...to- business marketing channels Does culture matter? This article deals with the question if and how cultural variations influence channel communication . Finding show that there is a relationship between culture and channel communications in international channels. The autor , Bert Rosenbloom, described Hall’s (1976) proposed high-contex versus low- contex dichotomy to explain the different cultural orientations. It is a simple two category basis for grouping the cultures of many different countries to help understand the hidden codes in communication, stemming from „cultural distance“. The expressions "high context" and "low context" are labels which shows the cultural differences between societies. High-context and low-context communication refers to how much speakers rely on things other than words to convey meaning. First, Hofstede's cultural model and the model approaches Hall presented, where the main cultural differences are described. The cultural model of Hofstede with its five dimensions and the corresponding index values provides information about cultural differences and their possible impact in intercultural cooperation. The five dimensions in Hofstede's cultural model, "power distance", "collectivism versus individualism," "femininity versus masculinity," "uncertainty avoidance" and "long-term versus short-term orientation". Together, the five dimensions of a cultural model in which differences can be measured between cultures. With regard to the communication...
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...Intercultural communication has been practiced for as long as mankind has existed. It is simply communicating across different tribes, different parts of the world, different language, and different ways of communication non-verbal – better defined – across different cultures. But when does one’s culture stop being an excuse for doing something that has always been done, and when does national culture matter? Culture: To be able to define the concept ’’culture’’ you have to be aware of the basic norms which you take for granted in your own behavior. You express culture in symbolic forms, whether you have a cross around your neck or a headscarf on your head. It is the result of a learning process through life, and it forms your values, behavior, ideas, ways of communicating (verbal and non-verbal) and simply the rules you are living by – all your do’s and don’ts . Take a look at the article ‘’given all we know of whales, why resume the slaughter?’’ from The Guardian Online, April 6, 2010 by Paola Calalieri, it suggests that ‘’we now live in globalized times’’ but even though we have made it more easy to communicate (Internet etc.) & to travel across borders, the borders are still there, meaning the culture is still different within each border. Many international organizations have tried, and some succeeded, to introduce international laws, like the WTO (World Trade Organization), NGO (Non-Governmental Organization) and the Human Right Organization; also there is an...
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...English 101 13 September 2013 Cultures and their Legitimacy “How to Tame a Wild Tongue” is about Gloria Anzaldua losing her native accent because she lived in the United States. She grew up in the US, but for the most part, she spoke Spanish. She spoke Chicano Spanish, not true Spanish, and was living in a place that spoke English. She was talking about how Chicano Spanish changed from place to place. This form of language is like a lower level of Spanish. Everyday she was criticized for the way she talked, and she took it to heart. Just because people speak a language different ways, does not mean they are any less a part of that culture. This whole article is about recognizing the Chicano culture as being legitimate. That it is something to be proud of. A big argument in our American culture is whether American is English or English is American. There is no fact of this matter there is only many different opinions. My personal opinion is that English is American. When America was founded, it was Great Britain who settled the land and formed colonies. Great Britain spoke English. That is why I think the English is American. America is often known as the “melting pot,” because so many people from different cultures moved here to start a better life. Because there are so many different cultures, there are many different languages. In the world, there are many different cultures, and many different variations of those cultures. Some of them may speak a little...
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...Ethical Relativism 1. Ethical Relativism: In this lecture, we will discuss a moral theory called ethical relativism (sometimes called “cultural relativism”). Ethical Relativism: The view that what is morally right or wrong is dependent upon what one’s culture believes is right or wrong. In short, if your society or culture BELIEVES that some action is morally wrong, then it IS morally wrong for everyone within that society. Businesspeople often claim something similar. They say, for instance, that businesses operate under their own system of morality. What is deemed to be right by some business IS right for that business. This makes morality relative. For instance, if one society says cannibalism is morally wrong, while another says it is morally permissible, then the fact of whether or not cannibalism is morally wrong will just be a relative one—namely, whether or not it is wrong for someone will just depend upon which society they are in. We will now ask the question: Does some action become right or wrong just because one’s society, or employer, SAYS it is right or wrong? Or rather, is it the case that there are some moral standards that apply to ALL businesses and societies, regardless of whether or not those societies believe in those standards? 2. The Argument From Disagreement: Why believe that morality is relative? Relativists often say that widespread moral disagreement proves that their view is true. They say: 1. Different people have different beliefs...
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...from this reading is that “there is no objective truth in morality. Right and wrong are only matters of opinion, and opinions vary from culture to culture.” (Rachels, 618). In this reading, William Graham Sumner says, “there is no measure of right and wrong other than the standards of one’s society.” ( Rachels, 619) This means that right and wrong are determined by a specific culture and may not be viewed the same in another culture. Cultural relativism is the belief that although practices and ethical beliefs differ from society to society, it must be accepted as good, relative to each respective culture's beliefs and moral code. In cultural relativism, right and wrong become matters of opinion in a particular culture and one culture should not judge the behaviors of another culture by using the standards of their own culture as a measuring stick. If this is the case, then nothing is inherently wrong and nothing is inherently good. It is an “anything goes” mentality – it just has to be approved by ones’ culture or society. “Cultural relativism is a theory about the nature of morality” (Rachels, 618). But that’s all it is –it is only a theory. The moral decisions are a matter of the perception of what one cultures perceives to be moral. I disagree with Rachels’ viewpoint when he states that there is no absolute rational standard and that the theory of Cultural Relativism does us a service. He states, “We can come to understand that our feelings are not necessarily...
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... Although nearly 2,000 years old, the Bible always seems to be up to date and meets the needs of its readers. The universal appeal extends to all races. Seldom does anyone take the attitude that Orientals wrote the Bible. As a matter of fact, many linguists have pointed out that the “translatableness” of the Bible is another demonstration that it is a unique book whose Author is God. No matter what language, the Bible’s message comes through clearly when it is translated from one language to another. The argument for the universal appeal applies to the rich as well as to the poor. The Bible is found in the bookcases of the rich, as well as on the coffee tables of the poor. And, finally, all ages love the Word of God, from children to the elderly. Because God wanted to communicate to all people, in all circumstances, at all periods of time, and at all levels of society, He supernaturally endowed the Bible with His Spirit so that it would have a universal appeal. While not a conclusive argument, it reaffirms the others when taken en masse. We’re living in the world of many different culture, different languages, different social status, but for the world of God there is only one common message of the Scripture. “No matter what language, the Bible’s message comes through clearly when it is translated from one language to another.” For each person who reads the Bible he/she will receive God’s message and...
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...Often times in literature, a character is separated from the rest of society whether it be because of race, religion, gender, or social status. Authors do this in order to point out the flaws of the culture or society that the character lives in. This is what occurs in the novel The Sympathizer by Viet Thanh Nguyen. The main character, sometimes referred to as the Captain, is that character in the book. Being half French and half Vietnamese has constantly made the Captain an outsider no matter where he went. As a result of this alienation, it is shown that both Vietnamese and Western cultures can never be one hundred percent accepting towards bastards, or people of mixed descent. All throughout the novel, the captain has always alluded to...
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...Kieran Leen/ word count 490 Professor Martinez Culture and society 2/29/16 Paper 2: Racism in America It seems like we cannot go anywhere or watch anything today that does not have some sort of influence or advertising to or for the topic of racism. Recently, society’s spot light has been on “Black Lives Matter” this is a movement that emphasizes police brutality against black individuals and having equal options for blacks. The movement has been presented largely through the use of social media and recently has escalated to the big stage on national TV during the super bowl. What is interesting about all of these racism topics is how it has become a one way street. The media only focuses on when black individuals are upset with the white race, or how they only air news stories about injustices happening to black people when there is problems happening to all cultures in our country and around the world....
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...between two cultures the traditional old tribal traditions and the western culture of the colonization and Christian traditions. Stanley and Susana in the text are looked at as the new western tradition and Wamuhu and her parents are looked as the old tribal traditions. However, John does not belong to either tradition. John worries most about what others think, especially his father. Stanley is strict, because of his own sin, he sinned too when he was young by sleeping with Susana who become pregnant with John. It is stated that “John must not tread the same road” (Thiong’o, 6) like Stanley and Susana, but history tends to repeat itself. John is then consumed by a moral dilemma that he eventually fails to face. Stanley is to blame for John murdering Wamuhu. Stanley is the force behind John, in the text Stanley is seen as a strict person, feared by all in the village. “You must be strict with what is yours” (Thiong’o, 11) this was Stanley’s attitude and beliefs. Stanley reflects the western culture of the colonization and Christian traditions. The western culture Stanley believes were girls were educated, girls were not circumcised, and of the new Christian religion. If Stanley ever found out about Wamuhu being impregnated by John, Stanley would be very angry and also eliminate any chance of john receiving a college education. This situation could destroy Stanley’s reputation in the village. John fears his father too much to destroy his reputation. Furthermore, John does not love...
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...recognition of the existence of a moral truth dependent on each specific culture. With such a definition, cultural relativism distance itself radically from moral universalism that instead holds that “there are derivative norms that may differ across cultures, but at least some basic norms do not” (Driver, 2007: 17). Indeed, universalism does acknowledge the difference in morality between different societies, but it also believes that this is not due to lack of objectivity or universality in morality, but rather to a change in those norms which have been built on the basis of some universally moral values that everybody shares in any beliefs’ system. There are several accounts on this moral issue, as well as considerable amounts of arguments in favour of...
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...anthropology and political science, which is partly due to greater similarity in ways of work. Anthropology is a general science like sociology. 'The word anthropology' is derived from two Greek words, 'anthropos' and 'logos' meaning the study of man. More precisely, it is defined by Kroeber as the science of man and his works and behavior. Anthropology is concerned not with particular man but with man in-group with races and peoples and their happenings and doings. There is a great deal of similarities between anthropology and sociology. A number of subjects include society, culture, family religion, social stratification, etc. For this reason an eminent anthropologist like A.L. Kroeber regards "Sociology and Anthropology as twin sisters" Etymologically, anthropology means the study of the science of man. It traces the development of human race, and studies, in particular, the primitive preliterate people and their culture. Anthropologists are sure that anthropology is deeply concerned with the physical and cultural development of human beings from the time of their origin to this day. There cannot be two opinions about the fact that the field of its investigation is very vast. Its major divisions are as follows. (i) Physical Anthropology Physical anthropology is concerned with the characteristics of human anatomy. Their physical characteristics provide adequate knowledge about human race and the origin of human beings. (ii) Archaeological or Historical Anthropology It aims at the...
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...Mixed Marriages: Proposing team: 1st Proposition Motion: Hello, Good Morning and welcome everyone to this very interesting debate, I’d like to thank you for coming today, as much as I thank the opposition for this interesting information, I’m here today to defend people from different backgrounds and ethnic groups to marry whomever they desire from different backgrounds and ethnic groups. And here are some of Islamic proofs that state so: 1) Allah clearly encourages us to as stated in the verse. One of the ways of knowing other people and races is marriage. In Quran, Allah said: O mankind, indeed we have created you from male and female and made you peoples and tribes that you may know one another. Indeed, the most noble of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous of you. Indeed, Allah is Knowing and Acquainted. [Quran 49:13] َّ َ ِ ْ ُ َ َ ْ َّ ُ ْ ُ َ َ َ ٰ َ ٍ َ َ ِّ ُ ْ َ َ َ َ ِيَا أَيُّهَا الىَّاسُ إِوَّا خَ لَقىَاكم مه ذكر وأُوثًَ وجع ْلىَاكم شعُىبًا وقَبَائِل لِتَعارفُىا ۚ إِن أَكرمكم عىد َّللا أَتقَاكم ۚ إِن َّللاَ علِيم خبِير ٌ َ ٌ َ َّ َّ ْ ُ ْ 2) Also, Prophet Mohammed (PBUH) married to different women from different races and tribes and religions. Maria (RA) was and she was Christian (Converted to Islam later); Safia (RA) was Jewish from (Also converted to Islam).Coptic (Native Egyptian) Israelites As long as Allah encourages knowing other races and Mohammed (PBUH) married to another races, then it is something actually not only...
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...looks at innovation as category, and suggests an outline for a genealogical history. Case Study of “The quest for innovation” Cultures of Technology Culture matters—this has been one of the most often-heard messages. It matters in its attempts to explain why economic opportunities have been seized in one country or region, and why economic failures have occurred in another. It matters not only for economic development, but also for political development. It promotes change—or impedes it. It matters when corporations with different organizational cultures merge or fail to do so. With organizations increasingly moving in global environment, they are well-advised to broaden their cultural range and to question the assumption that their concepts are universally valid. In the field of organizational learning, for instance, a shift has occurred toward a concept of organizational culture as the unit in which learning occurs. The culture of an organization is said to be pivotal to understanding how a particular organization adapts to ongoing changes. It shapes perceptions of past and current events. The emphasis is on shared conceptions of what needs to be learned, how it is to be learned, and why. Culture is understood here in its most encompassing sense: a shared scheme of interpretation that enables the organization to cope with change. Culture matters—and indeed it permeates an enormously wide range of social activities. It binds together communities or sets them apart. It makes...
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...Moral Minima, I have to agree that certain things are simply wrong. The issues such as genocide, famine, germ warfare, terrorism, hostages, child warriors, slavery, polygamy, and incest are all topics that Goodman discusses that I have to agree that I have the same point of view as. I agree with Goodman because he says that “culture or character do not matter much morally”, but “personal and cultural difference do set a tone”. Relativism is the belief that nothing is ‘wrong’, that each culture has the right to choose their definitions of what is right or wrong. Morals are personal taught behaviors of right and wrong actions and or behaviors. No matter what religion, race, or culture you are from, some things are just simply wrong. Goodman is very good at describing that every person whether it be a man, woman, or child has the rights to live and be free from any and all inhumane treatment. Terrorism, Hostages, and Child Warriors are the first of Goodman’s topics. We hear every day about terrorism and hostages but for me child warriors are a topic that I have kind of forgotten about. Child warriors are something that I personally think is a topic that does not fit with the Moral Minima in my opinion. We agree that certain things are just simply wrong but in my opinion children are innocent. It is the adults that are committing the immoral and relativism crime. Although some of the children become soldiers voluntary, I do not feel that it is very voluntary that a child is drugged...
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...identity and culture are concepts occupying the minds of companies and organizations of our time, because things must be connected in a world where every institution’s or person’s role and place are renegotiated almost everyday. Companies’ increasing concern about their image, identity and culture must be seen in relation to a number of changes that influence their roles and opportunities. Today, the information we receive is no longer scarce; actually the amount of information is drowning us. This abundance has created much confusion. Demand and supply for information are disoriented and, thus, become increasingly dependent on the guidelines and criteria for sorting information in order to reduce confusion. Orientation is less and less a matter of gathering information and more and more a matter of sorting and connecting. The company’s consumers, stakeholders and employees are all influenced by this development. Further, more and more people are now concerned about things other than material goods. For example, what we eat and how we should handle waste have become central issues for consumers and employees. The ecological concern and political consumption make the news. At the beginning of the new millennium, the most fundamental motive for consumption is changing in the affluent part of the world: For the single individual it is to a still lesser degree a matter of satisfying basic needs or achieving material advantages and more and more a matter of being...
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