...language as a resource of internal and international activity of “nations without states”. bulat n. khalitov, kazan state power engineering university, kazan, russia The issues of language and language policy have become the objects of interest of different branches of political theory nowadays. From one side the basic reason for this is the fact that language can play an important role (either positive or negative) in the context of different political processes developing in the world and also in the context of a growing number of confrontations and conflicts, which often have linguistic diversity at their basis. From the other side, the development of political theory within the framework of general “linguistic turn” that influenced almost all social sciences leads to the studying of language policy aspects. In modern world linguistic diversity and other language issues have turned into a significant basis of contradictions that influence stability of different societies. In Western Europe we can distinguish several types of unsolved problems which have to do with language. Diachronically the most important and most severe are conflicts between the dominant language group and various linguistic minorities historically rooted in some areas within the state borders. As an example we can name linguistic conflicts in Belgium (Flanders), Spain (Catalonia and Basque country), Italy (South Tirol), Switzerland (french- and italian-speaking cantons). ...
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...criteria of regional power status in Asia Pacific. Today China is one of the largest economies in the world in GDP, and has the largest reserves of foreign exchange. In terms of manpower, China has the biggest military in the world. Chinese defense expenditure is the highest in the region and the second highest in the world. China possesses nuclear weapons, ballistic missiles and missile submarines. A regional power must: 1. belong to a geographically defined region; 2. articulate the pretension of a leading position in this region; 3. have great influence in regional affairs and dominate this region in economic and military terms; 4. play the role of regional peacemaker; 5. be integrated in interregional and global forums and institutions; 6. be recognized or accepted as the regional leader by its neighbors. First of all The Asia-Pacific region includes East Asia, Southeast Asia and Australasia near the Pacific Ocean. China belongs to geographic region of East Asia. Taiwan, Hong Kong, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, and Mongolia also refer to geographic East Asia. Secondly, China pretends to be a regional power. The Asian economic crisis that occurred in 1997 can prove this fact. China wanted to assume itself as a state leader in solving that crisis. This leadership role became an important step towards China’s recognition as a regional leader. Thirdly, China has affected the states in Asia territory with its religious and alphabet. China plays a larger role in regional affairs...
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...International And Regional Organizations: | Pakistan’s Role In Organizations | | In this paper I have discussed the International and Regional Organizations. Moreover, I have discussed Pakistan’s Role in different Organizations i.e. South Asian Association For Regional Corporation, United Nations, Economic Co=operation Organization, Non Aligned Movement and Organization Of Islamic Conference. | | | | | Name: Class: Subject: Subj Code: Submitted To: Submission Date: International And Regional Organizations: Introduction: An international organization is an organization with an international membership, scope, or presence. There are two types: International nongovernmental organizations (NGOs): non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that operate internationally. These include International non-profit organizations. Examples include the World Organization of the Scout Movement, International Committee of the Red Cross International corporations, referred to as multinational corporations. Intergovernmental organizations, also known as international governmental organizations (IGOs): the type of organization most closely associated with the term 'international organization', these are organizations that are made up primarily of sovereign states. Example includes the United Nations (UN). Recognized Regional Organizations (ROs) are independent bodies which share IFAC's mission and values and which, in many cases, share IFAC's membership. ROs play...
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...identity in international relations Ji Young Choi Department of Politics & Government, Ohio Wesleyan University, Elliott Hall 204, Delaware, OH 43015, USA. E-mail: jychoi@owu.edu Abstract This article examines major debates between rationalism and constructivism. It presents that there are politically significant motives of social actions, including norms and identity, which cannot be completely subsumed by the concept of instrumental rationality. These ideational or social-psychological motivations are governed primarily by thymos or affect (the moral or emotional part of the human personality) and/or valueoriented rationality. We need more flexible assumptions about main actors and their motives than those of rationalism to explain appropriately the politics of anger, loyalty and a sense of justice at international levels. However, constructivism’s emphasis on ideational motivations cannot totally replace rationalism in explaining international political life. Constructivism maintains that identity or norms are causally prior to actors’ interests. Yet when there is conflict between pursuit of interests and maintenance of identity or norms, actors’ strong and well-defined self-interests can overrule their contested or unstable identity or norms. In short, causal arrows can flow in either direction between identity or norms and interests. This implies that rationalism and constructivism are complementary rather than competitive in explaining international political...
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...THE TURKISH REPUBLIC CAG UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ECONOMIC AND ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCES THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THE NEW ERA IN TURKISH FOREIG POLICY: A MULTI- DIMENSIONAL TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY Erhan KAYA SEMINARY THESIS ADVISER PROF. DR. ALI ENGIN OBA YENICE-MERSIN/2011 Approval of the Graduate School of Economic and Administrative Sciences ________________ Prof. Dr. Ali Engin Oba Adviser I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. ________________ Prof. Dr. Esat Arslan Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Esat Arslan ________________ Prof. Dr. Ali Engin Oba ________________ I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all materials and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: Erhan Kaya Signature: I would like to thank Professor...
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...Introduction: Energy is a global matter and energy policy is at focus of some of the hardest challenges that the world encounter. National governments play the main role in energy governance, the challenges fronting policy makers are beyond the range of any sole national government to succeed, making energy policy a key component of global governance and international relations. The global energy landscape has transformed radically in recent decades. The instability of energy markets is a distinct worry for both developed countries and those countries facing rapid economic growth. II. Objectives of global energy governance: Markets necessitate governance appliances that can impose contracts, define and apply property rights, control...
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...The international system has been in transition from the patterns of relations or inter dependence amongst states; i.e. economic, military or political to the major actors in the international scene. With the increased globalization and technological advancements, the international system has embraced non state actors such as international organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGO’s), Multinational corporations etc. which have emerged on the international legal landscape playing an important a role in virtually every aspect of international law. The advent of non-state actors such as inter governmental organization, non-governmental organizations, individuals, peoples or trans-national corporations has changed the outlook on contemporary international law. Non state actors have become a constant factor in modern international relations and they play a vital role in almost every field of international law and regulation. Amongst non state actors in the international system, international organizations are the most functional and they hold prominent position in the creation of international law. A major difference between the 19th and 21st century international law is the prominent position now occupied by international organizations. International Organizations International Organizations are established by States through international agreements and their powers are limited to those conferred on them in their constituent document in other words, they enjoy vary...
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...1. Labour or Industrial Relations. The term labour relations, also known as industrial relations, refers to the system in which employers, workers and their representatives and, directly or indirectly, the government interact to set the ground rules for the governance of work relationships. It also describes a field of study dedicated to examining such relationships. The field is an outgrowth of the industrial revolution, whose excesses led to the emergence of trade unions to represent workers and to the development of collective labour relations. A labour or industrial relations system reflects the interaction between the main actors in it: the state, the employer (or employers or an employers’ association), trade unions and employees (who may participate or not in unions and other bodies affording workers’ representation). The phrases “labour relations” and “industrial relations” are also used in connection with various forms of workers’ participation; they can also encompass individual employment relationships between an employer and a worker under a written or implied contract of employment, although these are usually referred to as “employment relations”. There is considerable variation in the use of the terms, partly reflecting the evolving nature of the field over time and place. There is general agreement, however, that the field embraces collective bargaining, various forms of workers’ participation (such as works councils and joint health and safety committees) and mechanisms...
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...pressures on domestic firms. - Demonstrates and diffuses new technology. - Upgrades the quality of indigenous resources and capabilities. - Governments (in general) praise FDI. MNC as beast - Negative impact on the environment, labor and human rights. - MNCs’ and national state goals are not always compatible - MNCs out-compete local firms. MNCs have immense political power. 51 of the 100 biggest economies in the world are now MNCs. Business is in the driver’s seat, corporations determine the rules of the game and governments have become referees, only enforcing rules. Are MNCs really agents of technological change? Some scholars question the efficiency of MNCs, suggesting that they have become too large and bureaucratic to compete against more nimble and innovative smaller firms that are rapidly gaining advantage in highly competitive global markets. What is the three primary states of mind / attitudes toward the MBC? Ethnocentric (home-country oriented) - Home nationals are the best person to do the job - What works at home must work in the host country Costs: Fewer Innovations, lack of flexibility and responsiveness Benefits: Simple Organization, greater communication and control Polycentric (host-country oriented) - Foreigners are different and hard to understand. Polycentrism often associated with the MNC because of the MNC definition as: “a cluster of corporations of diverse nationality joined together by common ownership” Costs: Waste due to duplication, inefficient use...
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...In today’s increasingly globalizing world, regional associations play a concomitant role in promoting peace and security within as well as between the countries. Since the members of regional associations have a close historical, cultural and political resemblance they contribute in the overall development of the region. The success of countries in this revolutionary era is not so much measured in terms of its capacity to defend borders or create national institutions but instead depends on its ability to adapt to regional and global trends. Majority of the countries prefer to enter into a regional cooperation wherein the members mutually agree to offer a preferential treatment to one and another in the hope of prospering together. According...
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...International Law Name: UDAYA.R.S Enrolment Number: MBA1/JUN15N/71101434345916F Roll Number: N15NOV/7110 Question 1. Explain the different international organizations Answer: 1. Introduction This section reviews the complete range of international organizations. The conventional categories used are first examined, then various ways of distinguishing between the many kinds of organization and degrees of "internationality" are considered. The problem of borderline cases is discussed, together with non-organizational substitutes for organizations and possible alternative forms of organization. Quantitative information on the growth of international institutions and indicative data on regional organizations are also presented. A major difficulty in obtaining some understanding of international organizations is the variety of organizational forms which need to be considered. Abstract classification schemes, particularly when simplified for convenience, tend to conceal the existence of well-developed groups of organizations with distinct features. The approach employed here has been to use several different ways of breaking up the range of organizations and to cite several examples of organizations of any particular type. The intent is not to put forward a new systematic classification of international organizations but rather to facilitate an appreciation of the variety of bodies which could be incorporated into any...
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...Acknowledgement To begin with, I would like to acknowledge all the professors of the BS Tourism-CIHM Department, especially our Batch adviser, Mr. Jimford Tabuyo and our Pracitcum adviser, Mr. Deogracias Esplanada for the utmost and step by step supervision throughout this practicum. They all made sure that we are all qualified and ready to take up this practicum by assessing each one of us through internship interviews and examinations. The knowledge and guidance they have imparted inside and outside the classroom were always valuable. I would like to express my warm gratitude to the Department of Foreign Affairs for giving me the chance to train under their prominent institution. I also like to thank Mr. Dong Munar, the practicum supervisor for all the trainees for his constant assistance throughout my training. I would also like to thank the Property, Maintenance and Transportation Division for a generous welcome and for teaching me a lot as I train under their department. I am also grateful to my office supervisor, Miss Nena Enano who is always there to support and oversee me all the time. I am very thankful to all my superiors in our office for being such a professional mentor and a virtuous acquaintance at the same time. I would also like to acknowledge my parents for their unwavering love and support as I undertake this summer practicum. They always serve as inspiration in everything that I carry out in life. At the very last, I want to thank God, for allowing...
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...2. Of which of the following international organisations is the EU a (full) member? The FAO and WTO, two conditions need to be fulfilled: 1) The EU must have the power (as conferred by the Member States in the Treaties) to become a member, 2) the international organization must allow the EU (which is not a state) to become a member. Consult, for instance, Art. 4 of the UN Charter 3. What is the EU in international law? Rights and obligations. It is not a state or is a regional integration organization with a very extensive measeur of international legal personality (at 47 TEU) 4. Who represents Europe in the world, in external affairs and treaty negotiations with 3rd countries or international organizations, High representative of EU for foreign affairs and policy: created by the Lisbon treaty , it is also the vicepresident to the European Comissions. Head of state, Europe is represented by 2 persons: permanent president of European Council and President of the European Commission (more for classical competences of the EUUU). And Rotatic council. World wide diplomatic network of the European Union: EU ambassadors, EU delegations of the European Action Service (EEAS, it has more than 141 embassies and delegations around the world). 5. Engagement of the EU in international organizations and legal position on those organisations, special look on United Nations. Effective multilateralism- works with global and regional international organisations, the TEU says in...
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...SEMINAR IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ( DRS 3283 ) Name : Norsyafinaz Binti Shah Rizal Thomas ID No : 012011110183 Lecturer name : Sir Anuar Sulaiman A research paradigm for international business communication On this journal that can sumarize with this conceptual paper aims to present a research paradigm for international business communication research, with special reference to the problems of Japanese corporations and to develop a paradigm, the obstacles Japanese corporations face in international business as methods used to deal with obstacles and foster bettel global mangement and interculture comunication. International business prescribes the “arena” for international business communication and is shaped by international business transactions and international management. The reason for this is found in the special characteristics of international business transactions. The beginnings of international business transactions were nothing other than trading between cultures and peoples with different commercial practices. On the second point arena of international business communication and illustrates the following situations although we are speaking of international business communication or Intercultural business communication, it does not necessarily mean that this Communication occurs between countries, cultures, or businesses. the agents of international business communication...
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...European Union:- A group of European countries that participates in the world economy as one economic unit and operates under one official currency, the euro. The EU's goal is to create a barrier-free trade zone and to enhance economic wealth by creating more efficiency within its marketplace. The current formalized incarnation of the European Union was created in 1993 with 12 initial members. Since then, many additional countries have since joined. The EU has become one of the largest producers in the world, in terms of GDP, and the euro has maintained a competitive value against the U.S. dollar. EU and non-EU members must agree to many legal requirements in order to trade with the EU member states. The European Union is a group of countries whose governments work together. It's a bit like a club. To join you have to agree to follow the rules and in return you get certain benefits. Each country has to pay money to be a member. They mostly do this through taxes. The EU uses the money to change the way people live and do business in Europe. Countries join because they think that they will benefit from the changes the EU makes EU is a unique economic and political partnership between 27 European countries that together cover much of the continent. The EU was created in the aftermath of the Second World War. The first steps were to foster economic cooperation: the idea being that countries who trade with one another become economically interdependent and so more likely to...
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