...push exports on anvil Our Economy Bureau 3 September 2004 New Delhi: A day after doling out sops to exporters, commerce and industry minister Kamal Nath today said that the government would bring out a trade leveraging policy apart from a special package for textiles, tea and coffee sectors to further push up exports. "India is one of the few countries in the world which will have incremental growth in its human skill resources in the coming years. We have never leveraged trade. I am going to work on trade leveraging policy. We have to see trade not only as a foreign exchange earner but also as a net employment generator," Nath said at a FICCI seminar on the foreign trade policy. Since the multi-fibre agreement is coming to an end in 2005, the minister said that the government would look at the entire textile chain and come out with a textile policy. Nath said that his ministry would also organise a seminar on textiles in the next one month to discuss issues emerging in the post quota regime. Stating that the days of government subsidising inefficiency were over, Nath said that the industry would have to match the strength of its competitors in order to achieve a quantum jump in its exports. He said issues like the inverted duty structure needed to provide a level playing field to the domestic industry particularly under regional and bilateral agreement would be addressed soon. The minister also admitted that infrastructure was the weakest link in the export chain...
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...LIBERALIZATION ON ECONOMIC GROWTH OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A CASE OF BANGLADESH ECONOMY Umme Humayara Manni1, Munshi Naser Ibne Afzal1 1 Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Faculty of Business, Economics and Policy Studies, Brunei. ABSTRACT The objective of this paper is to assess the impact of trade liberalization on Bangladesh economy between the periods 1980 to 2010. This research analyzes the achievements of the economy in terms of important variables such as growth, inflation, export and import after trade liberalization. The paper uses simple Ordinary Least Square (OLS) technique as methodology for empirical findings. The analysis clearly indicates that GDP growth increased consequent to liberalization. Trade liberalization does not seem to have affected inflation in the economy. The quantitative analysis also suggests that greater openness has had a favourable effect on economic development. Both real export and imports have increased with greater openness. Liberalization policy certainly improves export of the country which eventually leads higher economic growth after 1990s. The findings of this study can be an interesting example for trade liberalization policy study in developing countries. KEYWORDS Trade liberalization, economic growth, developing countries, Bangladesh economy, OLS technique, openness, export, import, inflation 1. INTRODUCTION Like many developing countries, the primary focus of policies in Bangladesh is to obtain high and sustainable growth. However, to achieve...
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...facing a bigger problem that one can imagine. The world is becoming globalized. Countries are reducing import quotas and export fees facilitating trade with each other. Also, countries are starting to provide resources, materials and technology to each other allowing them to develop at amazing speed. On the other hand, the bottom billion countries are diverging from this economy, since they are stuck in one of the four traps. The four traps are the conflict trap, the natural resource trap, the trap of being landlocked and the trap of bad governance in a small country. These traps will not allow billion bottom countries to become globalized; however, it can be argued that some of these traps can facilitate the incorporation of a country to world’s economy. Currently, most of the bottom billion people live in African countries. The major problem with these countries is not that they are poor, but that they are not developing. In fact, most of the bottom billion countries are experiencing negative growth and the living standards are lowering each year. These countries are declining on average 0.5 percent per year. Furthermore, the living conditions are horrible and people are dying at a very early age. The life expectancy in these countries is fifty years while in a developing country is sixty-seven years. These lowering standard of living and negative growth are mainly because the country is in one of the four traps. The first trap which is civil war will definitely not allow...
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...International Trade As An Engine of Growth In Developing Countries: a Case Study of Nigeria (1980-2003) SECTION ONE 1.1 INTRODUCTION A ll economies are increasingly open in today’s economic environment of globalization. Trade plays a vital role in shaping economic and social performance and prospects of countries around the world, especially those of developing countries. No country has grown without trade. However, the contribution of trade to development depends a great deal on the context in which it works and the objectives it serves. In recent decades, a number of developing countries, most notably the East Asian newly industrializing countries, have been able to purposefully use the elemental force of trade to boost growth and development within a relatively short time span. At the same time many other developing countries, especially the least developed countries (LDCs), have embarked on unilateral trade liberalization in recent years, with very limited results at best in terms of increased growth and development. To act as an engine of development, trade must lead to steady improvements in human conditions by expanding the range of people’s choice, a notion that the concept of human development 3 tries to capture. From this standpoint, the trade and development performance of a country cannot be seen as the mere sum of its economic growth and export performance. Instead, it is a composite notion, reflecting how trade relates to the range of choices available...
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...contexts vis-à-vis other currencies. When the value of dollar increases, how is it supposed to affect the US exports and imports? What effect could we have on international trade balances, domestic employment, and GDP? Looking first at the export, on 1 July, one euro traded for $1.37 yet on 13 October, one euro could only get $1.27, which is about 8.5% less. It means a lot to the U.S exporters. Assume that a good or a service that the American exporter produces costs $1.37 per unit. On 1 July, one could purchase the good or the service with one euro yet on 13 October, one euro could not sufficiently buy the good or the service. About 8.5%, more of the euro will be required for the purchase. When the value of the dollar is stronger, the goods of the US become more expensive to the foreigners. It hurts the exporters and those employed in the industries of the exports. The opposite is true when it comes to the imports that get into US. As the exports become very expensive for the foreigners due to the strengthening of the dollars, the goods imported into America become cheaper. Thus, as the dollar becomes stronger against other currencies. The economists of the imports and the exports on US summarize the overall impact through the measure known as “net exports,” which is the difference between the exports and the imports. The idea portrayed in this measure is that the exports add to the demand for the American goods, services since the foreigners are purchasing the goods, and the...
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...Chapter 1: Introduction Introduction Over a decade, the consensus of economics growth remains the key focus for every nation notably in least development countries (LDC). Poverty eradication, income distribution and welfare enhancement often discussed widely by these nations. Economic growth is often seen as the 'holy grail' of economic policy. This simplistic emphasis on economic growth is often criticized because of the limitations of economic growth in improving living standards. Another question arise is does economic growth promote sustainable improvement on country development? Malaysia economy has been transformed from a protected low income supplier of raw materials to a middle income emerging multi-sector market economy in the past 20 years. This is driven by the export of manufacturing goods, particularly electronics and semiconductors, which constitute about 90% of exports. In this paper, the primary objective is to investigate what is the relationship between openness, inflation and FDI with economic growth. Export and import often plays pivotal role in determine the gross domestic product (GDP) in a nation. In particular, the research question to be outlined is how does openness, inflation and FDI affect economic growth. Multinational corporations (MNCs) are those organizations that own or controls productions of goods or services in one or more countries other than its home country. MNC plays major role in foreign aids recipient countries, it contribution to...
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...The high growth of GDP, not only the material life of our people has been greatly improved and enriched, enhanced China's international competitiveness and attractiveness, but also greatly enhance China's international political status. However, GDP exposed its defects with increasing of the resources and environmental issues. Like the news article write, although China's GDP in recent years has greatly improved, China and developed countries still have a big gap. GDP does not reflect the real employment situation and the improvement of social welfare. The GDP slowdown of China is a good opportunity for structural adjustment. One of the most important measures is to remove the irritating policy and turned to rely on economic endogenous forces to achieve growth. Premier Wen said that China's economy has downward pressure, but reducing speed is mainly to structural adjustment and truly achieve the real high-quality growth. This was also his request on the "quality" of economic growth. Keith (2012) states that “Slower growth partly reflects a government attempt to shift the economy more toward personal consumption, with less emphasis on exports and investment in big domestic construction and infrastructure projects.” As the economy moves into 2008, it faces a growing multiplex of problems. Export growth is expected to continue to temper as the negative impact of the U.S. downturn is compounded by slowdown in the European Union and Japan. As downside risks mount in the external...
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...phenomenon, let’s pretend that the supply of US-dollars increases or demand for this currency decreases. The result would be the depreciation of the US-dollar in terms of other currencies like the Euro or the Renminbi. In contrast, the low value of a currency because of undervaluation does not happen because of market forces. This is due to the active manipulation of a currency and is act of government intervention. As a consequence the currency has a value underneath its official exchange rate (Baumol and Blinder). The consequence of undervaluation: Inflation Even though it is important to distinguish between both terms, the effects caused by depreciation help understand the effects caused by undervaluation. Depreciation reduces the value of a currency in relation to another. In our example, a weaker US-dollar leads to cheaper exports. The aggregate demand for these products will increase, because consumers everywhere will buy more of the less expensive products. This is a direct application of the law of demand (Baumol and Blinder). American exports would experience an increased demand in the foreign markets and this would in turn lead to growth in the USA. But as a coin has two sides, so does depreciation. The depreciated US-dollar loses its purchasing power and suddenly imported inputs and goods from countries with higher exchange rates become more expensive for American consumer. This will 10/28/2013 1 Quiz 2 Ana Lia Barragán Echenique...
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...Economy 3 India GDP Growth Rate 3 History of the Chinese Economy 4 China GDP Growth Rate 4 Economy of India 5 GDP 5 Unemployment 6 Inflation 7 Economy of China 8 GDP 8 Unemployment 9 Inflation 10 India's Export and Import 11 China's Export and Import 12 China and India Export and Import 13 Analysis and Findings ...
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...Economics The UK Economy and Globalisation WHY COUNTRIES TRADE GLOBALISATION Globalisation | Expansion of world trade in goods and services leading to greater international interdependence | Globalisation usually leads to: * An increase in outsourcing * Large sums of money being transferred from country to country for financing When did Globalisation First Start? There are three major stages of globalisation: Stage | When? | What? | 1 | 1870Increase in international trade | * New technology helped improve transport * Reduced cost of moving goods between countriesEnded in 1920s as countries tried to protect home industries against foreign competition so reduced imports. | 2 | 1945 End of Second World War | * Countries keen to rebuilt economies * Led to rapid expansion in world trade * International Monetary Fund and World Bank founded * Promoted trade and economic cooperation | 3 | Now | * Increase in trade and capital flows between countries * Growth of huge companies | Factors Contributing to Globalisation Improvements in transportation | Cost of transporting goods decreased (eg: due to containerisation) meaning goods can be traded competitively worldwide | Improvements to ICT | Communications are much faster and cheaper – payments can be sent between countries immediately at a low cost. Promotion of products via the internet to a worldwide market also increases world trade. | Rising real living standards |...
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...Question 1 Export-oriented countries such as Singapore face substantial economic risks from the Eurozone crisis. Discuss your views on the above statement.[10 marks] Eurozone - Since early 2010, the Eurozone has been going through a tedious debate over the resolving of its homegrown crisis, now the “euro zone crisis”. Started from Greece followed by Ireland, Portugal, Spain and then Italy, these Eurozone economies went through a downgrade of their sovereign debt rating, stress of default and a drastic rise in borrowing cost. Fellow Eurozone economies and the future of Euro have been threatened by these developments. Forced to do what it takes, the Eurozone economic disaster is unlikely to return to business as usual soon on its own. (Timeline, 2012) Gross Domestic Product - The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total value of final goods and services produced in the market, in a fixed duration within a country. It is calculated based on total consumption expenditure, government spending, and domestic investment, adding the value of exports, subtracting the value of imports. The GDP is a coincident indicator. An increase or decrease in the GDP is a strong indicator of a country’s economic health. Based on the above, countries heavily dependent on export demand from Europe would face a sharp drop in their value of exports, for example, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Korea and Malaysia. Mathematically, a decline in total export value leads a drop in...
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...Russia and World Trade Organization Subject: International Business Professor: 梁学宏 Student: Kirilenko Viktoriia, vikir27@mail.ru Class: IB2013 Date: 13 December 2015 Table of Content Introduction…………………………………………………………………….3 Goals and Objectives of the Accession to the WTO……………………4 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Accession to the WTO………5 Conditions of Accession to the WTO……………………………………...6 * Terms and Conditions of Russia’s Accession to the WTO * Unfavorable Institutional Environment * Russia Does Not Have Effective Mechanism to Support Domestic Business * Phytosanitary Standards: Good Conditions and Poor Implementation * Sources of Growth of Exports to Russia Are Limited Overall Assessment of Impact of Accession to the WTO…………….10 * Missed Opportunities for Growth * The Overall Picture Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………13 References.……………………………………………………………………15 Introduction Russian economy can effectively develop only in close cooperation with international market of goods and services, in spite of huge potential and resources. It also required by the state reforms inside the country. However, World Trade Organization (WTO) states the rules of game on the international market, on time of international globalization. WTO unify about 160 countries and covers more than 95% of turnover of international trade. Russia should enter to WTO considering strategic...
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...outcomes. The persistence of conflict in the border areas and security challenges throughout the country is a reality that affects all aspects of life in Pakistan and impedes development. A range of governance and business environment indicators suggest that deep improvements in governance are needed to unleash Pakistan's growth potential Pakistan also faces significant economic challenges. The sharp rise in international oil and food prices, combined with recurring natural disasters like the 2010 and 2011 floods had a devastating impact on the economy. As Pakistan recovered from the 2008 global crisis, its gross domestic product (GDP) grew 3.8 percent in Fiscal Year 2009/2010 (FY09/10). The 2010 floods, with an estimated damage of over $10 billion, caused growth to slow down to 2.4 percent in FY10/11. The Pakistan economy grew by an estimated 3.7 percent in 2011/12, against the pre-flood targeted growth rate of 4.2 percent. Inflation declined, but continued its four-year run in double digits, and the fiscal deficit is also estimated to have reached about 8 percent of GDP, double than budgeted, fueled in part by continuing energy subsidies. On a more positive side, exports remained mildly positive and strong remittances crossed the...
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...weighted indicators. (1 mark) b Used to measure absolute poverty in less developed countries (1 mark) and its variables are: the percentage of a population likely to die before the age of 40 years (1 mark); the percentage of people over the age of 15 years who are illiterate (1 mark); the percentage of children under the age of 5 years who are underweight (1 mark); the percentage of people without access to public and private services such as health care and clean water. (1 mark) c Used to measure relative poverty in industrialised (more developed) countries (1 mark) and includes: the percentage of people likely to die before the age of 60 (1 mark); the percentage of adults living with functional illiteracy (a degree of illiteracy that does not allow people to function at a basic level in reading and writing) (1 mark); the proportion of...
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...growth, joining the WTO also leads to high unemployment and structural changes in domestic industries. China also needs to follow trade rules set by the WTO, including intellectual property rights, which China has broken the law in the past. This strategy has both negative and positive consequences, but ultimately China has benefited more than suffered. In 2001, China joined the World Trade Organization in response to the globalisation trend and reduced its trade barriers, opening up to foreign investments and international trade. This was beneficial to the economy as it further brought major beneficial changes in its economy such as having access to the world market, attracting foreign investment, adopting new ways of management and the access of new technologies. Additionally, to further contribute to their high economic growth levels, China introduced a 5-year economic program in 2010 to build socialised harmonised countries in order to balance the wealth distribution, improve education, Medicare and social security. This has already began to increase China’s level of GDP by 45% and their Human Development Index (HDI) has risen by 0.3 in the past 40 years. However, recent trends show that despite the improvements in economic growth and development in China, in recent decades, the richest 10% of the Chinese population (mostly living in coastal cities) owns 45% of the nation’s wealth, while the poorest 10% own only 1.4% of it. The coastal cities benefit more from globalisation...
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