...Assignment 1: IPv4, IPv6, and DNS Bryce Beasley December 19, 2014 IT530-01 Computer Networks Professor: Dr. Thomas Watts, PhD, CISSP Kaplan University Abstract DNS (Domain Name System) is crucial to the activity on the Internet. DNS provides components to resolve a hostname to an IP (Internet protocol) address. The resolution of a hostname occurs over a hierarchy of domain servers. These domain servers consist of name server knowledge for their explicit domain level. A section of the web address will include the domain level. DNS utilizes IP versions 4 (IPv4) and 6 (IPv6) to help resolve hostnames, and also establishes a connection between each host. The connection between the hosts will allow bits to transmit back and forth. These concepts go into more depth in this research paper. The keywords are: IPv4, IPv6, DNS, DNS hierarchy Introduction The Internet is used daily by millions people browsing the Web. Anyone who wants to look at a specific website will type an address in the browser, and a web page will display the appropriate page in the browser. This process is not possible without the utilization of DNS. DNS has a role similar to what a translation service would achieve. What specifically does DNS translate? It translates a name such as www.yahoo.com into an IP address such as 206.190.36.45. This simple function is attained because of three primary characteristics of DNS. First, the mapping of IP addresses are joined to and then referenced against a database;...
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...Assignment 1 9/25/2014 A Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical distributed naming system for computers, services, or any resources connected to the internet or a private network. It associates various information with domain names assigned to each of the participating entitles. It translates easily memorized domain names to the numerical IP addresses needed for the purpose of locating computer services and devices worldwide. The best way that I have been able to explain it, it works like a phone book for the internet by translating hostnames into IP addresses. But unlike a phone book, the DNS can easily be updated and quickly. The internet maintains two principal namespaces, the domain name hierarchy and the Internet Protocol address spaces. A DNS name server is a server that stores the DNS records for a domain name, such as (A or AAA) records, name server records, and mail exchanger records. A DNS name server responds with answers to queries against its database. The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is a Standardized networking protocol used in Internet Protocol networks for dynamically distributing network configuration parameters, such as IP addresses for interface and services. With DHCP computers request IP addresses and networking parameters automatically from a DHCP server, reducing the need for a network administrator or a user to configure these settings manually. DHCP is used by computers for requesting Internet Protocol parameters, such as an IP address from...
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...Domain Model Option 1 POS/421 – Windows Server Networking University of Phoenix Robert Singer The hierarchical naming system for computers, known as the Domain Name System (DNS), in any source linked to the Internet or private network. This system connects diverse information with domain names assigned to each of the participants. More importantly, it communicates the domain names that humans understand into numerical (binary) identifiers associated with networking equipment for the purpose of locating and addressing these devices worldwide. An analogy used often to explain the Domain Name System is that it is like a phone book for the Internet. It translates language a human can understand to computer hostnames into IP addresses. For instance, www.example.com changes to 192.0.32.10. DNS known also as a distributed database that offers mapping between IP addresses and Host names. Using the Domain Name System it is likely to assign domain names to sets of Internet users in an important way, free of each user's actual physical location. Since this is possible, World Wide Web (WWW) hyperlinks and Internet contact information will stay dependable and unbroken even if the existing Internet routing arrangements become altered or change, or the participant uses a mobile device. Internet domain names are easier to remember than IP addresses such as 209.75.188.166 (IPv4) or 2001:db8::1f70:6e8 (IPv6). Individuals take use this advantage when they talk about meaningful...
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...First let’s expand and define the acronyms DNS and DHCP. (DNS) Domain Name System is a database system that translates a computer's fully qualified domain name into an IP address. Then there is (DHCP) Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) which is a network protocol used to configure devices that are connected to a network (known as hosts) so they can communicate on that network using the Internet Protocol (IP). Now in DNS networked computers use IP addresses to locate and connect to each other, but IP addresses can be difficult for people to remember. For example, on the web, it's much easier to remember the domain name www.eukhost.com than it is to remember its corresponding IP address (213.175.192.12). And for DHCP it involves clients and a server operating in a client-server model. In a typical personal home local area network (LAN), the server is a router while the clients are personal computers, smart phones, or printers. The router receives the configuration information through a modem from an internet service provider, which also operates DHCP servers with this router as one of the clients. The clients request configuration settings using the DHCP protocol such as an IP address, a default route and one or more DNS server addresses. Once the client implements these settings, the host is able to communicate on that internet. I believe that it would be in an IT Administrators best interest to bring these two protocols in house after the limitations of a work group. Microsoft...
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...8 – Assignment 1: DNS Zone File Assignment Requirements The Just Legal Company in Figmont, Nebraska has acquired a new Internet address – www.justafigmont.com. They want to set up a DNS server. What would a basic DNS file look like? Describe the file. A DNS Server is a hierarchical naming system for computers and resources connected to the internet. Basically each line is a text description that defines a single resource records Domain Name Servers (DNS) are the They maintain a directory of domain names and translate them to Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. Information from all the domain name servers across the Internet are gathered together and housed at the Central Registry. Host companies and Internet Service Providers interact with the Central Registry on a regular schedule to get updated DNS information. When you type in a web address, e.g., www.jimsbikes.com, your Internet Service Provider views the DNS associated with the domain name, translates it into a machine friendly IP address (for example 216.168.224.70 is the IP for jimsbikes.com) and directs your Internet connection to the correct website. The Domain Name System is a hierarchical naming system for computers and resources connected to the internet. Basically this is the Internet's equivalent of a phone book that lets you have name to number mappings on your computers. The name decel.ecel.uwa.edu.au is the number 130.95.4.2 and vice versa. This is achieved through the DNS. The DNS is a heirarchy. There...
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...Unit 1: Exploring DNS Kaplan University IT 530 July 2, 2013 Unit 1: Exploring DNS A domain name system (DNS) serves an important role for those who wish to access other networks, which includes websites. DNS allows for users to be able to be able to access Internet websites through a unique name rather than having to memorize a lengthy set of numbers and periods. In addition, DNS allows for the physical hosting location of a network or website to change transparently without anyone noticing. This is more commonly referred to as when a website changes hosts. Furthermore, DNS serves important functions related to mail by allowing users to connect, send, and receive email messages based off of the DNS of the mail server for a specific network (Karrenberg, 2004). Exploring Hierarchies All domains follow a certain hierarchy top to bottom hierarchy. The order for this hierarchy is: 1. root domain 2. top level 3. second level 4. sub-domain The root domain is a top-level domain that refers to the Internet. This is mostly maintained by ICANN, which is a private organization that maintain this area. ICANN manages the internet protocol addresses as well as the DNS root zones. ICANN also manages the DNS policy on naming abilities for top level domains ("INETDAEMON.com," 2013). The level that most users will first visibly notice when connecting to a domain through DNS is the top level domain. In this domain is the area where users will see .com, .net, and .org,...
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...DNS Domain Name System (DNS) is a circulated database system for running host names and their allied Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. Using DNS means that people can use simple names, such as"www.bagleys.com" to find a host, rather than using the IP address (192.168.1.200). A single server may only be dependable for knowing the host names and IP addresses for a small breaking up of a zone, but DNS servers can work together to chart all domain names to their IP addresses. A DNS server working together is what allows computers to speak across the Internet. DNS information is broken up into a hierarchy of domains. Servers are responsible to know only a small portion of information, such as a single secondary domain. The segment of a domain for which the server is openly accountable is called a zone. A DNS server that has full host information and data for a zone is measured reliable for the zone. An authoritative server can reply to inquiries about hosts in its zone use its own resource records. The query route depends on a number of factors. DNS data is divided into controllable sets of data called zones. Zones contain name and IP address data about one or more parts of a DNS domain. A server that contains all of the data for a zone is the authoritative server for the domain. Sometimes it may make sense to pass on the authority for answering DNS queries for a particular sub domain to another DNS server. In this case, the DNS server for the domain can be configured to pass...
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...to Networks & Data Comm Cynthia Thomas/James McGuffee Internet Objectives 3. Describe how ISPs work together to create the Internet core. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) work together to create the internet core by creating connections to each other. First, individual ISPs create their own points of presence (POP). These POP can be geographic or global depending on the ISP. Then the ISP creates connections to their own POP creating their own TCP/IP network. Finally the individual ISPs create connections between each other’s networks. The connections between the ISPs create the internet core. Peering agreements are made between the ISPs which allows packets to be sent to any host connected to the internet using any ISP. 4. Describe the Layer 1 and Layer 2 features used when connecting to an ISP using analog, DSL and cable modems. Layer 1 & 2 using analog – A local loop is used between the telco central office and the customer (home, business, etc.). At each end of the local loop an analog modem is used. The modems covert the digital signal to analog to send across the loop, and once it arrives to the analog modem at the other end it is converted back into a digital signal. A unique phone number is assigned to a customer by the telco. When the internet is being accessed through an analog local loop you cannot make a phone call. Using analog means you can be on the phone or you can be on the internet, but you cannot do both at the same time. For the data...
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...Domain Name System (DNS) is defined by the website www.wikipedia.org as a hierarchical distributed naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected to the internet or a private network. DNS translates to numerical internet protocol IP addresses. DNS structure consists of the root level, top level and second level. The top of the DNS hierarchy is called the root domain. This is simply the starting point of the top level domain structure on the Internet. The next level in the hierarchy is divided into a series of nodes called the top-level domains. According to the website http://technet.microsoft.com,the top-level domains are assigned by organization type and by country/region. The second level domains contain the domains and names for organizations and countries/regions. The Intermodal Association of North America (IANA) manages the names and DNS servers of the root domain and the top-level domains. Individual organizations are responsible for managing the names in their second-level domains while the names in second-level domains are administered by the organization or country/region either directly or by using an Internet service provider (ISP) who manages the names on the customer's behalf. Naming in DNS is also hierarchical, and names are parsed from right to left. A domain name always ends with an implicit period, or dot (such as com, net, and org). Whenever you type a URL in to your web browsing program, you are depending on DNS records to get you to the...
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...DNS and DHCP, how they make your life easier DNS stands for domain name system, and DHCP stands for dynamic host configuration protocol. Most of the time they are used in conjunction with connecting to a network, though they are not reliant on each other, nor do you have to use either one to connect to your network. They just make the job of setting a network up that much easier, but you can still do everything manually if you choose to do so, it just won’t be anywhere near efficient. DHCP allows assigning IP addresses to computers on a network automatically instead of having to logon to each individual computer and set the addresses yourself, as well as keeping track of the addresses you have already assigned. DHCP takes place on your router, you connect your computer to the router, either wired or wireless, and the router automatically assigns an available IP address to the device and it keeps track of this so no two devices that connect to the router are given the same IP. If two devices with the same IP try communicate with the router, the device that connected first will work; the second device will act as if it has no connection. If the first device is shut down, the second device will then start to work, the network connection may need to be reset first though on the second piece of equipment. Two devices just can’t share the same IP address at the same exact time. A DNS server takes the domain name of a website and translates it into an IP address which a computer...
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...Global Names Zone in Windows Server 2008 DNS servers? Global Names Zone is intended to aid the retirement of Windows Internet Name Service. It is not intended to support the single-label name resolution of records that are dynamically registered in WINS. Support for these dynamically registered records is not scalable, especially for larger costumers with multiple domains or forests. After enabling the Global Names Zone, the administrator must manually create, add, edit and delete name records from that zone. It doesn’t support dynamic updates. 2. Explain the modifications necessary to DNS for accommodating Read Only Domain Controllers (RODC). How is this different from the way DNS handles ordinary domain controllers? All of the modifications required for accommodating a Read Only Domain Controller are handled through the “adprep / rodcprep step, which modifies the domain schema. A domain-integrated zone on a RODC will not accept Dynamic updates. A file-backed DNS zone on such a RODC would be able to accept dynamic updates, as it has a separate database from the domain database. Server 2008 allows a Domain Controller to not contain a DNS server. 3. Explain Background Zone Loading. The DNS sever in windows server 2008 makes data retrieval faster by executing background zone loading. In the past, enterprises with zones containing large numbers of records in active directory experienced delays of up to an hour or more when the DNS server services in windows 2003 tried...
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...Address | 192.168.139.1 | An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing. | Subnet Mask | 255.255.255.0 | A subnetwork, or subnet, is a logically visible subdivision of an IP network. The practice of dividing a network into two or more networks is called subnetting. | Default Gateway | BLANK | A gateway is a node (a router) on a TCP/IP network that serves as an access point to another network. A default gateway is the node on the computer network that the network software uses when an IP address does not match any other routes in the routing table. | Physical Address | 00-50-56-C0-00-08 | a Physical address (also real address, or binary address), is a memory address that is represented in the form of a binary number on the address bus circuitry in order to enable the data bus to access a particular storage cell of main memory, or a register of memory mapped I/O device. | DHCP Server | 302010454 | The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network protocol that is used to configure network devices so that they can communicate on an IP network. A DHCP client uses the DHCP protocol to acquire configuration information, such as an IP address, a default route and one or more DNS server addresses from a DHCP...
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...mike zavala NT1430 5/24/14 Unit 9 Explore and Discuss Bind in linux- BIND (Berkeley Internet name domain ) is the most commonly used DNS (domain name system) server on the internet, and it is the defacto standard on linux and other Unix-like operating systems. Configuring BIND- the first thing to configure is /ect/bind/named.conf. The first part of this step is specifying binds root directory, the listing port with IP’s, the pid file, and line for IPv6 protocol. The second part of named.conf is the internal view used for our local network. The third part of named.conf is the external view used to resolve our domain name for the rest of the world and to resolve all other domain names for us( and anyone who wants to use our DNS server). The final part of named.conf is the logging policy. The /var/log/named/ directory mustbe exist and belong to named: BIND history – BIND was originally written at University of California at Berkeley (UCB) as a graduate student project under a grant from the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Administration (DARPA). The acronym BIND originally stood for Berkeley Internet name daemon. DNS BIND Linux – BIND provides an openly redistributable reference implementation of the major components of the DNS, including a DNS server (called named), a DNS resolver library and tools for verifying the proper operation of the DNS server. The resolver library is a collection of functions witten in the C programming language that provides hostname-to-IP...
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...*part one talk about DNS servers. What are they what do they do basic configuration and variation of configuration. As the network administrator for Contoso, Ltd to resolve the issue of users on the company network reporting that they can use host names to connect to computers on the local private network, but they cannot use host names to connect to Internet destinations you have a few options. The action that will take the least amount of administrate effort to enable network users can connect to the Internet host names would be to configure NS2 and NS3 to use NS1 as a forwarder. A DNS forwarder is a DNS server that performs DNS queries on behalf of another DNS server (Shinder.T 2005). With this setup one would configure the firewall used by NS1 to allow only one DNS server to communicate with the internet. After you configure NS2 and NS3 to forwarder all queries that cannot be resolved internally will be forwarded to NS1. Because of the large amount of traffic going through NS1 the server will build a large cache of DNS data, overtime this data will allow the DNS server to process request faster(Book). Another option to solve the issue of users on the company network reporting that they can use host names to connect to computers on the local private network, but they cannot use host names to connect to Internet destinations is to configure all DNS servers to send queries outside of a network using their root hints. This is not the most desirable configuration because...
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...System (DNS) is a standard technology for managing the names of Web sites and other Internet domains. DNS technology allows you to type names into your Web browser and your computer to automatically find that address on the Internet. A key element of the DNS is a worldwide collection of DNS server. The structure of the DNS is a hierarchical namespace allowing the uniqueness of a name to be guaranteed in a tree structure, like UNIX file systems. A system of distribution servers enabling namespace to be made available. a client system making it possible to "resolve" domain names, for example interrogate the servers to find out the IP address corresponding to a name. It is necessary because DNS allows all of these numbers and configuration options to be changed and updated as networks get more and more complicated without requiring the user to keep track of everything. A user doesn't have to send email to different people in the same company. They only need to remember the domain name; even as new servers are added and old servers are removed or replaced. There are two types of DNS servers – primary and secondary. A primary master name server reads data for the domain zone from a file located on the web server of the hosting account. This server usually also sends information to the secondary server as well. A secondary DNS server, also called a slave server or simply a slave, receives zone data from the primary server automatically after starting. In Microsoft's DNS manager software...
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