...International Capstone: Barriers to Higher Education – Gender Issue * Gender Issue in Higher Education – Russia Perspective * Increasing Level of Female Participation in Higher Education Over the last 10 years of economic reforms, the educational system, including higher education, has changed a great deal. The number of students at higher educational establishments rose by almost 40%, mainly because of the increase in women students. In 1992-2000, the number of male students rose by 327,000 or 25%, while the number of female students, by 763,000 or 50%. * Lack of Gender Awareness In access to education gender discrimination is less apparent than in other fields. 77% of women and 82% of men noted equal access to education in general, though 20% thought that women have fewer opportunities to receive education. In addition, the lack of gender awareness among decision makers in the higher education field is another problem. In Russia, there are no women ministers of education or heads of higher education departments. Thus, discrimination is more likely to develop when cross-group interactions are low, according to the contact theory. However, this clear underrepresentation of women at senior levels in both academic and administrative hierarchies is not perceived as an issue. * Gender Related Profession Discrimination Despite of the number, the fact that it is in the predominantly "female" professions where fees were introduced, while the traditionally...
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...Marketing principles Price discrimination Outline 1. Introduction............................................................................................................................3 2. Conditions for price discrimination........................................................................................3 3. Types of discrimination..........................................................................................................4 4. Advantages/Disadvantages of price discrimination...............................................................5 5. Economic explanation.............................................................................................................6 6. Examples of price discrimination......................................................................................7-16 7. Price discrimination in universities..............................................................................17 - 23 8. Summary.............................................................................................................................24 What is price discrimination? The goal of every business is to maximize its profits and they can achieve this goal by successfully determining the price of their products. There are many different ways to deal with determining the price of the products. All of these ways are called – pricing strategies. Price discrimination is one of many ways how companies may determine the price of their...
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...Affirmative Action Initiatives were created in order to correct the wrongs of discrimination and to make equal opportunity a reality. Affirmative Action Initiatives were created by law to ensure equal rights for minorities and women as it pertains to college admissions and promotions within the workforce. The affirmative action initiatives have been scrutinized since its inception. The creation of the initiatives was the first step in a long battle to end discrimination. The original intent was to be aggressive with non-discrimination and to racially integrate the workforces. Affirmative action, originally (Consortium Journal Hospitality & Tourism, 2010) implemented as a means of righting past wrongs and leveling the playing field for minorities and women, has in some circles become a bad word synonymous with quotas, privilege, and reverse discrimination. Although the Initiatives were coined and created in 1961, it wasn’t until the Civil Rights Act in 1964, that racial discrimination was actually prohibited in the workforce. Those for the affirmative action initiatives view them as a positive. Opponents of the Initiatives believe the harm of racial discrimination has dissipated therefore affirmative action is not necessary. Those against believe that race based policies make minority achievement a white allowance and the failure of minorities a group stigma. Those against also believe the Initiatives were created as a means of compensating for all racially based...
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...occupied the American land before the European invasion. The tribes that occupied the American land are commonly referred to as the Native Americans. A majority of the Asian American people that are living in the USA are immigrants. Both individuals and the community/communities are faced with various challenges such as adopting the American culture and retaining their root cultures at the same time. However, the major issue of concern is racial segregation they are faced with. Like any other subordinate group in the USA, the Asian American people are not spared off the vice. They experience discrimination emanating from the fact that they are different from other minority groups and as well the whites. They are subjected to discrimination in various fields in which they are engaged such as education, employment, immigration, land acquisition and others (Phan et al. 2009). This forms of discriminations have their impacts on the several life aspects of this minority groups including mental health impacts as discussed in this paper. Introduction Asian Americans are individuals or distinctive groups of people from the east, southeast, and Asia that have immigrated to the USA. Various individuals and as well groups of Asian Americans delves differently depending on what they believe is their position on American soil. A majority of them use their country of...
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...GENDER DISCRIMINATION AT WORKPLACES AND SPORTS BY : Md Jayeadur Rahman (HUMAN RESOURCES OFFICER) DATE : 6TH FEBRUARY 2012 MEMO OF TRANSMITTAL TO : WOMENS COUNCIL,BRISBANE FROM : Md Jayeadur Rahman ,HUMAN RESOURCES OFFICER DATE : 6TH FEBRUARY 2012 SUBJECT : GENDER DISCRIMINATION AT WORKPLACES AND SPORTS TABLE OF CONTENT PAGES SUMMARY 4 1.0 INTRODUCTION 5 1.1 PURPOSE 5 1.2 SCOPE 5 1.3 SOURCES AND METHODS 5 1.4 BACKGROUND 5 1.4.1 CURRENT SITUATION IN INDIA 6 1.5 APPROACHES TAKEN IN REPORT 6 2.0 DISCRIMINATION IN SPORTS AT SCHOOLS 7 3.0 EFFECTS ON SOCIETY 8 4.0 HOW TO HANDLE SUCH SITUATION 9 5.0 STEPS TO FIGHT AGAINST IT 9 6.0 SOME CASES ...
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...of the United States. Their vision had a huge caveat: only white men were created equally and held inherent rights. Our founding fathers immediately ingrained discrimination into the bones of this country and set the stage for years of struggle to achieve equal opportunity. After 185 years of denying equal social and economic opportunities to minorities and women, America’s leaders chose to act. The actions of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson brought forward a plan called affirmative action: to address the under-representation of qualified minorities and women in higher education and the workplace. With a foundation that contains discrimination in its core, affirmative action did not come without controversy. It has been the central topic of notable Supreme Court cases such as University of California Regents v. Bakke, Grutter v. Bollinger, and Fisher v. University of Texas. Many who oppose affirmative action argue that race-conscious programs lead to reverse discrimination and group preferences over individual merit. Through arguments, data and research, it will be shown that affirmative action is indeed an effective remedy for addressing racial inequality in higher education and other institutions. Without it in this current time, large negative effects would be felt throughout higher education and higher education. Affirmative action’s origins stem from an executive order that John F. Kennedy wrote in regards to the hiring practices of employers. It stated “...will...
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...[Type the company name] | Gender discrimination in workplace in Pakistan | Research Methods | | HIRA ARSHAD | 3/30/2013 | [Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document. Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document.] | Introduction: Nature has always maintained a balance in the objects of this world in order garnish it with a beauty, and so it produced a balancing factor for each and every object. These balancing factors vary in the proportion of the support they provide to their counterpart. In the very same context, ALLAH created man and woman as the supporting counterparts for each other. When a baby boy is born in a family, everyone congratulates the parents but if it is found out that the baby is a girl, the reaction is opposite, there is no happiness, either the baby is killed or accepted with least happiness. Gender discrimination is something in which a woman is discriminated and given less rights and opportunities as compared to males. Importance of the study with respect to the world: Gender discrimination has been a problem not just in this era but since the beginning of humanity. It doesn’t matter that which part of the world we look at, we will always find that woman are at the disadvantage. The major drawback is that this problem has become so common that it is considered normal now and accepted as a part...
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...part of it, there are many other factors such as gender and racism that contribute to this matter. Furthermore, the overall thesis for this paper is that the causes of socio-economic inequality are caused by more than solely economic factors. The arguments that will support this thesis will be: 1) Gender inequality in the workplace; 2) Discrimination towards age and race 3) Unequal access to education and power; and 4) How the social behaviors of members of society, through forms of discrimination, affect the attitudes of others. This topic has a social relevance, being that countless people around the world are affected by socio-economic inequality. I INTRODUCTION A study done on national income distribution shows that families in the top twenty percent are making 47.2 percent of the nation’s income, while the bottom twenty percent are making only 4.3 percent of it. Correspondingly, ten percent of households in the United States own 68 percent of the nation’s wealth. This proves that there is a problem of uneven distribution of income, and the reasons behind it are due to the social problems society has been facing for centuries. Discrimination against varieties of people has gained so much influence on society that it affects not only others with the same socio-economic stance as the people discriminating, but also has impact on those being discriminated against. There...
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...2015) Disability Discrimination Act defines disability as ‘a physical or mental impairment that has a substantial and long-term adverse affect on a person’s ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities’. (Fuller, Healey, Bradley, Hall, 2004)As the definition referred to mental and physical disability, Dyslexia, unseen disabilities, multiple disabilities and other personal care support. Disability as a human right issue, children with disabilities have the right to get education without any discrimination and accordingly...
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...Lack of education an insufficiency, shortage, or absence of something required or desired something that is required but is absent or in short supply Imagine seaMost Americans are conscious of the privation and misery that exist in third world countries all around the globe. Each day millions of people in destitute counties are left starving and weakened from illnesses. Several African countries such as, Sudan, Tanzania, and Ethiopia are quintessential third world countries; they are some of the most deprived countries in the world. In these nations, warfare and government may set the foundation of poverty and disease, but several other causes throw logs into the burning fire. Lack of education in Africa is another cause for poverty and ailment. Hundreds of millions of Africans are illiterate. Due to the lack of education about disease in the continent, millions are infected with lethal illnesses annually. Some of these disease include tuberculosis, Ebola, malaria, and of course the most well known sickness the AIDS virus. From a very young age Africans are disadvantaged when it comes to being educated. Only 56% of African children attendschool and only about a third of that number actually finishes grade school. For the fortunate children who are able to attend a school, life is astonishingly harder than any American student would know. Schools have very little equipment, having a chalkboard is considered privileged and most schools do not have desks, just cold, dirt...
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...I propose that the causal link is decreased trust in healthcare providers. Because minorities expect to be (and often are) discriminated against, minorities will not trust healthcare professionals. Going to the doctor is a stressful experience for minorities who expect mistreatment, discrimination, or apathy from healthcare providers. For many, avoiding this stress means avoiding engaging with the healthcare system. They would be less likely to appear for physicals, go to the doctor when sick, choose elective surgeries, or consult doctors about suggestions for medications. If they do go, they are less likely to listen to what the professional will say. They may refuse to take suggested medications or vaccines or ignore guidelines about lifestyle choices from professionals. They may defer testing or treatment for preventable diseases or refuse referrals from doctors. As a result of avoiding the healthcare system because of perceived racism, minorities would suffer from higher rates of disease and illness when compared to Whites. The result would be a significantly higher mortality rate when controlling for other factors such as age, socioeconomic status, and...
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...65-82 ISSN 2152-1034 Gender Compensation Discrimination: An Exploration of Gender Compensation Gap and the Higher Education Connection Judith E. Grey-Bowen, Miami-Dade County Public Schools Donovan A. McFarlane, The Donovan Society LLC and Frederick Taylor University Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine the gender gap and the potential factors that contribute to income inequality. Since the passing of the equal pay act, the median weekly earnings of women is still just seventy eight cents on each dollar that men earn (Center for American Progress, 2010). To put this in context, the pay gap in 1970 was sixty two cents and in 1992 it was seventy five cents (Institute for Women’s Research, 1993). Undervaluation of women’s work, occupational gender segregation, and discriminatory treatment in the workplace continue to hamper efforts to reduce the gender pay gap. A pay check is women’s and men’s most important source of income. Therefore, it is surprising, discriminatory and unfair to know that after both genders have worked satisfactorily on the same job; they do not receive the same pay. The gender pay gap is the best way to measure pay inequality between men and women. The authors discuss Gender Compensation Discrimination and examine the historical trends in pay difference, the various causes and the methods and paths considered for closing the Gender Compensation Gap. Key words: Gender Compensation Discrimination, Gender Compensation Gap, Equality, Rights and...
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...the discrimination based on religion, race, inhabitants, language or color, focusing from education, employment, and health services to various social issues.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirmative_action India is a country with a population over 1.18 billion having more than 8 different religions and more than 29 well defined regional languages and different dialects associated with each language that are spoken in 27 different states and 7 union territories. Discrimination on the bases of caste. India has an ancient history for the caste system, which has undergone many transformations over the years. About 2600 years ago India had 5 major races which constituted the ancient Indian society; they were Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, kshudras and ati kshudras. The Brahmins were the Intellectual people who took the education, the Kshatriyas were the warriors and the rulers, the vaishyas were the business class. These three classes formed the upper strata of the society whereas the kshudras and the ati kshudras did the menial job and formed the lower class. When India got freedom in 1947 a large portion of the population was Dalit; a term used for socially and economically backward classes. Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar, who wrote the constitution of India, made amendments to justify the injustice done to them for centuries by giving them a lead in the society. “The central government reserves 27 percent of all government jobs and places in the institutions of higher education exclusively...
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...Summary: Inequalities among women in the workplace are a major problem. While the United States and other countries have made significant progress towards implementing laws to prevent harassment and discrimination, these issues continue to plague women. Women encounter pay inequalities frequently. Although there are a large majority of women who are receiving higher levels of education than men, women are not being promoted to top positions in the workplace even when their performance equals that of men. Furthermore, because of wage inequalities, the average woman who works full-time will encounter a $460,000 loss in pay throughout a forty-year time span, which will result in working twelve extra years to compensate for this loss in income (Godfrey,2017). Moreover, women regularly experience sexual harassment and sex discrimination. While Title...
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...Term Paper On Gender Discrimination in Bangladesh Submitted by WWW.ASSIGNMENTPOINT.COM Dialogue over the issue of Gender Discrimination is not a recent phenomenon. During the 1950s and 60s, the emphasis on women was on their reproductive roles as mothers and homemakers. This approach was based on Western stereotypes of the nuclear family in which women are economically dependent on the male breadwinners. In the early 1970s, researchers began to focus on the division of labor based on sex, and the impact of development and modernization strategies on women. The WID (Women in Development) concept came into use in this period. The philosophy underlying this approach is that women are lagging behind in society and the gap between men and women can be bridged by remedial measures within the existing structures. The WID approach started to recognize women as direct actors of social, political, cultural and working life. Therese Blancher mentioned gender disparity of Bengali society as: The birth of a boy is always greeted with joy. The birth of a girl is welcome when it is a first child (the first fruit which announces the fertility of the plant), or when there are already boys and no girl in a family. Otherwise, it is often received with resentment. Boys represent wealth, but girls are seen as a cumbersome responsibility. They are born to be given in marriage. This will require a dowry and impoverish the family most prefer a large number of sons...
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