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Dividend Announcement

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BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
1.1. Latar Belakang
Perkembangan suatu negara dapat dilihat melalui kegiatan ekonomi yang berlangsung di negara tersebut. Pelaksanaan aktivitas ekonomi dan pembangunan nasional dalam upaya peningkatan pemerataan, pertumbuhan dan stabilitas ekonomi nasional perlu ditunjang salah satunya melalui aktivitas pasar modal. Agar tujuan tersebut tercapai pasar modal berperan sebagai suatu sumber pembiayaan bagi dunia usaha baik usaha kecil dan menengah dalam pembangunannya . Selain itu,pasar modal merupakan wahana investasi bagi masyarakat termasuk pemodal kecil dan menengah. Fungsi dari pasar modal sendiri yaitu sebagai prasarana transaksi modal yang dapat mempengaruhi pembangunan ekonomi suatu negara. Efisiensi pasar modal merupakan faktor penentu keberhasilan pengembangan pasar modal. Agar dapat meningkatkan kepercayaan para investor domestik maupun luar negeri dalam melakukan investasi di pasar modal aktivitas pasar modal harus dilakukan secara efektif dan efisien. Pasar modal merupakan pertemuan antara pihak yang memiliki dana dan pihak yang membutuhkan dana. Aktivitas yang berlangsung dalam pasar modal adalah aktivitas jual beli sekuritas, sekuritas umumnya memiliki umur lebih dari satu tahun, seperti saham dan obligasi. Kegiatan pasar modal di Indonesia di fasilitasi secara fisik oleh pemerintah melalui bursa efek. Di Indonesia terdapat dua bursa efek yaitu Bursa Efek Jakarta ( BEJ ) dan Bursa Efek Surabaya ( BES ). Indonesia sebagai pasar yang sedang berkembang (emerging market), memiliki tingkat fluktuasi pergerakan harga ekuitas di pasar modal yang relatif tinggi. Kondisi tersebut dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor antara lain informasi luar perusahaan (eksternal), serta informasi internal perusahaan. Ada beberapa informasi laporan keuangan yang dapat diperhatikan seperti informasi tentang cash flow, earnings atau informasi-informasi lain yang berhubungan dengan kebijakan perusahaan , misalnya informasi mengenai pengumuman dividen bagi para pemegang saham dan sebagainya.

Dalam berinvestasi investor sebagai penanam modal bertujuan untuk mendapatkan imbalan atau pendapatan dari dana yang diinvestasikan berupa capital gain atau dividend. Capital gain adalah selisih antara nilai jual dengan nilai beli saham bila investor menjual saham tersebut. Sedangkan dividen adalah proporsi laba atau keuntungan yang dibagikan kepada para pemegang saham dalam jumlah yang sebanding dengan jumlah lembar saham yang dimilikinya. Para spekulator umumnya lebih memanfaatkan capital gains karena sesuai dengan perubahan harga saham yang terjadi pada setiap hari perdagangan saham. Perubahan harga saham tersebut dipicu oleh banyak faktor salah satunya adalah informasi mengenai dividen. Informasi tersebut termasuk mengenai apakah perusahaan membagikan dividennya serta besarnya dividen yang dibagikan. Selain itu, banyaknya saham yang diperdagangan di Bursa Efek membuat investor perlu melakukan pertimbangan dalam menentukan saham apa yang akan dibelinya. Investor akan mempertimbangkan informasi yang tersedia dari masing-masing saham termasuk didalamnya adalah pengumuman pembagian dividen. Pengumuman pembagian dividen merupakan salah satu corporate action yang berasal dari intern emiten, yang juga merupakan salah satu faktor penting yang dapat mempengaruhi investor untuk berinvestasi. Dalam kondisi di mana investor dihadapkan pada ketidakpastian hasil investasi, maka penggunaan dividen sebagai suatu indikator untuk memperkirakan prospek keuntungan sebagai hasil dalam investasi tersebut.

Pembagian dividen dapat dilakukan dalam bentuk saham maupun tunai, umumnya pembagian dividen dalam bentuk tunai lebih disukai investor dikarenakan pembayaran dividen tunai merupakan indikasi kekuatan dan kesehatan perusahaan. Dalam situasi seperti ini menunjukkan bahwa investor sangat menunggu pengumuman pembagian dividen oleh perusahan yang bersangkutan. Dividen tunai yang dibayarkan perusahaan menunjukkan bahwa perusahaan telah memperoleh laba dan mampu membayarkan dividen. Secara otomatis pengumuman dividen yang dilakukan akan memberikan dampak pada harga saham. Pada pemikiran pertama, investor akan melihat pembagian dividen sebagai kemampuan perusahaan dalam menjalankan perusahaannya sehingga memperoleh laba dan mampu membayarkan dividen kepada investor. Dengan demikian harga saham tersebut akan mengalami peningkatkan sebanding dengan nilai dari return saham. Sedangkan pada pemikiran kedua, investor melihat bahwa apabila perusahaan mengeluarkan sejumlah uang untuk membayar dividen kepada pemegang saham, maka akan mempengaruhi cash flow perusahaan yang nantinya dapat mengganggu operasi perusahaan. Apabila dana yang dikeluarkan bisa mengganggu jalannya operasi, otomatis dapat juga menyebabkan perusahaan mengalami kesulitan keuangan. Adanya dua pemikiran tersebut secara logika akan mendorong harga atau nilai saham di pasar dapat mengalami kenaikan atau penurunan.

Pengumuman dividen mengandung informasi mengenai persepsi manajemen tentang prospek perusahaan di masa yang datang, yaitu jika dikaitkan dengan keuntungan yang diharapkan perusahaan serta aliran kas untuk membayar dividen. Menurut Aharony dan Swary (1980) dalam Bandi dan Hartono (2000) dalam hipotesis kandungan informasi dividen, manajer menggunakan pengumuman dividen sebagai signal (signaling) perubahan ekspektasi terhadapa prospek perusahaan masa mendatang. Apabila pengumuman dividen mempunyai arti bagi investor maka akan berpengaruh terhadap return dan volume perdagangan saham. Meningkatnya volume perdagangan saham menunjukkan bahwa saham semakin likuid sehingga dapat memberi manfaat bagi investor dalam bentuk peningkatan investasi.

Beberapa indikator dapat digunakan untuk mendeteksi apakah secara individual pasar merespon pengumuman dividen sebagai informasi untuk membuat keputusan investasi. Apabila ada reaksi yang terjadi berkaitan dengan pengumuman tersebut maka bisa diartikan bahwa pengumuman tersebut mengandung informasi. Reaksi pasar terhadap harga saham dapat diukur dengan menggunakan abnormal return saham sebagai nilai perubahan harga. Pengumuman pembayaran dividen dikatakan mengandung informasi apabila memberikan return yang signifikan kepada pasar. Apabila pengumuman pembayaran dividen tidak memberikan abnormal return yang tidak signifikan maka hal itu berarti adanya informasi yang diberikan namun tidak berhasil diserap oleh investor.
Berdasarkan isu yang telah diungkapkan sebelumnya, ditemukan adanya pertentangan mengenai apakah pengumuman dividen mempunyai kandungan informasi atau tidak. Oleh karena itu, peneliti mengunakan studi event untuk melihat reaksi pasar yaitu dengan menggunakan indikator Security Return Variability ( SRV ) yaitu untuk mengetahui tingkat keuntungan saham pada pengumuman dividen dalam menguji apakah pengumuman tersebut mengakibatkan perubahan dalam distribusi return saham.

Penelitian yang berkaitan reaksi pasar atas dividen yang diumumkan telah dilakukan oleh beberapa peneliti sebelumnya diantaranya Ratnawati ( 2009) dan Putu Ayu Sriwahyuni dan I Made Sukartha ( 2011 ) pada perusahaan yang termasuk dalam LQ 45 serta Dahly Muallifah( 2009) melakukan penelitian terhadap perusahaan yang termasuk Jakarta Islamic index mengamati reaksi pasar terhadap berbagai pengumuman dividen. Dari semua hasil penelitian tersebut tidak ditemukan kandungan informasi yang diserap oleh investor berdasarkan dividen tunai yang diumumkan
Sementara beberapa peneliti lain se perti Evy gantiowati dan yayuk sulisityani ( 2008) yang melakukan penelitian terhadap perusahaan yang masuk dalam corporate governance perception index ( CGPI) dan Andi Sularso ( 2003 ) yang melakukan penelitian pada tanggal sebelum dan sesudah ex-dividend date menemukan adanya kenaikan yang signifikan pada tanggal sebelum dan sesudah ex-dividend date . Dalam penelitian tersebut diperoleh hasil bahwa abnormal return sesudah ex-dividend date lebih besar dari abnormal return sebelum.
Melihat hasil penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya telah memberikan suatu gambaran bagi penulis tentang adanya pengaruh yang berbeda-beda yang ditimbulkan dari pengumuman dividen yang dibagikan oleh perusaahan. Berdasarkan hal tersebut , dalam pnelitian ini pengujian kandungan informasi dimaksudkan untuk melihat reaksi dari suatu pengumuman dividen. Apabila informasi dari pengumuman tersebut diterima investor makan diharapkan pasar akan bereaksi pada waktu pengumuman tersebut. Reaksi pasar ditunjukkan dengan adanya perubahan dari sekuritas yang bersangkutan. Reaksi ini diukur oleh penulis menggunakan variabilitas tingkat keuntungan saham, abnormal return serta trading volume activity.

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