marketing will cost more that it would save, as the wrong people are being informed of the product. Market segmentation needs to be implemented. Market segmentation is a process by which business separate groups of people within the market based on their personal characteristics. “A set of variables or characteristics used to assign potential customers to homogeneous groups” (M.Wedel, 2000). The most popular ways for businesses to segment their customers are geographically, demographically...
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