...market participants expect a corporation to gain $5 per share, but the corporation gains only $4 per share. Holding everything else constant, according to the e¢ cient markets hypothesis, the price of the stock will (increase / decrease / be unchanged ) when the $4 per share gain is announced. 4. Suppose a company decides to retain a higher percentage of earnings so that its dividend payment to stock-holders decreases. “Lower dividends means that stock prices will decrease.” This statement is (true / false). Holding everything else constant, the increase in retained earnings would decrease stock prices. However, a change in retained earnings often leads to a change in perception of growth rate of dividends. If g increases, stock prices would tend to increase. The net result will be an ambiguous e¤ ect on stock prices. SHORT ANSWERS NO CREDIT WILL BE GIVEN FOR JUST STATING THE CORRECT ANSWER. 1. Suppose you observe that after a …rm makes an unanticipated earnings announcement, there is an immediate jump in the stock price and then the price keeps drifting for a while after the announcement. Is this consistent with the e¢ cient markets hypothesis? Explain. No it is not. If there is a predictable change in stock prices then you should be able to predict it. After an unexpected, say positive, earnings...
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...Beginning Literature of Dividends and the Movement towards Repurchases .......3 3.0 Methods of Repurchases and Key Definition ...............................................................4 4.0 The Positives and Negatives on Methods of Repurchases ……....................................5 5.0 Summary and Conclusion ...........................................................................................10 6.0 References.....................................................................................................................11 1.0 Introduction “A share repurchase distributes cash to existing shareholders in exchange for a fraction of the firm's outstanding equity. That is, cash is exchanged for a reduction in the number of shares outstanding.” (Wikipedia Foundation, Inc.) The intent of this paper is to review stock repurchases as the preferred method of alternative payout for shareholders. There are many reasons why firms choose this option. Past literature shows substantial evidence of reasons that range from capital structure adjustments to takeover defense (Bagwell, 1991). However, in my opinion the strongest reason is because stock repurchases can be used as another method of paying out shareholders in the form of a dividend. In recent times, there have been multiple literary publications that proved that repurchasing is a viable option for firms. In the first section of this paper, I will provide a beginning overview of dividends and how stock repurchases...
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...3 2.1 Expected Reaction of Stock Price 3 2.1.1 The Modigliani/Miller Theorem 3 2.1.2 The Tax Theory of Dividends 4 2.1.3 The Signaling Theory of Dividends 5 2.1.4 Agency Costs 5 2.1.5 Theory of Dividends Based on Tax Clienteles 6 2.2 Chart in the Light of Previous Theories 7 3 Elton and Gruber (1970): “Marginal Stock Holders tax Rates and the Clientele effect”, Review of Economics and Statistics 52, p. 68-74 8 3.1 Investors’ Marginal Tax Rate 8 3.2 Ex-Dividend Price Decline 8 3.3 Equal Tax Rates 9 4 Reference List 9 Allen, F., Bernardo, A.E., & Welch, I. (2000). A theory of dividends based on tax 9 clienteles. The Journal of Finance, 55(6), S. 2499-2536 9 * The Porsche Takeover To answer the question it has to be distinguished between common stocks (ordinary shares) and preferred stocks: Common stock (ordinary stock) can be defined as a “security representing ownership of a corporation” (Brealey, Myers, & Allen, 2011, p. 913). In this context ownership means “the right to the cash flows and the right to take all financing, and investment decisions, and full cash flow and full control rights”. Preferred stock on the other hand can be defined as a “stock that takes priority over common stock in regard to dividends. Dividends may not be paid on common stocks unless dividend is paid on all preferred stocks. The dividend rate on preferred stock is usually fixed at time of issue” (Brealey, Myers, & Allen, 2011, p. 922). The price...
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...Financial Management II PROJECT REPORT Submitted To: Submitted By: Prof. Chhavi Mehta Section B (Group No. – 9) Aashish Pant (15PGDM066) Akshita Jain(15PGDM070) Neelima Jain(15PGDM096) Nupur Goyal (15PGDM098) Siddharth Warrier (15PGDM119) Pharmaceuticals Industry in India: Overview: Indian pharmaceutical sector accounts for about 2.4 per cent of the global pharmaceutical industry in value terms and 10 per cent in volume terms and is expected to expand at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 15.92 per cent to US$ 55 billion by 2020 from US$ 20 billion in 2015. With 71 per cent market share, generic drugs form the largest segment of the Indian pharmaceutical sector. By 2016, India is expected to be the third-largest global generic Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) merchant market. The country accounts for the second largest number of Abbreviated New Drug Applications (ANDAs) and is the world’s leader in Drug Master Files (DMFs) applications with the US. Indian drugs are exported to more than 200 countries in the world, with the US as the key market. Generic drugs account for 20 per cent of global exports in terms of volume, making the country the largest provider of generic medicines globally and expected to expand even further in coming years. Pharmaceuticals Exports Promotion Council (Pharmexcil) expects pharmaceutical exports to reach US$ 25 billion in 2015. The Government...
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...HAVELOCHE CORPORATION INTRODUCTION Phil Grange, the CEO of Haveloche Corporation, have been asked to be a guest lecturer at Cokesbury College. One of the finance professors has specifically requested a discussion on Haveloche's dividend policy, hi preparation, Phil has reviewed several textbooks that Dr. Roche, the professor, has provided, and has printed out the history of dividends for the nine years that Haveloche Corporation has been publicly traded. BACKGROUND Haveloche Corporation was formed in 1989 as a research firm dedicated to innovative electronic design. Haveloche sells patents to large electronics manufacturing companies. For innovative inventions that are immediately useful to these electronics firms, Haveloche receives handsome gains. Many of the inventions and patents also wind up sitting on a shelf, even after Haveloche goes to the effort and expense of gaining the patent. Inventions that hit the jackpot make up for the losers over time, but the successes are sporadic and create large fluctuations in Haveloche's earnings. The firm grew up very quickly until its initial public offering in June of 1994 due to several key patents that were snatched up by several large computer manufacturers. By 1994, there were 28 researchers in the Haveloche think-tank, and the firm had developed the reputation for cutting edge research with a market orientation. Haveloche was also one of the larger pure research firms, and appeared to have become large enough to ensure more...
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...In the age of technological advances, the older founders the industry were finding it hard to stay afloat as their younger, perkier counterparts took the stage with fancier innovations. Needless to say, they needed to found a way to counteract profit loss and unhappy stock holders. The announcement that IBM would repurchase $2.5 billion of its own stock resulted in a price jump of 7% because "stock buybacks are a traditional way for corporations to return excess cash to shareholders without increasing quarterly dividend requirements. These payments are one-time cash distributions, over and above the normal cash dividend amounts, with the shares normally repurchased in open market transactions. In fact, in recent years, share repurchases have returned more cash to shareholders than cash dividends" (Hurtt, Kreuze, & Langsam, 2008). "Stock buybacks can increase stock prices on announcement, due to the anticipated reduction in the number of shares outstanding" creating a seller's market (Hurtt, Kreuze, & Langsam, 2008). for someone with a surplus of stocks in their hand, this is a favorable situation. "Companies often dispute this direct relationship. Intel, for example, spent approximately $4 billion on stock buybacks during 2004 and issued 63.7 million shares to employees due to the exercise of stock options. To counteract dilution from these options exercises, $641 million in cash outflows were required. Moreover, while Intel has repurchased 2.2 billion...
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...Sensitivity to Dividend Changes ∗ Cesare Fracassi Department of Finance - UCLA Anderson School of Management Email Address: cesare.fracassi.2009@anderson.ucla.edu First Draft April 4th , 2007 Current Draft: July 29, 2008 Abstract This paper examines the stock price sensitivity to dividend changes. The Dividend Signaling, the Free-Cash-Flow, the Maturity and the Catering Hypotheses all predict an average positive (negative) reaction to announcement of a dividend increase (decrease). However, these hypotheses have different cross-sectional predictions. This paper documents that the positive stock price response to dividend increases is due primarily to the signaling of higher future earnings, to the managers catering to the time-varying premium assigned by the market to dividend paying stocks, and partially to the reduction of agency problems. On the contrary, the negative price response to dividend decreases is mainly due to the transition from a mature life-cycle stage to a decline stage with higher systematic risk, as maintained by the Maturity Hypothesis. Keywords: Dividend; Signaling; Overinvestment; Life-Cycle. JEL Classification Numbers: G14, G35. ∗ I would like to thank Albert Sheen for his constant support and excellent insights. I would also like to thank Antonio Bernardo, my mentor over the years, and Mark Garmaise and Walter Torous for their helpful comments. All errors are mine. 1 1 Introduction The impact of dividend change announcements...
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...Is dividend policy important? Shareholders look into the capability of companies to initiate a dividend. Dividends are payments made by a company to a shareholder usually after a company earns a profit. Since dividends are money divided to shareholders after a profit, it is not considered a business expense but a sharing of recognized assets among shareholders. Dividends are either paid regularly or can be called out anytime. Consequently, a dividend policy is a set of company rules and guidelines used to decide how much the company will pay out to its shareholders. A dividend policy is first known as a heavy factor in a company’s stock value. However, more scholars are suggesting that corporate dividend policies do not matter and should not matter in a company’s stock value. Arguments against dividend policies start from the fact that investors can create their own dividends on other investment option. A wise investor can look at more stable bonds to earn a return of investment rather than a dividend policy that can fluctuate. Secondly, earning from dividends is taxed higher than capital gains. For these reasons, investors are not lured to relative corporate dividend policies of companies as an accurate value of their stock. Some companies believe that a no-dividend policy is just as sound as companies with a dividend policy. Companies without a dividend policy can use their profit earnings to reinvest and expand the company shares or buy assets. Having a dividend policy...
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...Theories for Dividend Policy and Factors Affecting Dividend Payout A Review of the Literature Prepared for, 11038 Corporate Finance 307 School of Economics and Finance Curtin Business School Curtin University Miri Sarawak Campus Abstract The main objective of this literature review is to highlight the major theories for dividend policy that have been discussed and argued by many researchers over the years. It is aim to helping firms’ management to set their dividend policy and provide additional knowledge to investors. The theoretical aspect is agency theory which has negative relationship between percentages of insiders and ratio of dividend payout. The signaling theory is applicable in the real world but there is no evidence to support changes in dividend payout signaling the current and future performance of the firm. Bird-in-the-hand theory which risk adverse investors prefer receive dividend now instead of sell their shares in future for capital gain and this theory was not agreed by MM. Next is tax preference theory to study whether the level of firm leverage ratio will affect the dividend payout but it is not applicable for Indian firms. Lastly will discuss about how firm size and financial leverage can affect the firms’ dividend payout. In conclusion, since firms are free to choose whether to distribute dividend or retained their earnings, so there are not right or wrong theories and factors for dividend policy. Government regulations on firms and corporate...
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...interest bearing debt will increase by $3,289 million from the 2009 level, assuming the USD650 bond issue is treated as long term liabilities in the 2009 report. The interest expense will increase by AUD$230 million (6.998% of $3,289 million equity funding equivalent). Shareholder equity is $3,289 million less under the alternative scenario, which also means that annual dividend payout is reduced by $470 million assuming $1.10 per share payout for FY2009. Financing Cash Flow [pic] Interest Expense increases with increased debt from $737m to $938m Profit after Tax reduces by $313m from $1,535m to $1,224m. This is due to the increase in interest which is partially offset by the tax benefit of interest. Interest Bearing Debt will increase by $3,289m Shareholder Equity reduces by $3,289m. This is due to the rights issue being replaced by long-term debt, increasing the debt-holders interest in WES. Financing Cash Flow increases by $240m. Whilst the cash outflow of servicing the debt (interest) has increased by $230m, this is more than offset by the decreased cash outflow to equity holders (dividends) of $470m. Imputation Credit Balance decreases by... ii) Standard and Poors [pic] Under the alternative financing arrangement, the key debt ratios have moved back to the 2008 levels, specifically,...
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...There are ways for shareholders to receive cash without being paid dividends. A firm can buy back some of its shares with the advantage being that most investors are not taxed as heavily on shares sold as they are on dividends received.(The Dividend Puzzle) Any increase in the dividend that is not financed by external financing will hurt creditors. Any money that is payed out in dividends is lost to the creditors if trouble develops. Repurchases are an efficient way to reduce agency costs of free cash flow, like dividends, but repurchases increase the debt-equity ratio with possible debt overhang costs. Shareholders would benefit from share repurchases as they would pay lower tax on the capital gain then they would on a dividend income payment. They could potentially find themselves to be better off with a repurchase. Shareholders would view a repurchase as positive as if the market reacts positively to announcements of dividend increases then it should also do for repurchases. Share prices traditionally rise by 3 % when firms announce open-market share repurchases. Buybacks can also signal to shareholders that the firm is underpriced; however Gainesboro could also be buying back shares from particular shareholders in order to distribute cash to insiders before revealing bad news to the market. So Gainesboro must be careful in the way it undertakes the buyback if it wants to portray positive news to shareholders. Share repurchase may also have an effect on ownership...
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...DIVIDENDS & STOCK REPURCHASE - I Dr. Kulbir Singh ACF Term III 2013-14 IMT Nagpur • Shareholders love it. • Bondholders hate it. • Managers consider it obvious. • Financial economists find it puzzling. • What is it? • Dividends; what else?! INTRODUCTION Dividend has been defined u.s. Sec 2 (14A) of the Companies Act, 1956 Dividend payment by Indian Companies are regulated by Sec 205 of Companies Act, 1956 Dividend is distribution of divisible or distributable profits of a company among the holders of its shares. Paid by the company to its shareholders on the basis of number of shares held by them and the rights attached to the various class of shares. Dividend includes any interim dividend Dividend declared at any time between two AGM Paid in anticipation of profits of a period before accounts for that period have been prepared Can be paid if authorized by AoA Declared by Board of Directors in AGM Declaration of dividend is usually one of the items of the Agenda of every annual general meeting Approval of shareholders required in India and most of Europe and China, but not in some countries like the USA. INTRODUCTION Dividend is paid by a company to its shareholders on a particular date (book closure date) either out of profits or out of reserves. Dividends are paid after providing fro Depreciation (Sec 205(1) to the extent specified in Sec 350 of the Companies Act) and After transferring to the reserves (Sec 205(A)) of the company at least 10% of...
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...Berman; Tom King, Progressive Insurance; Rick Passov, Pfizer; Erik Sirri, Babson College; and Joe Willett, (formerly) Merrill Lynch. Moderated by Don Chew. Where M&A Pays and Where It Strays: A Survey of the Research Robert Bruner, University of Virginia Pathways to Success in M&A Mahmoud Mamdani and David Noah, Morgan Stanley In Defense of Incentive Compensation: Its Effect on Corporate Acquisition Policy Sudip Datta and Mai Iskandar-Datta, Wayne State Reappearing Dividends Brandon Julio and David Ikenberry, University of Illinois Making Capitalism Work for Everyone Raghuram Rajan and Luigi Zingales, University of Chicago University, and Kartik Raman, Bentley College Reappearing Dividends by Brandon Julio and David L. Ikenberry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign * I n his 1976 classic called “The Dividend Puzzle,” Fischer Black wrote that there was no convincing explanation for public corporations’ centuriesold practice of paying cash dividends to their shareholders. His argument rested on two main premises. The first was Modigliani and Miller’s demonstration that,...
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...Synopsis and Objectives Other cases in which dividend policy is an important issue: “Deutsche Brauerei,” (Case 11) In mid September 2005, Ashley Swenson, the chief financial officer (CFO) of a large computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) equipment manufacturer needed to decide whether to pay out dividends to the firm’s shareholders, or to repurchase stock. If Swenson chose to pay out dividends, she would have to also decide upon the magnitude of the payout. A subsidiary question is whether the firm should embark on a campaign of corporate-image advertising, and change its corporate name to reflect its new outlook. The case serves as an omnibus review of the many practical aspects of the dividend and share buyback decisions, including (1) signaling effects, (2) clientele effects, and (3) the finance and investment implications of increasing dividend payouts and share repurchase decisions. This case can follow a treatment of the Miller-Modigliani dividend-irrelevance theorem and serves to highlight practical considerations to consider when setting a firm’s dividend policy. Suggested Questions for Advance Assignment to Students The instructor could assign supplemental reading on dividend policy and share repurchases. Especially recommended are the Asquith and Mullins article on equity signaling, and articles by Stern Stewart on financial communication. 1. In theory, to fund an increased dividend payout or a stock buyback, a firm might invest...
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...Dividend Policy at Linear Technology | Finance 2013 Page 2 of 13 1. Linear Technology’s Dividend Pay-out Policy Linear Tech announced its first dividend in Oct 13, 1992, and paid the first dividend in Q2 1993. The amount of the dividend is $0.00625/share per quarter (adjusted to stock split). The rationale behind the dividend policy is to show investors that owning Linear’s shares is not as risky as owning shares of most technology companies, and on top of that, to attract dividend income investors. Quarterly dividend has been consistently increased every year by an average of 23.52% (Exhibit 1). The highest hike was in the fourth quarter of 2000, where the company increased the quarterly dividend from $0.02/share to $0.03/share (50% increase). Over the time, the average dividend yield is 0.46%. When the share price was at its peak, the dividend yield was at the lowest (0.15% - 0.19%). In contrast, the dividend yield was nearly 1% in the Q1 2003 when the share price dropped to $20.72 (Exhibit 2). Most of the companies in the Semiconductor Index (SOX) do not pay dividend. Linear Tech is one of the few companies that pays dividend, along with Intel, Motorola, STMicroelectronics, and Texas Instruments. Maxim recently announced to start offering quarterly dividend of $0.02 per share, yielding about 0.21%. Therefore, Linear Tech’s dividend yield is comparable to those dividend paying companies (Exhibit 3). Historically, Linear Tech paid out...
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